International Affairs

International affairs
CURRENT AFFAIRS NOVEMBER 2019
Pakistan opposition protests
Issue
The opposition’s Azadi March, a giant protest rally that began from
Karachi several days ago and has been making its way through Pakistan,
reached the capital Islamabad.
Background
This is the first major challenge to the government since Imran became
Prime Minister in a controversial election said to have been manipulated
in his favour by the Army in 2018. The protests have been led by Fazl-ur-
Rahman, a controversial leader.
Details
Fazl-ur Rehman and his supporters say the 2018 election was unfair, and
want Imran to step down. They are also angry with the state of Pakistan’s
economy, which is currently facing among the worst crises in its history.
Fazl-ur Rehman, sometimes referred to in Pakistan as “Maulana Diesel”,
is the leader of the Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam (F). He is a hardline, rightwing
Islamist politician of the kind that often receives significant public support
in Pakistan.
Fazl-ur Rehman has maintained close links with the Afghan Taliban, and
has led several anti-US and pro-Taliban rallies and demonstrations in
Pakistan over the years.
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He has supported the terrorist attack on Nobel winner Malala Yousufzai in

2012, and called for the setting up of a “people’s court” to try Asiya Bibi, the
Christian woman who was sentenced to death for blasphemy but ultimately
released.
Pakistan crisis
The Pakistani economy is running into headwinds with the fiscal deficit
ballooning to about 7% of gross domestic product and a balance of
payments crisis is looming.
Consumer inflation increased to 11.37% year-on-year in September from
10.49% in August largely on food price rises, while the rupee has fallen
more than 50% against the dollar since the end of 2017.
Notes
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Iraq protests
Issue
Protesters in Iraq's capital and the country's south shut down streets and
government offices in a new wave of civil disobedience movement
demanding wholesale change of the political system.
Background
Demonstrations broke out on October 1 in outrage over rampant
corruption and unemployment in Iraq. They were met with a violent
crackdown that left dozens dead.
Details
Students took part in sit-ins at their schools, and the national teachers
union extended a strike they began last week. The engineering, doctors
and lawyers syndicates have all backed the protests.
The government has proposed a string of reforms, including a hiring
drive, social welfare plans and early elections once a new voting law is
passed. But protesters have stayed on the streets, condemning the
political class.
Protesters also kept closed the highway to the Qasr port in Basra, one of
the main conduits for food, medicine and other imports into Iraq.
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Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia, bordered
by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi
Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The
capital, and largest city, is Baghdad.
Currency is Iraqi Dinar.
The country is surrounded by northwestern end of the Zagros mountain
range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run south through Iraq and
into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf.
Prime Minister- Adil Abdul-Mahdi
President – Barham salih
Notes
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India walks out of RCEP deal
Issue
Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that India was dropping out of
the RCEP agreement, citing its negative effects on farmers, MSMEs and
dairy sector.
Background
India has reiterated its stand that it would like to be part of a mutually
beneficial RCEP deal, which is in interest of all the participants including
its own citizens. With chances of repurcusions on domestic industry due
to the deal, India has been reluctant to join.
Details
The government is keen uphold the stakes of Indian farmers, traders,
professionals and industrialists, all of whom have protested against the
government’s decision to go ahead with the negotiations in the last few
months.
Since 2012, there have been 28 rounds of negotiations that went right
down to the end of the summit at the RCEP ministerial meeting, which
ended inconclusively for India.
The outstanding issues included major trade deficits with all the
countries in RCEP, lack of assurances on market access, and RCEP
negotiators’ insistence on keeping 2014 as the base year for tariff
reductions.
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India has also not received any credible assurances on its demand for
more market access, and its concerns over non-tariff barriers.
RCEP participants like China are known to have used non-tariff barriers
in the past to prevent India from growing its exports to the country.
