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Vocabulary; Popular Phrases and Expressions, Nouns; Pronouns, Adjectives & More
THE ALPHABET
‘There are twenty-six
in the English
DEFGHI
MNOP QR
vwxX yz
1 foot = 12 itee= 03048 meter
1 yard= 3 eet
[ile = $280 fest
ies = 4.45 kilometers
1 tre = 45,500 sare feet
Weight
‘nee = V6 0 pound
1 pound = 16 cances
Liquid
{pin = 0.5508 Iter
1 guar = 2 pins
PVE et Bg
What dy isie™
Tada January Ist,2001, « new cemuy!
Mondsy
Tuesday
Wednesday
They
Fry
Saturday
Sunday
the weekend ~ Saturday, Suny
MONTHS OF
Ries
Sanaary aly
February August
March Scprember
October
November
December
PES
Helio concennes
How are your”
“Whats your name’?
“Thank-you
00d morning
(Good evening
“Speak slowly pea:
Good ight “Condye”
“Let me trace you to Mary"
A
he tones
3 the 30- ity
Star 3c tiny-one
& fre 32 iy to
eae 40. ory
5 ven aE fory-one
Scant 2 frgt00
Stine 0: tty
Tosten Si: fity-one
Useeven Goes
fhinsen 0. Sah
fourteen 90. niet
fihcen 100 handed
sxeen 200- two hundred
cventeon {ood one tend
1,000: en thon
1,000,001 milion
000,000 1 ilion
“the day before yesterday
“yenery
Phe Presents
od
Te Funes
“he day fee moro
next Wook
Phe Times
Wha times
tis quaner of wo.
rmoring~ AM (before aon)
afternoon ~ PM (ater 00)
evening ~ afer 7PM
righ
12 PM non,
2:10 AM m0 tenn the morning)
EIS PM three fifleenor quer past
thre (in the afternocn)
for thirty oral past four
(inthe csenng)
five hinge or twenty
five of sx inthe morning)
1:45 PM eleven fory-five or quarter
‘of tle (inthe vein)
430M
S35AM
‘COMMON RESPONSES
“Lam fin, ask you aed you”
ello Mary, delighted to meet you"
am sory”
“Goodbye, wa nice mecting you”
Cite
2nd second
Sed thin
Si four
sh fit
7th seventh
Sth cighth
Stim
oth tenth
th one handrsith
124th one handed and wot fourth
Dia
ca
Noxth
Northeast
west West East
nonheast
noche
shes
othe
Southwest Southeast
South
Te
CS
“ee sunny
What the temperature
comside?™
cols 2 degrees
ns coud
1s fezing,
8 old,
Wining.
song.
1 stony
ne sy.
Wehot
Ins thndering
eit
Green
Purple
Light Blue Blue
Bown BeigeSmall items
i
‘alt
sugar
Other
‘wear
eat
‘Spanish scceer
ity come before a noun:
only court nouns.
Expressions of
“Some are ued
fot Pots ofpenty of
a
-For most regular plurals, add an -+ t0 the word:
(coins, apples)
JOter Noun Plurals
-Whenthe singular emis ins she, 2 ds lases)
when the singular ends in @, add -3 exceptions
fumatoes, potatoes, eeoes, heres
-when the singular end in y (preceded by a vowel), only
is aed (oys)
-when the singular end in y (preceded by a consonamt)
sles isa babes)
Naas that end in ore change to -ves endings
call-cales Tig tives shelf, shelves
halfhales tou, loaves tie thieves,
i Knives self sees wolf waves
lea leaves Seat scarves
Exceptions: beliefs, chief, elif, roofs
Sllovng seers pra:
cad ie re mice
fox fer canon
tet ee ca th
nm on omer
sine mumsia Eglo come fen ot nga and
a foreign para
syn anaes
‘open appondes
Soon
socom boca
aoe
cae oth ck
clon clea
aoa rie
stm date
“Rema mls
ae
Iypothesis, Iporhewes
inde, indices, indexes,
‘medium medi
memoranda, memoranda
parenthesis, parentheses
‘Mhenomenc, phenomena
‘simul, stim
sylibus, sat, slabuses
thes, theses
vena erchrae
“Antic are wos that ody nou
There re two types of artes:
DEFINITE ARTICLES (THE)
Definite articles are used with singular count
nouns, plural count nouns, and noncount nouns,
-When te noun is known to the speakers:
The ca hae s very expensive.
