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Procedia Computer Science 163 (2019) 218–227

16th International Learning & Technology Conference 2019

16th International Learning & Technology Conference 2019
Apriori-Based Algorithm for Dubai Road Accident Analysis
Apriori-Based Algorithm for Dubai Road Accident Analysis
Maya Johna**, Hadil Shaibab
Maya
Sree Buddha
a College John a , Hadil
of Engineering, ShaibaKerala,
Pathanamthitta, b India
bPrincess Nourah
aSree bintCollege
Buddha Abdulrahman University,
of Engineering, Riyadh, Kingdom
Pathanamthitta, of Saudi
Kerala, IndiaArabia
bPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Abstract
With the increased usage of private vehicles, the number of road accidents have shown an increasing trend. In this study, we applied
data
Withmining techniques
the increased usagetoofanalyze
privatethe traffic the
vehicles, accident
number data pertaining
of road to Dubai
accidents for the an
have shown year 2017. The
increasing dataIn
trend. forthis
analysis
study, is
weobtained
applied
frommining
data the official open data
techniques portal ofthe
to analyze United Arab
traffic Emirates.
accident data Apriori
pertaining algorithm
to Dubai hasforbeen
the employed
year 2017.toThemine frequent
data itemsets.
for analysis Studies
is obtained
from been
have the official opento
conducted data portalthe
identify of United Arab Emirates.
major causes and trendsApriori algorithm
associated has been
with road employed
accidents. to mine
Further frequenthave
experiments itemsets.
been Studies
carried
out tobeen
have analyze the major
conducted causes ofthe
to identify accidents duringand
major causes peak accident
trends times and
associated withweekdays/weekends.
road accidents. Further It has been observed
experiments have that
beenmajority
carried
of
outaccidents
to analyze involve vehicle
the major hitting
causes another vehicle
of accidents due to
during peak inadequate
accident timesspace between vehicles. Another
and weekdays/weekends. It has finding was thatthat
been observed youth were
majority
of accidents
involved involve
in the vehicle
majority hitting another
of accidents. The vehicle due tothat
results show inadequate
accidents’space between
peak time was vehicles.
duringAnother finding
late night and was
that that youth were
the majority of
drivers
involvedwere found
in the to be of
majority intoxicated.
accidents.Studies conducted
The results showaccidents’
show that that during weekend’s
peak time waspeak accident
during time,and
late night majority
that the of majority
the drivers
of
were intoxicated,
drivers were foundwhileto beduring weekday’s
intoxicated. peakconducted
Studies accident time,
show the thatmaximum number ofpeak
during weekend’s accidents
accident time, majority
occurred due to lack of the drivers
of enough
spaceintoxicated,
were between vehicles. On the weekday’s
while during basis of thepeak
results obtained,
accident time,certain recommendations
the maximum number of which aid inoccurred
accidents reducing due
the accident
to lack ofrate have
enough
space
been putbetween
forward.vehicles. On the basis of the results obtained, certain recommendations which aid in reducing the accident rate have
been put forward.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This
© is an
2019 Theopen accessPublished
Authors. article under the CC BY-NC-ND
by Elsevier B.V. license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an
Peer-review open access
under article under
responsibility of the CC BY-NC-ND
scientific license
committee
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee ofofthe(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
the 16thInternational
16th International Learning
Learning && Technology
Technology Conference
Conference 2019.
2019.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 16th International Learning & Technology Conference 2019.
Keywords: Apriori Algorithm, Dubai, Accident
Keywords: Apriori Algorithm, Dubai, Accident

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .

* E-mail address:author.
Corresponding maya.j.mail@gmail.com
Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
E-mail address: maya.j.mail@gmail.com
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open
1877-0509 access
© 2019 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under
This is an open responsibility
access of the scientific
article under CC BY-NC-NDcommittee of the
license 16th International Learning & Technology Conference 2019.
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 16th International Learning & Technology Conference 2019.

