Contents its avalible at Sonesbiact Materials Today: Proceedings Journal home vier.comiocatoimatpr Properties evaluation of fiber reinforced polymers and their constituent materials used in structures ~ A review Imad Shakir Abbood *, Sief aldeen Odaa, Kamalaldin F. Hasan‘, Mohammed A. Jasim® inion Soni io, aga ot ‘Stems tng veneer Mat “eso ere Fo feed Soe a0 SSNS rm te 200 ‘pete ‘anpeton i i egining murs wal impos owes owen adenine ‘kta merle wth imum anenance anette ace atures oitstan he unde ‘mer encima lrent stress been developed seeps pst decade ‘ough new constuction and rubitaton apa. “Het rlored pals” compose intr ae power srengteing techie rts sacral aplatos a av been te ‘in oa or many scares nthe ten yar othe sorrento Fs ah ‘ie har ben sucess implemented for senthning been bangs, reels bs. a nd udroand ntastatres Fas have been Conde as hr perma matriasoit o {or adoro Inca ewe gue Fess gh tele sre, a-oroson,and te content mates Ths review vo poe sbi ineeaton sou the petal = SS atiertve to ste! ejoeement conte Staal ees by oii eatin he incl properties of FA compose mater tems frome Soar ese an ese ‘enh sat ce tng ners {con honed Material eho nd Chaar. TS san ap es acne Ce BENCND terme patience tno ied br 1Lntreduction prestressed conrete structures in US since the early of 19605 Fo} and in Eorope [11 and Japan (12) sine the 1970s, cough “Suctres may often undergo severe oad conditions that sult Inacidentl damage during thelr servic time. and replacing these stretres is very expensive Tus strctres are dese 0 main- tain cial lading subject 0 ficult envionment conditions ati and shore term dynamic steses 1") Therefore strength fring epiring and erofiting fs fequenty required fo ste tures for meeting the fequerneats of suficent sient ad txtending the service if This concern resled in utizing several techies in numerous ways such a fiber reinforced polymer ()compostes (2). FRP composes have been developed as intemal reinorce- iments, Tor instance rebar to reinforce prestressed and non * Cameendeg aor Eri a ssid (hae A) pdm rena 20.07 1 VCs m0 eee i Al ts ee, the genera! levels of research commercalzation and demonstar tion nave grown significa during the 1980s[ 15) FRPreinore- ‘ments cbtained important tteton in Japan during the 1990s fom research on magnet tevitated vain suppt structures (a ile). The Japanese were the fist team who introduced design Bidelines for FRP Reinforced Concrete 1996 [1 From that thing PRP a structural reinforcement has expanded damaticly find design guidelines have been authored by organizations work Wide (1.15) FRP reinforcements re manly sed in concrete Srgcutes neque Deter oan stan of eetona FR also functions as externally bonded reinforcement fo n= foci sto cmbet, concrete and masonry structures 16), Owing toinfastruture aging andthe demand to upgrade structures for meeting more sit desig equrements,sratural strengening2 1 sa a are ay sg a and repsiring has recived a pes focus over pst decades around ihe word simultaneously ses reoting as Become at east tvenly significant pantcualy, im earthquake prone zones Strengthening and vetting techniques have progesivey Ize exeriory bonded FRPcomposites,which provide unique fea- tures in terms of ishness, strength ceil resistance and ease utzon These tenigus ate the most arate de 0 hee "Spi implementation and Tow abor costs 17) Curent the FRP i ost apled in cil engineering such 3s applications i industa and ble buldgs, bee engined, Imarne structures and underground infastrctres. This paper $Htempes to review FRP desig, mati, tera characteris nd evaluates mechanical popes of FRP in terms of compres. Sve, shear flexural and tele strength 2. RP composite materials Composite materials are made by combining two or more mate- alsin which material possess ungue characterises ha are com pletely aiferent from the individual mater added 13). FRP Fompositeis designed rom bers. resins nterae ler an 2 tive The fiber has hgh elstic modulus conibutig to the ‘mechanical properties of FR. While the resis help taster or is- {mbt rece fromm one to the bers i der potting teh from mechanical and environmental damage. The interface mist Fier and matics ecogized ost nunc the beavor of FAP composites. in adaon to those thee main consents lets assist in reducing shrinkage and eos. dives serve to improve the physical and mechan properties besides the workabity for compastes[ 9] There be four major mae tized node to produce bers predominating forthe cv engineering indus arom, lass, aramid and basalt to form CERF. GFRP, AFRP nd FAP respectively [1710-22] (see Bu) The seess-stal ele tionship of FRP ad stel reinforcement are demoastated in Fi. Conuated