Major oppositions
The decision to join RCEP met with stiff resistance in India from most
industry and farmers’ bodies. The All India Kisan Sangharsh
Coordination Committee (AIKSCC), which represents about 10 lakh
farmers, had called for an all-India protest on Monday against joining.
The Confederation of All India Traders, which represents about seven
crore traders, made several representations to the Commerce Ministry
to keep steel and allied services, and dairy out of the purview of the
RCEP agreement.
They have argued that some domestic sectors may take a hit due to
cheaper alternatives from other participant countries. For instance, the
dairy industry was expected to face stiff competition from Australia and
New Zealand.
RCEP deal
The RCEP brings together 16 member countries. They include Asociation
of South Asian Nations (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Singapore, Vietnam, Brunei, Philippines,Cambodia) along with India,
China, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
The purpose of the deal is to create an integrated market spanning all
16 countries. This means that it would be easier for the products and
services of each of these countries to be available across the entire
region.
The RCEP is billed to be the largest regional trading agreement yet the
countries involved account for almost half of the world’s population,
contribute over a quarter of world exports, and make up around 30% of
the global Gross Domestic Product.
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China launches Sudan’s first ever satellite
Issue
Sudan's first ever satellite for conducting research in military, economic
and space technology has been launched by China, according to official
sources.
Background
Sudan, which is battling an economic crisis, has been involved in a
national space programme for decades covering activities such as remote
sensing and geoinformatics
Details
The satellite aims to develop research in space technology, acquire data
as well as discover natural resources for the country's military needs.
The officials also announced that the satellite will be operational soon and
will be monitored from ground station in Sudan.
CNSA
China National Space Administration is the national space agency of
China. It is responsible for the national space program and for planning
and development of space activities.
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Sudan
Sudan is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the
north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea to the east, Ethiopia to the
southeast, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the
southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest.
The capital is Khartoum, located at the confluence of the Blue and White
Nile. The currency is Sudanese pound.
South Sudan
South Sudan, officially known as the Republic of South Sudan, is a
landlocked country in East-Central Africa.
It gained independence from the Republic of the Sudan in 2011, making it
the most recent sovereign state with widespread recognition. Its capital
and largest city is Juba.
South Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east,
Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of
the Congo to the southwest and the Central African Republic to the west.
Notes
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Iran announces break from nuclear deal
Issue
Iran’s President Hassan Rouhani has announced that Tehran will begin
injecting uranium gas into 1,044 centrifuges in an attempt to produce
weapon grade enriched uranium.
Background
Iran has been desperate to produce weapon grade fuels in order to boost
its nuclear program. The development is significant as the centrifuges
previously spun empty, without gas injection, under the 2015 nuclear
accord.
Details
The centrifuges at Fordo are IR-1s, Iran’s first-generation centrifuge. The
nuclear deal allowed those at Fordo to spin without uranium gas, while
allowing over 5,000 at its Natanz facility to enrich uranium.
Iran is currently working on a prototype that is 50 times faster than those
allowed by the deal.
It is operating 60 IR-6 advanced centrifuges. Such a centrifuge can
produce enriched uranium 10 times as fast as the first-generation IR-1s
allowed under the accord.
Iran has previously broken through its stockpile and enrichment
limitations, trying to pressure Europe to offer it a new deal, more than a
year since US from the accord.
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Iran nuclear deal

The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework
agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a
group of world powers: the P5+1 (the permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council, The United States, The United Kingdom, Russia,
France, and China plus Germany) and the European Union.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

