St Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City 3500

Tel: 078-846-1987-1994
Fax: 078-846-4305
www.spup.edu.ph

“WONDERFUL WORLDS OF RESEARCH, EBP, AND QI.”

AQUINO, KRISTIENE KEITH C.

BSN 3 A

1. What are the realizations and insights that you have in relation to what you have
learned?
 St Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City 3500
Tel: 078-846-1987-1994
Fax: 078-846-4305
www.spup.edu.ph

Research, Evidence base practice and Quality improvement are different from
each other but has its commonality. This three are essential due to the fact that
Research, EBP and QI develops our critical thinking skills, gives us knowledge
and learnings and also provide us an information that we can apply or use in our
daily life. EBP seeks and applies the best clinical evidence, often from research,
toward making patient-care decisions, Implements and evaluates interventions
stemming from new knowledge generated by research, overarching intent of
EBP changes is to integrate scientific discoveries into healthcare practice. QI uses
systematic processes to improve patient outcomes, evaluates a specific system’s
strengths and limitations, systems parts, and resulting outcomes, Overarching
intent: Improve processes specific to local systems + patient outcomes. and
Research is search for facts and knowledge, Generates new knowledge through
the application of basic scientific principles and theory development,
Overarching intent of research is description, prediction, and control . So, by
doing research, EBP and QI we will know if it is really the truth or just a lie and
can help us to have a reliable resources . Example, I didn't take or use any illegal
drugs because according to them it will only damage my organs and also affects
the way I behave and think. How did I know all of this? How did I know that it
is true? Of course by researching and by doing EBP and QI. This three is really
important because it reveals reality and unreality. If what you believe is the
unreality one, there's a possibility that one of your decision could lead you to
danger. So research, EBP and QI is very important for us to know which is
which. So this three really plays an important role in our daily life. By doing so, it
will exercise our minds that is helpful in our studies, sharpens our brains that
allows us to be creative, imaginative or innovative and could also be helpful in
project success.

2. What are the ideas that you were able to get from the paper/ppt? Cite
Appropriately.
Understanding research
The purpose of conducting research is to generate new knowledge or to validate
existing knowledge based on a theory. Research studies involve systematic,
scientific inquiry to answer specific research questions or test hypotheses using
disciplined, rigorous methods. While research is about investigation, exploration,
and discovery, it also requires an understanding of the philosophy of science. For
research results to be considered reliable and valid, researchers must use the
scientific method in orderly, sequential steps.
 St Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City 3500
Tel: 078-846-1987-1994
Fax: 078-846-4305
www.spup.edu.ph

The first part of investigation involves a systematic, comprehensive review of the

literature to answer those questions. Identified knowledge gaps typically provide
the impetus for developing a specific research question (or questions), a
hypothesis or hypotheses, or both. Next, a decision can be made on the
underlying theory that will guide the study and aid selection of type of method
to be used to explore the phenomenon.
The two main study methods are quantitative (numeric) and qualitative (verbal),
although mixed methods using both are growing. Quantitative studies tend to
explore relationships among a set of variables related to the phenomenon,
whereas qualitative studies seek to understand the deeper meaning of the
involved variables.
•Quantitative studies typically involve scientific methodology to determine
appropriate sample size, various designs to control for potential errors during
data collection, and rigorous statistical analysis of the data.
•Qualitative studies tend to explore life experiences to give them meaning.

In all research, discovery occurs as data are collected and analyzed and results
and outcomes are interpreted. A final important step in the research process is
publication of study results with a description of how they contribute to the body
of knowledge. Examples of potential nursing research include conducting a
systematic review of studies on preventing catheter-associated urinary tract
infections (CAUTI), a randomized controlled trial exploring new wound care
methods, and a qualitative study to investigate the lived experiences of patients
with a specific chronic disease.