with ste, FRP composites are isensible 1 the éhlordenducecorosion on account of its non-core ad ‘on meta minis which could substantily enhance the fovrosin sesistance for tucuts The properties of RP mates besides of conventional tel are demonstrated in Tab In com Daron with trational scl FRP have ight eight and igh Strength "Nevertheless, ts mechanical characters ae heat taste without an emibent yielding stage, tha ests in Feduced —a @ ore cere = Zi OARRP @BeRP he 1 ref 9, toe! bar o 4 2 39 4 5 ‘sain 6) Fe 2c mi VS st faire sain and elongation ates. Moreover the elastic modus ff FR typically es than tata tet (eeeping Some af CHP have high Young’ moduli). The FRP composts could be wtlized 2 enforcing wth concrete in wari shapes, ince of rebar, fod: tube sheet, beam sup plat, tong and exe and sh fabric Especial, Ft bars demonstrated ini could be applied $3 promised replacement forse! bas, hich ae prodced by the plrsion process of negated thermoset esi Nes [20] 21.008? carbon fibers anisotropic material in pature, manufactured a 130°C: The major advantages ofthis ber ince Tow density low conduct igh fgue strength igh elastic nods, god {ree evel resistant to chemical effects and do nt absorb water as well (Table 2} However. ow compressive strength ad Beng ahi Souropi (decreased vadal strength are the weak Features Inca bon fer Furthermore the reatively high energy requirement to produce aon be eds co sing est coasted as athe tweak feature 1025) “laser isstronic in ature and high commonly wie fl ment E-Gass 5 Cass C-Class and ARs ate the popula Kinds i as fibers abe 3) igh strength, well resistant to water and “hemicls with ow ost ae the main characteris ofa fiber Reatively lw casts compared with other tyes of FRPs mate ass fer the most generally applied in construction industy. Never~ theless a comparatively fo elastin ow resistant tsa Hie with tow long-term stent due to sess rupture ate the major drawbacks for ls fiber. Fr the stuation hat requied bet terresistance to allie the supposed AR ss could Be wized Ti92325) ‘Aramid fibers anisotropicin nate and normaly yellow olor ‘anid Mer is popula called Kev Her a ark as expla In Tale 4. Aramid bers is high costing compared with glass Fie. suiient fr tension applieations sch as tendons ad ables, however, thls love compressive steagth thas tow des, high ese strength high elastic modulus and sufcet sipess Jes ce his ace a1 Shar od Sa 038 Hasan ta operts luton ober efor poe an thr onsen materia] [sedi stactres A vevew Mates Toy: Peeing isi Toray 2020078381 teat a Ma aay: Pcie a peste ident eal 2 Sf S= =z. omen) 12-50 vee i226 sono ee ee Sees “Tense tenth) 00 aa es SEleeninceme Se SS ee & # g z bee a: SEleenincim in Sec = 2 5 © 2 ¢ a ee el eee eee eet eee eee ee ‘This fiber canbe lized for static ad impact resistant structures. Nopethekss is applcatln resected due to low angen Strength (stress rupture) and lw radial strength as well Further ‘more being hard toc apd process isanoher weak este oa tii ber Thete be sevetal types of Kevlar having varius typical ‘characteris such 25 Kevlar 29,Kevlr-49, Kevla-149, Technora HH oeron sd Tron 19,2720, 24. fone asa Abe ia kind ofgneous oks that be made yp ofthe ast cooling af lava an the planet surface, The producing of bask Her IsSimia to tat o gis bers. Crushed basal oc ate the aly Faw materials neded to manufetre fiber Bast ier te rea tively newcomer to FRP composts and srutral materials. Soch ges have high tense strength perfect esistance thigh emper- ‘atures and god durability a5 wel (sble 1) Otber advantages ae having excellent eectromagnesc characteristics and resistant to fovrosin, acid. tdaton, UV and vibration, tn comparsan With FAP composites which ate made fom gs carbon abd aad Aver. BRP application nthe cil contraction eld ite im hea 827-29) 2. Matric of FRP Depend on FRP type. the fiber combined with the matrix com psd of tei iets and adives ave used to produce sets find ars (ie). Resin the main component n a matrix. There be two primary kinds of resins: thermosetting and thermoplastic he. pc como pom 24 1 tnt a May: Pct et ori lent iP mar ies aay eee TomeSeewttiy —astion Saco ‘irom polymeric materials. Te fists the mare common for manufatr- Ing RP composes, unalke thermoplastic polymer. as soon the teamoset payers cuted, I ould not be eheted or espe ‘Thermoset fs commonly brie in nature; however, fers high rity, dimensional and thermal sabi. igh esstance to le tcl chem and solvent ae The primary target ofa mate Is holding the fibers altogether, ransfering the load t the fibers and protecting them against external impacts (23.24), Table 5 ‘plane the properties ofthe more extensively applied