Negotiations toward JCPOA began with the adoption of the Joint Plan of
Action, an interim agreement signed between Iran and the P5+1 countries.
Under JCPOA, Iran agreed to eliminate its stockpile of medium-enriched
uranium, cut its stockpile of low-enriched uranium by 98%, and reduce by
about two-thirds the number of its gas centrifuges for 13 years.
For the next 15 years Iran will only enrich uranium up to 3.67%. Iran also
agreed not to build any new heavy-water facilities for the same period of
time.
Uranium-enrichment activities will be limited to a single facility using first-
generation centrifuges for 10 years. Other facilities will be converted to
avoid proliferation risks.
To monitor and verify Iran's compliance with the agreement, the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will have regular access to all
Iranian nuclear facilities.
The agreement provides that in return for verifiably abiding by its
commitments, Iran will receive relief from U.S., European Union, and
United Nations Security Council nuclear-related sanctions.
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International Affairs
NATO
Issue
French President Emmanuel Macron has said that NATO as an grouping
was dying with its incapacity to work in a co-ordinated manner.
Background
France is a founding member of NATO but it has refrained from
participating in military actions undertaken by the organisation,
especially when there is an attack on any of its members.
Details
Mr. Macron has said there is a lack of strategic coordination between
European allies on the one hand and the United States and Turkey, with
NATO’s second largest military, on the other.
The Secretary-General and many allies want to project an image of unity
at the summit at a time of rising Chinese military might and what NATO
leaders see as Russian attempts to undermine Western democracies
through cyber attacks, disinformation campaigns and covert operations.
NATO was shaken by President Trump’s portrayal of it as being in crisis
at the last summit in Brussels and its image of unity was violated when
Turkey defied its allies to launch a military incursion into Syria.
Macron’s statement comes at the back of Trump’s unilateral decison of
pulling out of Syria without consulting European allies. The allies,
including France feel that they are being considered juniors in middle-
eastern affairs, which they want to change.
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The European Union also recently launched its own multibillion-euro

defence plans to develop and deploy military assets together after years
of spending cuts that have left European militaries without vital
capabilities and reliant on Washington.
With its military bases in Europe and nuclear warheads stored in five
NATO countries, the United States remains the ultimate protector of
European democracies against an increasingly assertive post-Soviet
Russia.
Trump has accused European NATO allies of not shouldering their fair
share of the cost of defending Europe. He has demanded they double
NATO’s defence spending goal of 2% of economic output, set in 2014.
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty ,also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is
an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and
European countries.
The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on
4 April 1949.
NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent
member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any
external party. NATO's Headquarters is located
in Evere, Brussels, Belgium.
Members
Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom,
United States.
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Clashes in Iraq
Issue
Fresh clashes between Iraqi security forces and anti-government
protesters broke out, killing at least three people and marking arrival of
new crisis in the middle-eastern country.
Background
More than 280 people have been killed since the protests over
unemployment, poor services and endemic corruption began in Baghdad
on Oct. 1 and quickly spread to southern provinces.
Details
The demonstrators, mostly unemployed youths, demand an overhaul of
the political system and a corrupt ruling class which has dominated state
institutions since the U.S.-led overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003.
Officials and analysts fear that militants could exploit unrest to sow more
chaos in Iraq, which has suffered decades of conflict, sanctions and
corrupt governance.
Government handouts for the poor, promises to prosecute corrupt
officials and create more job opportunities for graduates have failed to
calm protesters, whose demands include a new electoral system and the
removal of all current political leaders.
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The protesters also reject foreign interference in Iraq, which has long been
caught between its two main allies and bitter rivals, the United States and
Iran.
Public anger has been directed particularly towards Iran, which supports
the parties and paramilitary groups that dominate the Baghdad
government and state institutions.
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia, bordered
by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi
Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.
The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad.
President: Barham Salih
Prime Minister: Adil Abdul-Mahdi
Currency: Iraqi Dinar
Notes
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Kartarpur corridor to open today
Issue
The Kartarpur corridor, which connects Dera Baba Nanak in Punjab to
Darbar Sahib in Pakistan is set to be innaugrated by PM Modi and PM
Imran Khan on their respective side of the border.
Background
The Kartarpur corridor is a part of an initiative by India and Pakistan to
conncect religious places located on either side of the border. It allows
Sikh piligrims to visit last resting place of Guru Nanak Dev without
availing the mandatory visitor’s visa.
Details
The corridor has long been in the works. New Delhi had sought the
opening of a corridor way back in 1999 but it was only last year that the
two sides agreed to build the road to connect Dera Baba Nanak in
Gurdaspur district of Punjab with the Darbar Sahib Gurdwara in
Kartarpur in Pakistan’s Narowal district.
India and Pakistan have a bilateral pact, signed in 1974, which allows
Indians and Pakistanis to visit each other’s shrines. On the India side, the
Ajmer Sharif Dargah of Moinuddin Chishti, and the dargahs of Nizamuddin
Auliya and Amir Khusro in New Delhi are included in this agreement.
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Similarly, Indian delegations have visited the Katasraj Dham Temple in

