ore a TCs Feng immer Vocabulary; Popular Phrases and Expressions, Nouns; Pronouns, Adjectives & More THE ALPHABET ‘There are twenty-six in the English DEFGHI MNOP QR vwxX yz 1 foot = 12 itee= 03048 meter 1 yard= 3 eet [ile = $280 fest ies = 4.45 kilometers 1 tre = 45,500 sare feet Weight ‘nee = V6 0 pound 1 pound = 16 cances Liquid {pin = 0.5508 Iter 1 guar = 2 pins PVE et Bg What dy isie™ Tada January Ist,2001, « new cemuy! Mondsy Tuesday Wednesday They Fry Saturday Sunday the weekend ~ Saturday, Suny MONTHS OF Ries Sanaary aly February August March Scprember October November December PES Helio concennes How are your” “Whats your name’? “Thank-you 00d morning (Good evening “Speak slowly pea: Good ight “Condye” “Let me trace you to Mary" A he tones 3 the 30- ity Star 3c tiny-one & fre 32 iy to eae 40. ory 5 ven aE fory-one Scant 2 frgt00 Stine 0: tty Tosten Si: fity-one Useeven Goes fhinsen 0. Sah fourteen 90. niet fihcen 100 handed sxeen 200- two hundred cventeon {ood one tend 1,000: en thon 1,000,001 milion 000,000 1 ilion “the day before yesterday “yenery Phe Presents od Te Funes “he day fee moro next Wook Phe Times Wha times tis quaner of wo. rmoring~ AM (before aon) afternoon ~ PM (ater 00) evening ~ afer 7PM righ 12 PM non, 2:10 AM m0 tenn the morning) EIS PM three fifleenor quer past thre (in the afternocn) for thirty oral past four (inthe csenng) five hinge or twenty five of sx inthe morning) 1:45 PM eleven fory-five or quarter ‘of tle (inthe vein) 430M S35AM ‘COMMON RESPONSES “Lam fin, ask you aed you” ello Mary, delighted to meet you" am sory” “Goodbye, wa nice mecting you” Cite 2nd second Sed thin Si four sh fit 7th seventh Sth cighth Stim oth tenth th one handrsith 124th one handed and wot fourth Dia ca Noxth Northeast west West East nonheast noche shes othe Southwest Southeast South Te CS “ee sunny What the temperature comside?™ cols 2 degrees ns coud 1s fezing, 8 old, Wining. song. 1 stony ne sy. Wehot Ins thndering eit Green Purple Light Blue Blue Bown BeigeSmall items i ‘alt sugar Other ‘wear eat ‘Spanish scceer ity come before a noun: only court nouns. Expressions of “Some are ued fot Pots ofpenty of a -For most regular plurals, add an -+ t0 the word: (coins, apples) JOter Noun Plurals -Whenthe singular emis ins she, 2 ds lases) when the singular ends in @, add -3 exceptions fumatoes, potatoes, eeoes, heres -when the singular end in y (preceded by a vowel), only is aed (oys) -when the singular end in y (preceded by a consonamt) sles isa babes) Naas that end in ore change to -ves endings call-cales Tig tives shelf, shelves halfhales tou, loaves tie thieves, i Knives self sees wolf waves lea leaves Seat scarves Exceptions: beliefs, chief, elif, roofs Sllovng seers pra: cad ie re mice fox fer canon tet ee ca th nm on omer sine mumsia Eglo come fen ot nga and a foreign para syn anaes ‘open appondes Soon socom boca aoe cae oth ck clon clea aoa rie stm date “Rema mls ae Iypothesis, Iporhewes inde, indices, indexes, ‘medium medi memoranda, memoranda parenthesis, parentheses ‘Mhenomenc, phenomena ‘simul, stim sylibus, sat, slabuses thes, theses vena erchrae “Antic are wos that ody nou There re two types of artes: DEFINITE ARTICLES (THE) Definite articles are used with singular count nouns, plural count nouns, and noncount nouns, -When te noun is known to the speakers: The ca hae s very expensive. The question ey want 1 ask is about homework. -When the noun is “te ony one” ois Kinde “The wn ri inthe et. ‘The moon fal, The daoe is lcked There is only one door.) When he nounisarcpresemae of general elas fies, The compterts the most important mention. “he plano is a beautifilinstrument. INDEFINITE ARTICLES (A, AN) adie ries red with singular count nso 1 bid oy, a Book, a ctonary. a pce of cae -Use nm with noun that begins with vowel sou ‘apple, ancxaminaton, an hour (a unversty hot tecause “university” and “hotel” bogin wath corsonant pronunciation). -When te munis unknown othe speakers: hve a Mary fas atest tomorow, They wn oak a questa -When the munis being introduced forthe fe tine "A nana ually yellow: ‘A book sa good fiend on along rip. INO ARTICLE Plural count nouns and noncount nouns do not| need define articles when they ate referring 0 JALL ofthe tems. Pura count nouns: Tie aples ‘ericsson ‘heaps inbox a pci ple) ook poms (oaks eo) Tho ook nth so chap (peieDas) haste fs campetem (Compe. genera) Thecus hyve a ok (pete capes) Nancount nouns: The cate (cot, a gm ‘Te cof a (epee cate) Sagi en (ee ingen) ‘Therce at ast night was good, (pci e) ars noms (a nme ‘Theatre at gout dak (ei ter REMEMBER: A singular count mun CANNOT appear alone elt emus hve “in article! a book, he ca am uncle “demonstrative this TV that rato, this newspaper oR. ‘a posssive: my pen, her key, Marys room BOTT Pronouns take the place of a noun; they are noun ‘substitutes: _ 2. speak English) you fe, she, it icy Object pronouns: (eee w the eject ofthe ver) mmo (Jmnealledime) ue you you him, es it thom -Posessive Pronouns (nscat ovnership) ‘mine (This book i mine) ows yous yous i, Bers, is fare -Rettenve pronouns (fr 1th subject, Semcties ‘ed for emphasis) rye ke w ie ml) artes Sours youscles hans, Nerf elf themselves -Theexpreson y+ azflexve pronoun sully means “alone (He lives by himself) tine pena (on specie ‘everyone Everyone has his he dea ‘Serbo Sepiine Sombey Smething (Did eave somthing cm the tbe) anyone phy (Ambody it welcome) th ‘vont {Xo one attended the meeting) Aaectives give more information about nouns: “he flowing ar aed descriptive adjective The loving endings ae cen Budo Sbloes: -¥ mill) 04s Vovous) a opel, “able (workable), bess eles) Example: e ovo chi COMPARISONS ‘Two nouns with adjectives can be compared “Inmostcaes al -er oan ajectnetomake aconarion Eth sig ‘rans is ig (n rth Sugars sweet. Honey is swecer than sea), sInadectives wih me than 403) lbs. “ohn shanduane, Pr is mere hands, ‘Algebras aifficlt. Calas is more dificult When comparing more than two nouns with actives, use the superlative: Ad thea est 6 acetves whch wer Use the most with adjectives with mere than wo syle. Earth big. Urns is bigger. Jupiter isthe bigest ff allplaets Algshen ig dificult Callus is moe dif ‘Naxlearpysics is the most diet fl sj POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES “Desenbe onnership: my (Mycarisble.) our your thee their theirPossession with -Ancthoe way show possession i with. “Tis book belongs w oh. Job has & book.) “This Jabs Hook (i is book) noun sng, use on. the fay book the dog food the ga it the mane “IF a nomi plural we ony *, ihe Boks the dos ot tf non har a spl pr wah 0, fen themencars the childrens tps 4 noun or ame has ns se ite ot ‘Thomas’ ook or Thomas bock ther book (CLOSE a pet) thar ea (AK es peste) Phat these houses (CLOSE 1 spain These hooks ere. hone chairs FAR em peste) These books are Hue ‘Thiebaok ced ‘That book bs. Ades give infemation about verb, adjectives and savers. Adverbs ar often formed by ang + 0 anadjcive Hepa qty (acting) “They ae ery gent ai alls Se ope box yey eas - Adverbs ofen answer questions ‘Answer She opens the present quik ‘She opens the present nse ‘She opened thy presen yesterday. “To what exene™ ‘She opens fe pest very que, “Ader expres te (moro, yesterdy toy, ely la “Toh arrives omarton Frequency Avets (sometimes, wsually, often, never.) el "how ofa” som action happens “How