thermoset 3.1. Epoxy resin tis kind of synthetic resins including an extensive divers and with continued developing: could be utile 2 adhesive. foatng, Rox casting plstis and matt resin for FRPS, that ate Spl in onstruction application (30, The lower shakage {and manufacturing simplicty make the epoxy resin impressively Suitable Tor varius of applications. In comparison to thermoset Polese, the epoxy resin in general hs supedor properties a {Employing suitable hardeners excellent eat and cheical esi tanee particulary, alas] Epon resins are the most com ‘monly wed substrates for many researchers due to hee od ‘mechanical craters, corrosive resistant vest and da bay 21 53.2. Vng eter ‘his thermoseting resin ould be tized as 2 substitute for ‘epoxy and pester resins a3 thermosetting polymeric mate Ina composites ass sength, properties and foal costs are ‘medium between epoxy and polyester. Viny ester ein has min ‘mal viscosity (Four. 200 cps) tan epoxy (oughly 900 cps) ad Doester roughly 500 cps) Iisa popular resin which considered For marine industries owing to ts ant-corosion feature ae its pabity ia witstanding water absobing. Vy ester legely ‘pple resin for producing FR vessels an tanks a per BSASD4 enhances srengs and mechanical characterises minimal than pox) ad higher than polyester fess. Vines is ftentines ‘pple in aminating and repair materials de tots waterprooting fn rehab (33 533. Polrester Polyester resins very wide used in FR composites owing its low costing, ant-coreson, rapid curing convenience, and tle Ice of tomperaures,Nevertlee Whar some diadvanages inctde low eastc modulus and enhancement of upto (5-13) = tony: Polyester could produc a creep a5 well Polyester produces Tene elongation at break approximately (1-2) contasted to ‘yplal epoxy resin which has (35-45) Plystr resins desired et its minim costing while ving este resin is preferred by feston of saturated environs [22.75 4. Mechanical properties Mechanical properties of FP composites depend onthe propor tion of bers and matrix materia. manufacturing. methods, Imechancal characteristics for constituent materials ad Shentaton of bers tough mato Fibers could be designed 3s “Contnueus Form (aligned and continued fibers ae in gecial straight and longa wel as pralleled to eachother ora" Woven Foon (ibers produced in oth form and providing stengih !mul-ieeonally) a in "chopped Form (Rbes are in general Imeglariy and dsconinuowstysranged and short Known 3s ers. 44. Compressive seth {CRP and, AFRP have the highest and lowest compressive strengths. independent. compare other ype FRP compos Hes [351 However the sength high if basalt bers are eee Paced onthe fae or supplied by replacing layers thre the com Dest forming a sandvich shape [7 Te compressive strength ori of epany-base Is gente than that a polyester tase, Indicate that strength of composite poieste-based asa matric witht or with filer ses than tht Of the epory based ai Tes [3 hasbeen revealed that strength of alow als ‘wrapped by (1 layer) and (3 layers) of CFR & enhanced by 65 ‘nd'125, respectively wae wrapping with CFR? only improved by 36% and 105% [39] Nonetheless. fo hollow column filed with oneret and wrapped by (3 ayers) of FR. he strength nereased by 15 while 140: for that wrapped by GFRD withthe same Ly- fs. The reduction in column compressive stent capac 1s faused” by ineeasing. the interior moment. [30]. The UHPC Strengthen by Hs produced compeessve stems of a lest 115 greater than ofthe neal UHPC [31 Futeemore. egart- ingsandwich structres strengthened with CFP thas ee found that compressive strength grater than that of non suenathen structures by oughly 24.68% 42, The ayer thickness of Fle tively enhances the compressive strength of strengthened concrete ‘Semen 2one 13) 142. Shoor serena “Sear reinforcement for RC members might be produced va poxy-bonding with besa parallel as vitally wablet rine Dal tensile steses. Strengthening coud be implemented va wrap- Ping of members ether partially o uly as being contingent on Secesiiity [13] The ineessng of absorbed humidity amount iy epony resus in oss frequied sear suena or RC elements 445) Ye inorder to withstand shear stesses, sirup o es Should be implemented othe FRP enforced meses reine ‘nly on concrete strength shear lads fa futon as in ase FRC tans 35). The majoty of FRP rebar Rave a notably low Slnestorestic modus, Low siffeseindeating the ned or feopeements or extra enforcing to selee ong term deletion fn edce crack breadth 47) Design of shear stent for FRP Employs ACT 318 procedures 25 whe AC44D 9] does not per Imitdowel action for FR rebrso withstand shear compared with ‘cl 318 which enhances shearing