Lahore and several Gurudwaras Nankana Sahib and Panja Sahib (both in
Rawalpindi) and Dera Sahib in Lahore.
Notes
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Socialists win Spain elections
Issue
Spain’s Socialist premier Pedro Sanchez emerged as winner but lost
some seats in the repeat election held on 10th of November.
Background
The ballot, the fourth in as many years, failed to end months of
parliamentary deadlock following an inconclusive April poll.
Details
The final results showed the Socialists taking 120 of the parliament’s 350
seats (28% of the votes) while Vox secured 52 (15%) , more than double its
mandates in the outgoing Assembly.
In second place was the right-wing Popular Party, which took 88
mandates (nearly 21%), up from 66 in the previous poll.
The results will make forming a government more difficult due to the
parliament’s deep fragmentation and the rise of Vox.
Spain
Spain is a country on Europe’s Iberian Peninsula,which includes 17
autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures. The Capital
city is Madrid.
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Neighbours: Portugal, France, Morocco (Ceuta and Melilla), Andorra,

United Kingdom (Gibraltar).
Memberships: European Union, United Nations, NATO, OECD,WTO etc.
Currency: Euro
Mountains: Pyrenees mountains, Cantabrian mountains, Sistema central.
Other important features: Andalusian plains, canary islands, Bay of Biscay
(between Spain and France).
Rivers: Tajo, Duero, Guadiana and Guadalquivir, Tagus (all Atlantic ocean),
Ebro (Mediterranean sea).
Map location
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The BRICS summit
Issue
The 11th edition of the BRICS summit was held in Brasilia in Brazil, which
was attended by all the member countries including PM Modi.
Background
The BRICS summit 2019 theme is 'Economic Growth for an Innovative
Future'. The five BRICS nations account for almost 50 percent of the
world's economic growth.
Details
The BRICS 2019 is expected to focus on strengthening cooperation in the
fields of science, technology, innovation and the digital economy.
The annual summit also aims to advance cooperation in the fight against
transnational crime, especially organized crime, money laundering and
drug trafficking.
BRICS
BRICS is a currently a group of five major developing economies, Brazil,
Russia, India, China, South Africa. Initially, the bloc included only four
nations and was termed as BRIC, as South Africa became a member of
the bloc only in 2010.
BRICS nations make up almost 42 percent of the world’s population, 23
percent of the global GDP and about 17 percent of the world trade.
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The group also accounts for almost 50 percent of world economic growth
and 26.6 percent of the world area.
All BRICS nations are members of the G20 group. The BRICS summit has
been hosted alternatively every year since 2009.
New Development Bank

The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the BRICS
Development Bank, is a multilateral development bank established by the
BRICS states.
According to the Agreement on the NDB, the Bank shall support public or
private projects through loans, guarantees, equity participation and
other financial instruments.
Moreover, the NDB shall cooperate with international organizations and
other financial entities, and provide technical assistance for projects to
be supported by the Bank.
The initial subscribed capital of the bank was equally distributed among
the founding members. The Agreement on the NDB specifies that the
voting power of each member will be equal to the number of its
subscribed shares in the capital stock of the bank.
The bank is headquartered in Shanghai, China. The first regional office of
the NDB is in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The Current President of the bank is K. V. Kamath, from India.
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Singapore to get access to

Chandipur missile testing site
Issue
India and Singapore have exchanged a letter of Intent that will allow
Singapore to conduct live firing of missiles like the Spyder air defence
system at the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur in Odisha.
Background
It is for the first time that India will open Chandipur Integrated Test
Range for any foreign country. Since Singapore is a small country it
would be impossible to fire missiles like the Spyder ground-based air
defence systems.
Details
The Integrated Test Range (ITR), a well equipped Test and Evaluation
(T&E) center of DRDO, is set up to provide safe and reliable launch
facilities for performance evaluation of rockets, missiles and air-borne
weapon system.
India has previously allowed the Singapore Air Force to use its airspace
for training exercises.
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Integrated Missile Test Range