Understanding EBP
Unlike research, EBP isn’t about developing new knowledge or validating
existing knowledge. It’s about translating the evidence and applying it to clinical
decision-making. The purpose of EBP is to use the best evidence available to
make patient-care decisions. Most of the best evidence stems from research. But
EBP goes beyond research use and includes clinical expertise as well as patient
preferences and values. The use of EBP takes into consideration that sometimes
the best evidence is that of opinion leaders and experts, even though no
definitive knowledge from research results exists. Whereas research is about
developing new knowledge, EBP involves innovation in terms of finding and
translating the best evidence into clinical practice.
Steps in the EBP process
The EBP process has seven critical steps:
 St Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City 3500
Tel: 078-846-1987-1994
Fax: 078-846-4305
www.spup.edu.ph

1. Cultivate a spirit of inquiry.

2. Ask a burning clinical question.
3. Collect the most relevant and best evidence.
4. Critically appraise the evidence.
5. Integrate evidence with clinical expertise, patient preferences, and values in
making a practice decision or change.
6. Evaluate the practice decision or change.
7. Disseminate EBP results.
Cultivating a spirit of inquiry means that individually or collectively, nurses
should always be asking questions about how to improve healthcare delivery.
The burning clinical question commonly is triggered through either a problem
focus or a knowledge focus. Problem-focused triggers may arise from identifying
a clinical problem or from such areas as risk management, finance, or quality
improvement. Knowledge-focused triggers may come from new research results
or other literature findings, new philosophies of care, or new regulations.
Regardless of the origin, the next step in the EBP process is to review and
appraise the literature. Whereas a literature review for research involves
identifying gaps in knowledge, a literature review in EBP is done to find the best
current evidence.
Hierarchy of evidence
In searching for the best available evidence, nurses must understand that a
hierarchy exists with regard to the level and strength of evidence. All of the
various hierarchies of evidence are similar to some degree.
•The highest (strongest) level of evidence typically comes from a systematic
review, a meta-analysis, or an established evidence-based clinical practice
guideline based on a systematic review.
•Other levels of evidence come from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), other
types of quantitative studies, qualitative studies, and expert opinion and
analyses.
Critical appraisal
Once the evidence is gathered, the researcher must critically appraise each study
to ensure its credibility and clinical significance. Critical appraisal often is
thought to be tedious and time-consuming. But it’s crucial to determine not only
what was done and how, but how well it was done. An easy method for
conducting critical appraisal is to answer these three key questions:
•What were the results of the study? (In other words, what is the evidence?)
•How valid are the results? (Can they be trusted?)
•Will the results be helpful in caring for other patients? (Are they transferable?)
 St Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City 3500
Tel: 078-846-1987-1994
Fax: 078-846-4305
www.spup.edu.ph

Final steps of EBP

The final steps of the EBP process include integrating the evidence with one’s
clinical expertise, taking into account patient preferences, and evaluating the
effectiveness of applying the evidence. Disseminating or reporting the results of
EBP projects may help others learn about and apply the best evidence. Examples
of potential EBP projects include implementing an evidence-based clinical
practice guideline to reduce or prevent CAUTIs, evaluating an evidence-based
intervention to improve wound healing, and applying an EBP to improve
compliance with a specific treatment for a chronic disease.

Understanding QI
The purpose of QI is to use a systematic, data-guided approach to improve
processes or outcomes. Principles and strategies involved in QI have evolved
from organizational philosophies of total quality management and continuous
quality improvement.
While the concept of quality can be subjective, QI in healthcare typically focuses
on improving patient outcomes. So the key is to clearly define the outcome that
needs to be improved, identify how the outcome will be measured, and develop
a plan for implementing an intervention and collecting data before and after the
intervention.
QI methods
Various QI methods are available. A common format uses the acronym FOCUS-
PDSA:
Find a process to improve.
Organize an effort to work on improvement.
Clarify current knowledge of the process.
Understand process variation and performance capability.
Select changes aimed at performance improvement.
Plan the change; analyze current data and predict the results.
Do it; execute the plan.
Study (analyze) the new data and check the results.
Act; take action to sustain the gains.
Unlike research and EBP, QI typically doesn’t require extensive literature
reviews and rigorous critical appraisal. Therefore, nurses may be much more
involved in QI projects than EBP or research. Also, QI projects normally are site
specific and results aren’t intended to provide generalizable knowledge or best
evidence. Examples of QI projects include implementing a process to remove
 St Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City 3500
Tel: 078-846-1987-1994
Fax: 078-846-4305
www.spup.edu.ph

urinary catheters within a certain time frame, developing a process to improve

wound-care documentation, and improving the process for patient education for
a specific chronic disease.