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 16th International Learning & Technology Conference 2019.
10.1016/j.procs.2019.12.103
 Maya John et al. / Procedia Computer Science 163 (2019) 218–227 219
10 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), road accidents are the leading cause of death among countries
with low and medium income and the top worldwide cause of death among drivers above 15 and below 29. Around
20 to 50 million injuries per year are the result of road accidents, according to WHO. Road safety involves the driver,
vehicle, and road infrastructure. Speeding, intoxication, not following the safety rules, using the phone while driving,
driving a car that did not pass an inspection test, and issues with road infrastructure are some of the major causes of
accidents [1, 2].
Countries and cities differ in driving habits, road characteristics and traffic rules. Analyzing data can reveal road-
related, drivers-related, or other issues associated with road accidents. The quality of data collected is a vital factor in
revealing the true factors of accidents. Having a good understanding of the data and problem in hand can help set the
right questions, carry out the right preprocessing and design appropriate modeling techniques. Different studies in the
literature focused on applying machine learning methods to find the main factors causing vehicle accidents in different
places worldwide.
In United Arab of Emirates (UAE), the mortality rate due to road accidents was 12.7% in 2010 and 11.14% in 2015,
which shows that the rate of death is decreasing but is still high [1]. In this paper, Apriori algorithm is used to identify
causes and patterns associated with road accidents in Dubai for the year 2017. On the basis of analysis of accident
data, recommendations which assist decision makers improve road safety are provided.

2. Related works

Different studies in the literature use variety of data mining techniques to analyze road accidents. The models
ranged from applying classification techniques such as decision trees, clustering techniques, and association rule
mining. Most studies concentrated on the severity of a road accident to find patterns associated with it. Patterns that
were found ranged from drivers’ ages, peak accident times and seasons, types of vehicles mostly involved in accidents,
types of accidents that cause severe crashes, areas with high rates of accidents, etc. The severity of accidents were
usually classified into fatal, major, and minor or no injury.
Nafie Ali and Mohamed Hamed [3] used association rule mining and clustering technique to analyze traffic
accidents using Weka tool. The dataset included 946 accidents in Alghat Province in Saudi Arabia with eight features
that describe the accidents. The results show that most accidents happened during the day in highways and were caused
by non-Saudis. Al-Turaiki et al. [4] analyzed 85,834 traffic accidents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia that included 421 deaths.
The dataset was obtained from the General Department of Saudi Traffic for the period between October 2014 and
2015. CHAID and J48 decision trees were used to find the most important patterns in Riyadh traffic accidents. The
applied methods showed that among all causes of accidents, distraction while driving was the leading cause for death
and serious injuries. The central region of Riyadh turned out to be the most dangerous area for pedestrians as it had
the highest rate of pedestrian injuries. The study also showed that older cars led to more severe injuries. Both decision
trees along with naïve Bayes were used to predict the severity of an accident.
Almjewail et al. [5] analyzed road accident data pertaining to Riyadh obtained from the General Department of
Saudi Traffic. In this study, the authors used K-Means and DBscan clustering technique to identify areas with high
rate of accidents in Riyadh. The dataset included 246,814 accident records between 2013 and 2015. The experiments
were conducted using Weka and Rapidminer tools. The results show that eastern and northern regions have the highest
rate of accidents, accidents appear mostly in the evening, and 2015 witnessed a higher rate of accidents. Distracted
driving and speeding were the leading causes for road accidents.
Mansouri and Javad Kargar [6] used machine learning models to identify the main causes of car accidents in
Isfahan, Iran for the period 2011 to 2013. The study included visualization of the accidents’ peak times, months,
seasons, and roads. Decision trees C4.5, C5.0, CHAID, and Quest trees were used to predict the type of accident
wherein 70% of the dataset was used for training and the remaining records for testing. The results of different decision
trees were compared. C5.0 decision tree showed the best results and was used to extract the most important feature
that causes car crashes. The tree showed that the type of the vehicle was the main factor. The researchers suggested
using the plate number to study the relation between car accidents and area codes of vehicles.
220 Maya John et al. / Procedia Computer Science 163 (2019) 218–227
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