The Integrated Test Range, sometimes referred to as the Interim Test
Range, is a missile testing facility composed of two complexes located on
Abdul Kalam Island and located at Chandipur.
Abdul Kalam Island is the missile test facility for most missiles of India;
Akash Missiles, Agni Missiles, Astra Missile, BrahMos, Nirbhay, Prahaar
Missile, Prithvi Missiles, Shaurya Missile, Advanced Air Defence (AAD),
Prithvi Air Defence and recently an ASAT missile.
APJ Abdul Kalam Island (Wheeler Island)

Abdul Kalam Island is located in the Bay of Bengal approximately 10
kilometres (6.2 mi) off the eastern coast of India and about 70 kilometres
(43 mi) south of Chandipur in Bhadrak district of Odisha.
Abdul Kalam Island is located close to the Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary,
the world's largest rookery of the endangered olive ridley sea turtle. Abdul
Kalam Island's sandy beaches are a favoured nesting location for the
turtles.
To protect the turtles, all lights at the facility are dimmed or masked
during nesting season, and missile testing is restrained during the turtles'
nesting and breeding season.
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US deports asylum seekers to Guatemala
Issue
A foreign asylum seeker was sent to Guatemala under a U.S. agreement
designating Guatemala as a so-called safe third country for people fleeing
persecution.
Background
The arrival of the individual in Guatemala marks a historic shift in how the
United States treats people seeking asylum protections away from its
embrace of refugees.
Details
The U.S. government had brokered an agreement with Guatemala in July.
The deal allows U.S. immigration officials to make migrants requesting
asylum at the U.S.-Mexican border apply for asylum in Guatemala first.
Democrats and activists say it is irresponsible to send vulnerable people
to seek shelter in Guatemala, with its high murder rates, tiny asylum
system and weak rule of law. Guatemalan government has said that it
would process anybody who wanted to apply for asylum, but noted that
United Nations immigration and asylum agencies would be responsible for
providing shelter during their stay. The U.N. International Organization for
Migration (IOM) said that the United States had provided it with $10
million to help migrants voluntarily return from Guatemala to their
homelands.
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Guatemala
Guatemala, a Central American country south of Mexico, is home to
volcanoes, rainforests and ancient Mayan sites. The capital is Guatemala
City.
It is bordered by Mexico to the north and west, Belize and the Caribbean to
the northeast, Honduras to the east, El Salvador to the southeast and the
Pacific Ocean to the south.
President: Jimmy Morales (outgoing), Alejandro Giammattei (President
elect) Currency: Quetzai
Notes
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Mauritius and Chagos island controversy
Issue
Mauritius has accused the United Kingdom an ‘illegal colonial occupier’
after it failed to meet a UN deadline to return control of an overseas
territory to the island nation.
Background
Britain was given six months to return the Chagos Islands after the UN
General Assembly voted to condemn its continued occupation of the
Indian Ocean territory. After the deadline passed, Mauritian Prime
Minister Pravind Jugnauth said the UK was now an illegal colonial
occupier.
Details
Mauritius, a former British colony, claims it was forced to trade the
Chagos Islands in exchange for independence.
When Mauritius was still a colony, Britain purchased the islands for 3
million pounds in 1965. This archipelago is known as British Indian Ocean
Territory.
UK foreign officials say that the territory will remain in British hands until
it is no longer needed for defence purposes.
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Chagos Islands
The Chagos Archipelago or Chagos Islands are a group of seven atolls
comprising more than 60 individual tropical islands in the Indian Ocean
about 500 kilometres south of the Maldives archipelago.
the United Kingdom had purchased the island from Mauritius in 1965 and
gave an island to the United States to build a military base on Diego Garcia,
the largest of the Chagos Islands.
Mauritius
Mauritius officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the
Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) off the southeast coast of
the African continent.
The country includes the islands of Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga and St.
Brandon.
The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues form part of the Mascarene
Islands, along with nearby Réunion, a French overseas department.