The question ey want 1 ask is about homework.
-When the noun is “te ony one” ois Kinde
“The wn ri inthe et.
‘The moon fal,
The daoe is lcked There is only one door.)
When he nounisarcpresemae of general elas fies,
The compterts the most important mention.
“he plano is a beautifilinstrument.
INDEFINITE ARTICLES (A, AN)
adie ries red with singular count nso
1 bid oy, a Book, a ctonary. a pce of cae
-Use nm with noun that begins with vowel sou
‘apple, ancxaminaton, an hour (a unversty hot
tecause “university” and “hotel” bogin wath
corsonant pronunciation).
-When te munis unknown othe speakers:
hve a
Mary fas atest tomorow,
They wn oak a questa
-When the munis being introduced forthe fe tine
"A nana ually yellow:
‘A book sa good fiend on along rip.
INO ARTICLE
Plural count nouns and noncount nouns do not|
need define articles when they ate referring 0
JALL ofthe tems.
Pura count nouns:
Tie aples ‘ericsson
‘heaps inbox a pci ple)
ook poms (oaks eo)
Tho ook nth so chap (peieDas)
haste fs campetem (Compe. genera)
Thecus hyve a ok (pete capes)
Nancount nouns:
The cate (cot, a gm
‘Te cof a (epee cate)
Sagi en (ee ingen)
‘Therce at ast night was good, (pci e)
ars noms (a nme
‘Theatre at gout dak (ei ter
REMEMBER: A singular count mun CANNOT
appear alone
elt
emus hve
“in article! a book, he ca am uncle
“demonstrative this TV that rato, this newspaper
oR.
‘a posssive: my pen, her key, Marys room
BOTT
Pronouns take the place of a noun; they are noun
‘substitutes: _ 2.
speak English)
you
fe, she, it icy
Object pronouns: (eee w the eject ofthe ver)
mmo (Jmnealledime) ue
you you
him, es it thom
-Posessive Pronouns (nscat ovnership)
‘mine (This book i mine) ows
yous yous
i, Bers, is fare
-Rettenve pronouns (fr 1th subject, Semcties
‘ed for emphasis)
rye ke w ie ml) artes
Sours youscles
hans, Nerf elf themselves
-Theexpreson y+ azflexve pronoun
sully means “alone (He lives by himself)
tine pena (on specie
‘everyone Everyone has his he dea
‘Serbo
Sepiine
Sombey
Smething (Did eave somthing cm the tbe)
anyone
phy (Ambody it welcome)
th
‘vont {Xo one attended the meeting)
Aaectives give more information about nouns:
“he flowing ar aed descriptive adjective
The loving endings ae cen Budo Sbloes:
-¥ mill) 04s Vovous) a opel,
“able (workable), bess eles)
Example: e ovo chi
COMPARISONS
‘Two nouns with adjectives can be compared
“Inmostcaes al -er oan ajectnetomake aconarion
Eth sig ‘rans is ig (n rth
Sugars sweet. Honey is swecer than sea),
sInadectives wih me than 403) lbs.
“ohn shanduane, Pr is mere hands,
‘Algebras aifficlt. Calas is more dificult
When comparing more than two nouns with
actives, use the superlative:
Ad thea est 6 acetves whch wer Use
the most with adjectives with mere than wo syle.
Earth big. Urns is bigger. Jupiter isthe bigest ff
allplaets
Algshen ig dificult Callus is moe dif
‘Naxlearpysics is the most diet fl sj
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
“Desenbe onnership:
my (Mycarisble.) our
your
thee
their
theirPossession with
-Ancthoe way show possession i with.
“Tis book belongs w oh. Job has & book.)
“This Jabs Hook (i is book)
noun sng, use on.
the fay book the dog food
the ga it the mane
“IF a nomi plural we ony *,
ihe Boks the dos ot
tf non har a spl pr wah 0, fen
themencars the childrens tps
4 noun or ame has ns se ite ot
‘Thomas’ ook or Thomas bock
ther book (CLOSE a pet)
thar ea (AK es peste)
Phat
these houses (CLOSE 1 spain These hooks ere.
hone chairs FAR em peste) These books are Hue
‘Thiebaok ced
‘That book bs.
Ades give infemation about verb, adjectives and
savers.