Take-away points
•Research, EBP, and QI support the three main goals of the Magnet Recognition
Program and the Magnet Model components of new knowledge, innovation, and
improvements.
•Research applies a methodology (quantitative or qualitative) to develop new
knowledge.
•EBP seeks and applies the best clinical evidence, often from research, toward
making patient-care decisions.
•QI uses systematic processes to improve patient outcomes.
All nurses should know and understand the differences among these three
concepts.
(Conner, B. 2014).

3. Provide one example considering the group topic of interest and apply how will
it be when you use it in nursing research, Evidence-based practice nursing and
quality improvement.
Topic: Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine to our body
•Research-The availability of a safe and effective vaccine for COVID-19 is well-
recognized as an additional tool to contribute to the control of the pandemic. At
the same time, the challenges and efforts needed to rapidly develop, evaluate
and produce this at scale are enormous. It is vital that we evaluate as many
vaccines as possible as we cannot predict how many will turn out to be viable.
To increase the chances of success (given the high level of attrition during
vaccine development), we must test all candidate vaccines until they fail. WHO
is working to ensure that all of them have the chance of being tested at the initial
stage of development.
This is a major and extraordinary global research undertaking: WHO is
facilitating collaboration and accelerated efforts on a scale not seen before; it is
convening vital communications across the research community and beyond
•EBP-The success of vaccination programs is contingent upon irrefutable
scientific safety data combined with high rates of public acceptance and
population coverage. Vaccine hesitancy, characterized by lack of confidence in
vaccination and/or complacency about vaccination that may lead to delay or
refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of services, threatens to undermine
 St Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City 3500
Tel: 078-846-1987-1994
Fax: 078-846-4305
www.spup.edu.ph

the success of COVID-19 vaccination programs. The rapid pace of vaccine

development, misinformation in popular and social media, the polarized
sociopolitical environment, and the inherent complexities of large-scale
vaccination efforts may undermine vaccination confidence and increase
complacency about COVID-19 vaccination. While the experience of recent lethal
surges of COVID-19 infections have underscored the value of COVID-19
vaccines, ensuring population uptake of COVID-19 vaccination will require
application of multi-level, evidence-based strategies to influence behavior change
and address vaccine hesitancy. Recent survey research evaluating public
attitudes in the U.S. toward the COVID-19 vaccine reveals substantial vaccine
hesitancy. Building upon efforts at the policy and community level to ensure
population access to COVID-19 vaccination, a strong healthcare system response
is critical to address vaccine hesitancy. Drawing on the evidence base in social,
behavioral, communication, and implementation science, we review, summarize
and encourage use of interpersonal, individual-level, and organizational
interventions within clinical organizations to address this critical gap and
improve population adoption of COVID-19 vaccination.
https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)31487-
7/fulltext
•QI- Pfizer Global Medical Grants (GMG) supports the global healthcare
community’s independent quality improvement initiatives to improve patient
outcomes in areas of unmet medical need that are aligned with Pfizer’s medical
and/or scientific strategies.
For all quality improvement grants, the grant requester (and ultimately the
grantee) is responsible for the design, implementation, and conduct of the
independent initiative supported by the grant. Pfizer must not be involved in
any aspect of project development, nor the conduct or monitoring of the quality
improvement program.
A quality improvement (QI) grant is a type of grant which consists of Pfizer
funding to support independent projects for systematic and continuous actions
that lead to measurable improvement in health care services and the health
status of individuals and targeted patient groups and do not relate to a Pfizer
asset. Quality improvement considers aspects of quality such as clinical
competence, outcomes and process assessment, program evaluation, quality
indicators, and quality assurance using methodologically rigorous protocols with
an endpoint goal of readiness for application to practice.
 St Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City 3500
Tel: 078-846-1987-1994
Fax: 078-846-4305
www.spup.edu.ph

REFERENCES:
https://www.pfizer.com/purpose/independent-grants/quality-improvement

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-
research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/accelerating-a-safe-and-effective-
covid-19-vaccine