offendo you smoke?” “I never smoke” 10 oe hays sally semaines wh sever ‘len cecaiolly seldom nat eve arly ver Adverbs of equeney come BEFORE verbs simple present & past] {usually comes, never ate, often do, ever had) She ustally comes at PM never, was fen, were Fare) She's sul on tne She wales up eater than he rest of ws do. Mary types faster than Io. With de orm: murs a(t cts soe.) Aces ttl of. Most adverbs that end in y use the word more when ‘comparing two verbs + adverbs: He rans more quickly (han his broth) Se speaks more clearly (han be laste). When ‘comparing more than two serbe and adverbs se the most He ae me quickly than his rote, but his ‘cousin runs the most quickly ofthe tice -scme avers change thi forms completely when they ae used in comparisons vel eter best Maly wore worst fit i it Prepositions are words tht show a spvial relationship beeen 09 things -Prepastons also answer such questions as. where? ven? sa! Bow? “The students are fn the brary. (Where ae they”) Johns coming by bus. (How is he coming?) ‘She eaves at 00am. (Whom does she leave?) | Common Prepositions about before despite ‘ofvande hind down oder teow during oi beneath for pfonl besides} tom with berween into) ‘wihinwtbow beyond ike throughout around by near il -Many vets are flloned by prepositions its enpuraan leur he verb nd th prepositan The mooning ofa verb wil change depending on the Pepostion which follows it, Verb and Prepostion Combinations geton listen for stand for sstout —listento standout et stand up CONNECTING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES -Am independent clase sentence Subj + Vi] that has moaning when it stands by tsa Teo help wit for the first and second cause, The fet caus in all the examples below isthe same: however, the second aus are dierent -AND signals an addtion of el imprtnes: Johns sick and he isnt going o schoo ody. UT (PEM signals contrast: John is sick, but he is pong schoo! today. -OR signals choie: Johns sick o he ta very goed actor. -$0 signals. resale John sick, she is nt going to sehoa ody -FOR signals a eas: Johns sick for he got a old in the an -Use a comma between the frst independent clase and the secon PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS -When vo subjects a eoumected the sujet closet the verb determines whch the vr ie singlaro pla. (ot only noun but alo + now): [Not only my tother But abo my sister is in Eup {either + noun + oF raoun): iter my brother OF my sister wil ein Europe. (either + noun + nor + neva): [Nether my brother mor my sister sin Europe ‘Nelther my brothers Mor my ste are in Europe -When two subjets are connected by bot, they ake a plural ve: both + noun + and + nom: lth my bree and my sister ar n Europe. THE ENGLISH SENTENCE sentence usually asa sabjet{S) and a ver [VL Bowtrun — Feoplecat Eh sen sys Vs v Some sence ao fave an abject (0). People et od, v0 Mary njye te movie - vO They need passports sv 0 Some sentences alo have an indirect abject (1). ‘ohn gave a presen tome. 0 of sve mea ps epson cLauses Basically a semene is a “elause” clause hs subject and a verb. There ae to basic clauses in English: independent saul dependent clases Tm going to thestore because Znzed mi [independent dependent} The dependent clause ced the independent clause fr ‘omplete meaning. theca THREE pest DEPENDENT cscsn Engh Each of them hat «mam which descthes what each dost ina sentence: adjective clases, non causes, sn adverb aes -Aajective clauses wor ke adjectives they pine more {information about noans they are detonbing. -WHO is wed for persons. WHICH i used for things ‘het whois aking consi, hive adore fs ery famous ‘The aor who was a that movie si ast