Adverbs ar often formed by ang + 0 anadjcive
Hepa qty (acting)
“They ae ery gent
ai alls
Se ope box yey eas
- Adverbs ofen answer questions
‘Answer
She opens the present quik
‘She opens the present nse
‘She opened thy presen yesterday.
“To what exene™ ‘She opens fe pest very que,
“Ader expres te (moro, yesterdy toy,
ely la
“Toh arrives omarton
Frequency Avets (sometimes, wsually, often,
never.) el "how ofa” som action happens
“How offendo you smoke?” “I never smoke”
10 oe
hays sally semaines wh sever
‘len cecaiolly seldom nat eve
arly ver
Adverbs of equeney come BEFORE verbs
simple present & past]
{usually comes, never ate, often do, ever had)
She ustally comes at PM
never, was fen, were Fare)
She's sul on tne
She wales up eater than he rest of ws do.
Mary types faster than Io.
With de orm: murs a(t cts soe.)
Aces ttl of.
Most adverbs that end in y use the word more when
‘comparing two verbs + adverbs:
He rans more quickly (han his broth)
Se speaks more clearly (han be laste).
When ‘comparing more than two serbe and
adverbs se the most
He ae me quickly than his rote, but his
‘cousin runs the most quickly ofthe tice
-scme avers change thi forms completely when they
ae used in comparisons
vel eter best
Maly wore worst
fit i it
Prepositions are words tht show a spvial relationship
beeen 09 things
-Prepastons also answer such questions as. where?
ven? sa! Bow?
“The students are fn the brary. (Where ae they”)
Johns coming by bus. (How is he coming?)
‘She eaves at 00am. (Whom does she leave?)
| Common Prepositions
about before despite ‘ofvande
hind down oder
teow during oi
beneath for pfonl
besides} tom with
berween into) ‘wihinwtbow
beyond ike throughout
around by near il
-Many vets are flloned by prepositions
its enpuraan leur he verb nd th prepositan
The mooning ofa verb wil change depending on the
Pepostion which follows it,
Verb and Prepostion Combinations
geton listen for stand for
sstout —listento standout
et stand up
CONNECTING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
-Am independent clase sentence Subj + Vi] that has
moaning when it stands by tsa
Teo help
wit for
the first and second cause,
The fet caus in all the examples below isthe same:
however, the second aus are dierent
-AND signals an addtion of el imprtnes:
Johns sick and he isnt going o schoo ody.
UT (PEM signals contrast:
John is sick, but he is pong schoo! today.
-OR signals choie:
Johns sick o he ta very goed actor.
-$0 signals. resale
John sick, she is nt going to sehoa ody
-FOR signals a eas:
Johns sick for he got a old in the an
-Use a comma between the frst independent clase and
the secon
PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
-When vo subjects a eoumected the sujet closet the
verb determines whch the vr ie singlaro pla.
(ot only noun but alo + now):
[Not only my tother But abo my sister is in Eup
{either + noun + oF raoun):
iter my brother OF my sister wil ein Europe.
(either + noun + nor + neva):
[Nether my brother mor my sister sin Europe
‘Nelther my brothers Mor my ste are in Europe
-When two subjets are connected by bot, they ake a
plural ve:
both + noun + and + nom:
lth my bree and my sister ar n Europe.
THE ENGLISH
SENTENCE
sentence usually asa sabjet{S) and a ver [VL
Bowtrun — Feoplecat Eh sen
sys Vs v
Some sence ao fave an abject (0).
People et od,
v0
Mary njye te movie
- vO
They need passports
sv 0
Some sentences alo have an indirect abject (1).
‘ohn gave a presen tome.
0
of sve mea ps epson
cLauses
Basically a semene is a “elause”
clause hs subject and a verb.
There ae to basic clauses in English: independent
saul dependent clases
Tm going to thestore because Znzed mi
[independent dependent}
The dependent clause ced the independent clause fr
‘omplete meaning.
theca THREE pest DEPENDENT cscsn Engh
Each of them hat «mam which descthes what each
dost ina sentence:
adjective clases, non causes, sn adverb aes
-Aajective clauses wor ke adjectives they pine more
{information about noans they are detonbing.
-WHO is wed for persons.
WHICH i used for things
‘het whois aking consi,
hive adore fs ery famous
‘The aor who was a that movie
si ast ont
‘Thetbook wile you borroed
The ight whch we were taking
-WHOSE is used for possession
My fiend whose ear was stolen went fo the poi,
‘isa
[ictal whose mother splot.