A study conducted by Taamneh et al. [7] based on Abu Dhabi accident data used classification techniques to predict
the severity of an accident and to find the most important factors associated with car accidents. J48 decision tree and
PART algorithm were used to extract the features with the highest impact. Naïve Bayes and Multilayer Perceptron in
addition to J48 and PART were used to predict the severity of an accident. The dataset included 5973 records with 48
features for the period between 2008 and 2013. The study shows that people who fall between ages 18 and 30 are
more likely to get involved in an accident. It also shows that most accidents are a right angle collision. There is a
reduction in the number of accidents over the years.
Li et al. [8] used K-means clustering, association rules, and decision trees to analyze USA traffic accidents.
Accidents mostly happened when speed limit was higher than 55 mph. Daylight accidents were more frequent and
most collisions took place during clear weather. The association rules showed that fatality rate was highest among
drunk drivers. Clustering was used to find the states with the highest fatality rates.
Ait-Mlouk et al. [9] extracting patterns pertaining to road accidents using decision trees. They used Apache Spark
to deal with crashes’ big data analysis. The study showed that severe accidents were associated with drivers who were
22-23 years old, vehicle’s type, driver’s experience, and season of the year. The aim of the study was to help in
decision making in order to enhance road safety by analyzing large sets of vehicle accidents and extracting main
factors causing them.
Arar and Amira[10] used classifiers such as Rules induction, MultilayerPerceptron, Decision trees, BayesNet to
generate rules with regard to accident severity. They analyzed accidents related data pertaining to Dubai for the year
2008 to 2010. Multilayer Perceptron based classifier obtained best results. Tayeb et. al. [11] used Apriori and
Predictive Apriori association rules algorithms to generate rules related to various classes of accident severity. On the
basis of the severity of accident the data was classified into three classes namely death, severe and moderate.

3. Method

3.1 Apriori Algorithm

Apriori algorithm is one of the most extensively used method for searching large databases [12]. It employs a
simple a priori belief that all subsets of frequent itemsets are also frequent. Apriori property is also known as
downward closure property [13]. The support component of Aproiri is used to mine frequent itemsets from database.
Support of an itemset is defined as the measure of frequency of the itemset in a database. Frequent itemsets have items
that appear together often enough. Here often enough refers to the minimum value of support specified in the
experiment. Those itemsets whose support is greater than or equal to the minimum value of support are considered as
frequent itemset. Support of an itemset X is computed as shown in Equation 1.

‘—–ሺሻ
Support (X) = (1)

3.2 Data Exploration

The dataset is obtained from the website http://bayanat.ae, the official open data portal of United Arab Emirates.
The dataset consists of 1987 records pertaining to road accidents in Dubai for the year 2017. The data obtained was
converted from Arabic to English. The major attributes in the dataset include date, location, type of accident, cause of
accident, weather, road status, age, gender, severity of injury, date of issue of driving license, occupation, intoxication,
status of seat belt, year of vehicle manufacturing and insurance company date.

3.3 Data preprocessing

Preprocessing is a crucial step in the data mining process and in many cases it can take most of the processing time.
The quality of the data affects the quality of the results, so undesirable results can be avoided by applying the right
preprocessing steps. The preprocessing steps that were taken to prepare the data for the modeling phase are explained
in the following sections.
 Maya John et al. / Procedia Computer Science 163 (2019) 218–227 221
4 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

3.3.1 Data Cleaning

In spite of severity of injury being an important attribute, it was removed from the dataset as its values were missing
in majority of the cases. The records with missing attribute values were removed from the dataset during data cleaning.
Hence, the number of records have been reduced from 1987 to 1751 records.
3.3.2 Data Transformation
Data transformation was applied using generalization for the attribute Time, Age, and Intoxication. The following
data analysis steps were performed to transform the data into a form suitable for market basket analysis. The time
attribute was classified into two hour intervals. The age attribute was categorized in to three classes namely youth,
middle aged, and elderly depending on whether age is less than or equal to 35, between 36 and 60, or greater than 60
respectively. On the basis of the value of intoxication attribute, a new attribute named intoxicated with values yes/ no
was devised. The value of intoxicated attribute was set to yes in cases where the value of intoxication attribute was
drunk, alcohol abuser, or drug abuser.
3.3.3 Feature Extraction
Feature extraction is the process of extracting new features based on other existing features. Here corresponding to
the date of accident we have derived two attributes, an attribute indicating whether the day is weekday or weekend
and another attribute representing the day corresponding to the date feature.
3.3.4 Data Reduction
Certain attributes in the dataset were not considered for analysis as in most of the cases they had the same value.
For example, in the dataset, attributes such as weather, road status, and gender have the values: clear, paved, and male
respectively for majority of the cases. The attributes considered for analysis include date, time, type of accident, cause
of accident, age, intoxicated, weekend, and day of accident.