ont ‘Thetbook wile you borroed The ight whch we were taking -WHOSE is used for possession My fiend whose ear was stolen went fo the poi, ‘isa [ictal whose mother splot. (her moter ia ple) all bea subject or an object ofa sentence, ‘Subjects of Sentence Lateness Your coming ate “That youcame le "That he id do his wok His absence -When 3 nen clase is wed subject, the word that must be wed. -The subject Ht can ako be wed by placing the noun ase atthe end of the sentence: makes me angry that you came lt makes me angry that he did’ ois work. Objects of Semtence something your mame French ‘hat your biahay is oman. iar] Wastin wash st resent option ‘makes me angry.‘When yo nes this btn, the pice wil come, Cause & Estee ‘We can go swimming because is tining 1S mining 0 92 can go svimming -Opposition Although is cod, 'm pong simian. She gota good grade eventhough she didnt uy, condition Eitan, we wl eaned he pene bins short wilh et we te -Do mot we DOUBLE NEGATIVES, they are always ‘Corrs: Don toch anything Incorrect: Dont touch nothing There are two kinds of questions: 1.NeyNo Questions (Rogue ihr ayes"ce“n0" ar) Aunty Subisst Votibesiomt 2 omit Do they tive ‘Are youant! ging Dd he & Wil ate Has Mary eaten yet? Remember that te auiliary cates tense information ‘ad somatines “number information about the subject hee? is work? came next week? Examples They peak ag ‘Question with auxiliary 0 tey sek Engl? 40 ing wt? se ening Shei tee Near loing nan The avd ie “hey wore wiki, iD hey sie be? TERE hy woking? te sabe ening soem He hs oo ek. Thx hate Tey hadcomecatly HAD hey cane ext? Sicha bem cing. HAD seen exing? ‘il ine tsa nig he IL ne bee ng re “ncyortameroe ‘om york 2. “WH? Questions (To ak for specific information) [WH questions flow the same pate as yern0| _vestons, exept the frst word in a Wh.question i the WEtword, mo the au. ‘Milont Anais Sublet Yk lem + Phase fom) sing Where beamed Engl? Wy cone le? Wheiecar will you Bar? Lt be beeing so? Haste bon sk HATE tay ct they chon > towok? marying 7 ought ne? oes x ob Who yo What has he *Who inthis semence is asking « question about the SUBJECT of the sentence. When you ate asking an Lin! of WH-queston about the SUBIECT of the sentenee, donot ise an asia in your question. ‘Thre children hase bees injure subject} HOW MANY CHILDREN have been injured? {0 alia] ‘She hs thre eld, fbjet] HOW MANY CHILDREN docs she have? {ausiinry needed] The blue car as more power subject] WHICH CAR has more power? [ao aula] Wepre the blue ea. [bjeat WHICH CAR do you prefer? [auiiary needed} Whow is used when asking 2 question about the OBIECT ofa seatence tvs often very FORMAL. Toy, many people do nt we the form whom: instead they use who? Ther is one exception: Whom are youtahing 6? TO wow ae you king? -When« preposition comes Before who, you must we WHOM, sich as, For whom, by whom, with whom, | guint whom, ct. Wileword Meaningive Example Answers Atom Hr: fa New York Bocas Fm sk Tost Mary oak. The man ea ‘he ma omer. uit By bs ey ve eon obj] The by Mary and ot, peso] The bay: Mary Sob, ‘The dog Tear Thera, “Tag questions are ada w the end of a sontnee 0 Se Me abn eect hice ary an go, eamt she? ert can’t come, eam he? -Aimative entance + negative tag = alfrmatve ner ou ke eotlee, dan’ you? = yes, 1 do -Nopitve sentence + fTirmatve tg = segative anor ym dont ike coffe, doyow? = no don’, Necanive Quesnions When asking a negative question, use mot with the ‘usiliary nd fallow the same procedure for asking cither*yevm0" oc “WHE questions Questions Anoners Dida’t you go lastnight?” Noida, Why weren't youinclass? Iwas sick Hasn't hemail come? Ye, thas. 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