(her moter ia ple)
all bea subject or an object ofa sentence,
‘Subjects of Sentence
Lateness
Your coming ate
“That youcame le
"That he id do his wok
His absence
-When 3 nen clase is wed subject, the word that
must be wed.
-The subject Ht can ako be wed by placing the noun
ase atthe end of the sentence:
makes me angry that you came lt
makes me angry that he did’ ois work.
Objects of Semtence
something
your mame
French
‘hat your biahay is oman.
iar] Wastin wash st resent
option
‘makes me angry.‘When yo nes this btn, the pice wil come,
Cause & Estee
‘We can go swimming because is tining
1S mining 0 92 can go svimming
-Opposition
Although is cod, 'm pong simian.
She gota good grade eventhough she didnt uy,
condition
Eitan, we wl eaned he pene
bins short wilh et we te
-Do mot we DOUBLE NEGATIVES, they are always
‘Corrs: Don toch anything
Incorrect: Dont touch nothing
There are two kinds of questions:
1.NeyNo Questions (Rogue ihr ayes"ce“n0" ar)
Aunty Subisst Votibesiomt 2
omit
Do they tive
‘Are youant! ging
Dd he &
Wil ate
Has Mary eaten yet?
Remember that te auiliary cates tense information
‘ad somatines “number information about the subject
hee?
is work?
came next week?
Examples
They peak ag
‘Question with auxiliary
0 tey sek Engl?
40 ing wt?
se ening
Shei tee
Near loing nan
The avd ie
“hey wore wiki,
iD hey sie be?
TERE hy woking?
te sabe ening soem
He hs oo ek.
Thx hate
Tey hadcomecatly HAD hey cane ext?
Sicha bem cing. HAD seen exing?
‘il ine tsa nig he IL ne bee ng re
“ncyortameroe ‘om york
2. “WH? Questions (To ak for specific information)
[WH questions flow the same pate as yern0|
_vestons, exept the frst word in a Wh.question i the
WEtword, mo the au.
‘Milont Anais Sublet Yk
lem + Phase fom)
sing
Where beamed Engl?
Wy cone le?
Wheiecar will you Bar?
Lt be beeing so?
Haste bon sk
HATE tay ct
they chon
> towok?
marying 7
ought ne?
oes
x
ob
Who
yo
What has he
*Who inthis semence is asking « question about the
SUBJECT of the sentence. When you ate asking an
Lin! of WH-queston about the SUBIECT of the
sentenee, donot ise an asia in your question.
‘Thre children hase bees injure subject}
HOW MANY CHILDREN have been injured?
{0 alia]
‘She hs thre eld, fbjet]
HOW MANY CHILDREN docs she have?
{ausiinry needed]
The blue car as more power subject]
WHICH CAR has more power? [ao aula]
Wepre the blue ea. [bjeat
WHICH CAR do you prefer? [auiiary needed}
Whow is used when asking 2 question about the
OBIECT ofa seatence
tvs often very FORMAL.
Toy, many people do nt we the form whom: instead
they use who?
Ther is one exception:
Whom are youtahing 6?
TO wow ae you king?
-When« preposition comes Before who, you must we
WHOM, sich as, For whom, by whom, with whom, |
guint whom, ct.
Wileword Meaningive Example Answers
Atom Hr: fa New York
Bocas Fm sk Tost
Mary oak. The man ea
‘he ma omer.
uit By bs ey ve
eon obj] The by Mary and ot,
peso] The bay: Mary Sob,
‘The dog Tear Thera,
“Tag questions are ada w the end of a sontnee 0
Se Me abn eect hice
ary an go, eamt she?
ert can’t come, eam he?
-Aimative entance + negative tag = alfrmatve ner
ou ke eotlee, dan’ you? = yes, 1 do
-Nopitve sentence + fTirmatve tg = segative anor
ym dont ike coffe, doyow? = no don’,
Necanive Quesnions
When asking a negative question, use mot with the
‘usiliary nd fallow the same procedure for asking
cither*yevm0" oc “WHE questions
Questions Anoners
Dida’t you go lastnight?” Noida,
Why weren't youinclass? Iwas sick
Hasn't hemail come? Ye, thas.
Who did't come yey’ object sh ie
foc sure to turther your knowledge of ESL with our
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