4. Results and Discussion

It was observed from the dataset that the major types of accidents were collision between vehicles and run over.
The main causes of accidents include driving under alcohol influence, inadequate space between vehicles and sudden
deviation. The number of accidents which occurred during various time intervals are plotted in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Number of accidents per time interval

222 Maya John et al. / Procedia Computer Science 163 (2019) 218–227
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

It is evident from Fig. 1 that, compared to daytime, more accidents occur at night. Apriori algorithm is used to
identify the most frequent patterns associated with accident type, cause, age and intoxicated attribute. The pattern with
regard to aforementioned attributes corresponding to the whole data is tabulated in Table 1.

Table 1. Most common accident pattern.

Rank Accident Type Accident Cause Age Category Intoxicated
No.
1 Hit Vehicle Did not leave enough space Youth No
2 Hit Vehicle Alcohol Influence Youth Yes
3 Hit Vehicle Sudden Deviation Youth No
4 Hit Vehicle Did not leave enough space Middle Aged No
5 Run Over Lack of estimation for road users Youth No

It is clear from Table 1 that youth are involved in majority of the accidents. The major reason behind vehicular
collision is inadequate space between vehicles. Both youth and middle aged people do not take much care to leave
enough space between vehicles. It is evident from Fig. 1 that maximum number of accidents occur between 2am and
4am. The characteristics of accidents at the peak accident time are tabulated in Table 2.

Table 2. Most common accident patterns during peak accident time.

Rank Accident Type Accident Cause Age Category Intoxicated
No.
1 Hit Vehicle Alcohol Influence Youth Yes
2 Hit Vehicle Did not leave enough space Youth No
3 Hit Vehicle Alcohol Influence Middle Aged Yes
4 Hit Sidewalk Alcohol Influence Youth Yes
5 Hit Vehicle Sudden deviation Youth No

It is evident from Table 2 that during the time interval when maximum number of accidents occur, youth are
involved in majority of the accidents and most drivers are intoxicated. Irrespective of age of driver, alcohol influence
is a major cause of accidents. The number of accidents occurring at different time intervals during weekdays and
weekends (Friday, Saturday) are depicted graphically in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively. The most frequent attribute
patterns associated with accidents during weekdays are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Most common accident patterns during weekdays.

Rank Accident Type Accident Cause Age Category Intoxicated
No.
1 Hit Vehicle Did not leave enough space Youth No
2 Hit Vehicle Did not leave enough space Middle Aged No
3 Hit Vehicle Alcohol Influence Youth Yes
4 Hit Vehicle Sudden deviation Youth No
5 Run Over Lack of estimation for road users Youth No

It is evident from Table 3 that during week days the major cause of accidents is lack of adequate space between
vehicles. Youth do not pay much attention to sudden deviation which results in vehicular collisions.
 Maya John et al. / Procedia Computer Science 163 (2019) 218–227 223
6 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

Fig. 2. Number of accidents per time interval during weekdays

It can be comprehended from Fig. 2 that during weekdays, maximum number of accidents occur during 8pm and
10pm. The most frequent attribute patterns for accidents occurring during the just mentioned time are shown in Table
4.

Table 4. Most common accident patterns during peak accident time (weekdays).
Rank Accident Type Accident Cause Age Category Intoxicated
No.
1 Hit Vehicle Did not leave enough space Youth No
2 Run Over Lack of estimation for road users Youth No
3 Hit Vehicle Did not leave enough space Middle Aged No
4 Hit Vehicle Alcohol Influence Youth Yes
5 Hit Vehicle Alcohol Influence Middle Aged Yes

It is evident from Table 4 that the two major causes of accidents during weekdays peak accident time are lack of
enough space between vehicles and alcohol influence. It is also observed that the drivers do not pay much attention to
the pedestrians which results in accidents. The most frequent attribute patterns associated with accidents during the
weekend are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Most common accident patterns during the weekend.