The capital and largest city Port Louis is located on the main island of
Mauritius.
Prime Minister: Pravind Jugnauth
President: Barlen Vyapoory
Currency: Mauritian Rupee
Location
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GSOMIA pact of South Korea
Issue
South Korea has decided to suspend its plans to quit an intelligence
sharing pact, GSOMIA with Japan amid pressure from the US.
Background
Previously, South Korea had decided to discontinue the intelligence pact
called the General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA),
unless Japan decided to review its export control measures.
Details
The need for GSOMIA was felt amidst a growing threat from North Korea,
especially when it started conducting nuclear tests and developing
ballistic missiles.
The US’ interest in this agreement arises from its need to forge alliances in
the northeast to be able to analyse and respond to any threats from North
Korea.
It is also felt that GSOMIA is an attempt by the US-Japan-South Korea
trilateral alliance to contain Beijing, thereby maintaining a degree of
opposition between this trilateral alliance and that of China-North Korea-
Russia.
The relationship between Japan and South Korea has deteriorated, given
the territorial dispute over the Dokdo islands also known as Takeshima in
Japan. While South Korea controls them, the islands are claimed by Japan.
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Japan imposed export controls on three chemicals that South Korea uses
in its important semiconductor industry.
Japan also decided to remove South Korea from its “white list”, a fast track
trade list of trusted partners. This is considered to be retaliation for South
Korea’s decision to leave the intelligence pact.
GSOMIA pact
General Security Of Military Information Agreements (GSOMIA) is one of
the four foundational agreements that the U.S. signs with allies and close
partners to facilitate interoperability between militaries and sale of high
end technology. GSOMIA allows militaries to share the intelligence
gathered by them.
Notes
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US approves legislation backing Hong Kong protestors
Issue
U.S. President Donald Trump signed into law congressional legislation
backing protesters in Hong Kong, despite angry objections from Beijing.
Background
Congress passed a second bil, banning the export to the Hong Kong police
of crowd-control munitions, such as teargas, pepper spray, rubber bullets
and stun guns.
Details
The new legislation, approved unanimously by the U.S. Senate and by all
but one lawmaker in the House of Representatives last week, requires the
State Department to certify, at least annually, that Hong Kong retains
enough autonomy to justify favorable U.S. trading terms that have helped
it maintain its position as a world financial center. It also threatens
sanctions for human rights violations.
Officials responsible for human rights violations in Hong Kong could also
be subject to sanctions, including visa bans and asset freezes.
The law has potential to completely upend relations between the United
States and Hong Kong and change the territory’s status to that of any
other Chinese city.
From a business perspective, one of the most important elements of Hong
Kong’s special status has been that it is considered a separate customs
and trading zone from China. Trade-war tariffs don’t apply to exports from
Hong Kong.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the
People's Republic of China, is a special administrative region on the
eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China.
Currency: Hong Kong dollar
Notes
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International affairs

CURRENT AFFAIRS NOVEMBER 2019

Pakistan opposition protests

He has supported the terrorist attack on Nobel winner Malala Yousufzai in

India walks out of RCEP deal

China launches Sudan’s first ever satellite

Iran announces break from nuclear deal

Iran nuclear deal

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

The European Union also recently launched its own multibillion-euro

Kartarpur corridor to open today

Similarly, Indian delegations have visited the Katasraj Dham Temple in

Socialists win Spain elections

Neighbours: Portugal, France, Morocco (Ceuta and Melilla), Andorra,

The BRICS summit

New Development Bank

Singapore to get access to

Integrated Missile Test Range

APJ Abdul Kalam Island (Wheeler Island)

US deports asylum seekers to Guatemala

Mauritius and Chagos island controversy

GSOMIA pact of South Korea

US approves legislation backing Hong Kong protestors

NIACL AO LIC HFL

CLAT Nabard Grade A

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