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Strategies For Conversation
Strategies For Conversation
NO STRATEGIES EXPLANATION
1 Speaker cues
2 Listener cues
3 Turn requesting cues
4 Turn denying cues
5 Back-channelling cues
6 achievement strategies guess work, intuition, remembered expression or
STEPS: various kinds of analogy
-guessing speakers do not lose or alter any of theirs words
-paraphrase when using achievement strategy.
-cooperative strategies
7 Cooperative Strategies These are used when the speaker asks for help.
They include asking for the problematic word,
asking for a translation of his/her L1, physically
indicating the object that he/she means and
miming. The speaker may also get the listener to
finish his /her sentence for him/her.
8 reduction strategies The speaker reduced his message to something he was able
to say.
9 Avoidance Strategies The most common type of avoidance strategy is syntactic or
lexical avoidance within a semantic category.
10 Phonological avoidance common e.g. a Japanese speaker may avoid the word rally
(due to its phonological difficulty) and instead, choose to
simply say, “hit the ball”
11 Topic avoidance (i) Changing the subject;
(ii) Pretending not to understand (a very effective means to
avoid answering questions);
(iii) Simply not responding at all; or
(iv) Noticeably abandoning a message when a thought
becomes too difficult to express.
12 Compensatory Strategies Circumlocution :Describing or exemplifying the
target object of action (e.g. “the thing you open
bottles with” for “corkscrew”).
In the example above, the speaker was supposed to be describing his job in a
laundry. However, he did not have the language to describe what he had to do
with the machine. So, he abandoned his attempt and talked about the controls
instead, something he could do. The speaker reduced his message to
something he was able to say. These actions are known as reduction strategies.
Reduction strategies are popular, especially with beginners, as they do not
have mastery of the whole repertoire of L2 expressions.
B. Analysis of strategies.
Analysis 1:
Transcript of conversation
A: squeeze me please lady.
B: Yes, what is it?
Analysis 2:
Transcript of conversation
A: yes please and I'm hopping to be unrolled
B: Hoping to be unrolled?
A: looking to be unrolled like it say in your sillybus
B: you mean hoping to be enrolled that is
Analysis 3:
Transcript of conversation
Analysis 4:
Transcript of conversation
B: down the corridor turn left at bottom and wait in room five
A: (repeat the speaker B) …you are confusing me
B: look you just go down the corridor turn left and wait in room five room
In the conversation above, Speaker A is using Cooperative Strategies.
Cooperative Strategies are used when the speaker asks for help. They include
asking for the problematic word, asking for a translation of his/her L1,
physically indicating the object that he/she means and miming. The speaker
may also get the listener to finish his /her sentence for him/her. (Greeting? Topic
Introduction? Information echange? Which part of conversation). Speaker A is asking for
the help of speaker B the direction to the classroom. Speaker B gave the
instructions. Speaker A was miming/imitating speaker B in order to remember
the instructions of the directions to his classroom.
1. Why is the strategy used in this occurrence?
2. Was the use of the strategy successful?
3. Why did it succeed or fail?
C. Conclusion
a. Describe any major pattern in strategy selection that you see in the
conversation.
References:
Link for the MUET discussion
OUM module
Appendice:
1. transcription
2. Audio/video