Rank Accident Type Accident Cause Age Category Intoxicated
No.
1 Hit Vehicle Alcohol Influence Youth Yes
2 Hit Vehicle Did not leave enough space Youth No
3 Hit Vehicle Sudden Deviation Youth No
4 Hit Vehicle Alcohol Influence Middle Aged Yes
5 Run Over Lack of estimation for road users Youth No

It is clear from Table 5 that youth are involved in majority of the accidents during weekends. Furthermore,
alcohol influence is the most important cause of accidents.
 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7
224 Maya John et al. / Procedia Computer Science 163 (2019) 218–227

Fig. 3. Number of accidents per time interval during the weekend

It is evident from Fig. 3 that during weekends maximum number of accidents happen between 2am and 4am. The
most frequent attribute patterns for accidents occurring during the weekend’s peak accident time are shown in Table
6.

Table 6. Most common accident patterns during peak accident time (weekend).
Rank Accident Type Accident Cause Age Category Intoxicated
No.
1 Hit Vehicle Alcohol Influence Youth Yes
2 Hit Vehicle Did not leave enough space Youth No
3 Hit Vehicle Alcohol Influence Middle Aged Yes
4 Hit Sidewalk Alcohol Influence Youth Yes
5 Hit Vehicle Sudden Deviation Youth No

It can be observed from Table 6 that during the weekend’s peak accident time the major cause of accidents is that
the drivers are intoxicated. This may be due to the fact that alcohol consumption is likely to be high during holidays.
The number of accidents during different days of the week is depicted in Fig. 4. It can be comprehended from Fig. 4
that during weekdays maximum number of accidents occur on Sunday and during weekends majority of accidents
occur on Friday. Furthermore, compared to days except Friday and Sunday more accidents occur on Thursday and
Saturday. Thus, it is evident that majority of the accidents occur during the weekend and the day preceding and
succeeding the weekend. This may be due to the fact that during weekends people from neighboring countries visit
Dubai. The number of accidents which took place during different time interval of days are pictorially shown in Fig.
5. On Fridays, most accidents occur between 2am and 6am. It may be due to the influx of tourists. It may also be due
to intoxication of the drivers as inferred from Table 6. On Thursdays, most accidents occur between afternoon and
midnight. This may be attributed to the weekend rush. On Sundays, it is observed that many accidents occur between
12am and 6 am. This may be due to the fact that it is the beginning of weekdays and people try to rush to their place
of work or study.
 Maya John et al. / Procedia Computer Science 163 (2019) 218–227 225
8 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

Fig. 4. Number of accidents during different days of week

Fig. 5. Number of accidents per time interval during different days of week

On the basis of the study conducted, we would like to put forth the following recommendations which may aid in
reducing the number of accidents in Dubai:
i. Youth are involved in the majority of accidents. Hence, more awareness should be given to them regarding
the safe driving habits and aftermaths of accidents so as to avoid accidents.
226 Maya John et al. / Procedia Computer Science 163 (2019) 218–227
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 9

ii. The major type of accident is vehicular collision, which is mostly attributed to inadequate space between
vehicles. The drivers should be instructed to keep safe distance. The traffic authorities may install digital
displays for the purpose.
iii. Intoxication of drivers is a major cause of accidents during night time. Regular checks by traffic police
during night time will play a great role in decreasing such accidents. Furthermore, an incremental fine
system may be adopted for drivers caught drunk.
iv. The second major type of accidents is pedestrians being run over. This may be due to carelessness of
drivers or pedestrians. In highways, the pedestrians should be allowed to cross roads in designated areas
only. In non-designated crossing areas, if pedestrians crossing roads are hit by vehicles, they should be
fined. The pedestrian crossing lines should be marked in appropriate places, this can help in decreasing
vehicle run overs.
v. The second major cause for collision between vehicles is sudden deviation. Placing sign boards in
appropriate places before sudden deviation will help in reducing accidents.

5. Conclusion

Death due to road accident injuries has emerged as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. This study aims
at identifying the characteristics of accidents by analyzing different attributes associated with accidents. Apriori
alogorithm-based frequent set mining is employed to gather information regarding the major accident patterns in
Dubai. The most frequent accident patterns with respect to attributes such as accident type, cause, age category and
intoxication are obtained. Analysis has been carried out for the whole data, weekdays, weekends, and peak accident
times. On the basis of the experimental results certain suggestions are made which may help in reducing the accident
rate. In the future more analysis may be carried based on age group, type of road, and intoxication.

6. Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Arwa Al-Qarni, Bayan Al-Najjar, and Raghad Al-Otaibi for making it easy to find
the data which in turn led to this research work.

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