resistance fr ste rebar. Fu ‘ene: the textes are generally developed to dcase a spetc Toad-stainutine in 45-dgree directions allowing the ial ‘fect of sear beam strength (50) Nevertheless the sete stain {ba eee at hess red hear seg yan shear1 teat a Ma aay: Pcie 2 43. Plural sent Reinforced elements of FR are normally ve-renfrced, which ‘means tat the pecentage of FRP ba to cancetes greater Chan Balanced rato. Consequently, the faire mode is controled by oneree crashing for member [35]. Noneheles, whereas the con {tote enowcement cattle iomal an the balanced rate, the Suc aure mode encountered by RP rupee fale mode. which not he prefered (175), The lev stent ection [Beto ranging rom 058 to G53 based on the propsed itor Ing rato tothe neutral enforcing ratio de othe suicency of city FRP Tare patterns (51. The reduction Tato of Strength fr FD ture equals O55 a ae, Ye when fare ie destructive in concrete, the flexural strength reduction factor has iereased to 65 s the metal FRP reinforcing rato i 14 times les han he pent reifocing rai [st The Nenad strength for CFRP-wtapped section has cealy decreased asthe deamination factor increases [52 Nevertheless. the flexaral Strength for PRP mates i specie wang AC 440 Sencal {0 ACL 38 owing tothe at that FRP bars donot yield the sme 2 stel rears [8:49.53 Pratl. is assumed that lexaral Spade for enforced pats hasbeen ited by rupture sain foc composite structures (4). Various researches examined Darameters and variable affecting the Dexa tenth of FRE fompostes, such as fiber lngt, bade cote, eat eaten, Sn ers reactivation belore creation [35-58 For flexural Strenathenin the reba sets apd plates ae several of FR ein- Tov fos ha uulzed fr bonding tesin sides fine, com fret and masonry The load-bearing tena has Deen enhanced ‘upto abby scengthening of exural members (22 44. Tene sent Fis ate applied as ioral seinorcing and 36 extroe strengthening for Re structures that use synthetic Resin ply mer matrices to provide massive tensile tenth paral to fibers ficetion (5) bers ae aanged stag, parallel and cooting- tus trough a matrix [6 Yee. radlal busing steses Bento be greater than tensile strength in eonerete element racks will be developing andthe bonding between concrete and eat ically impacted 22), The tensile strength value of FR is ualy Spected reving onthe Rber ype. ber orenation, matt see Hon icevtace, mascare absorption [5] For lastanc, the ese Strength rises asthe weight ato of be increases by 2 spec $iount (61, Nevermeless, CHRD is revealed to have low weight ‘nd high tensie stress in comparison to other common FPS [SyI- 0. This creamstance results considerable weight "educing and span lenen fr prestesed members [64 consd- ring the CRP as 2 rgaly elastic brite compasite (5), Yet. the BFR? is having fist-ate tensile strength and elongation at beak- tng (41,551 Wea [07 lsclosed tha GFRP raised the teste strength by 38% for hybrid FRP contrasted to using of BFE. which is larer than polyparaphenslenbenzoisorazole (PPO) by 236% Investigation on CPs have show the the tense strength aod Short beam strength for vinyl ester matrix are lightly influence, whe the teste strength for polyester mati clearly deceased By 80% [oS Moreover, the tensile stents for GERD epoxy bsed and GFRP polyester-based decrease by about 228% and 18713 wih ce Musk and wieat husk ers dependently 09) “his outcome conlded that tenalestength of hyd IRD i more spre than that achieved by CFR of GER oly 70), 5. Conclusion A fre has ben dane in his ate to concely review the various aspets regarding the employment of PRP composites 35 strenathening mates in the constrction industry. This review has manly engaged on delivering information excel about gineering aspects incloding the design of FRP composts nd the characteris of their constituent nate This ate alsa provides a bre evaluation of the mechanical properties of FRP omposite materials in terms of empress, she Hera hd female stenge Moreover this review could aval a2 massive Foundation for future works, canbe concloded that CFR? Is Considered the cheapest composite among FRP materials and is hence the largely consumed BRP s higher costing owing tothe locking in manufacturing unlike the E-CFRP. APR i nt widely ‘sed de tots lo compressive strength despite high cost CFRP tis eh superior strength and exis igh restsance to tie and creep lures among FRP composite which lead to the high fost of CFR. Based on the presented information in this review. itis clearly noted that tere san incteasing eed nd accep: es fr FR inte cl engineering eld andthe compstes are tized ina numerous numer for vrs aplietons. Ths there IS ear endence har the FD technique wl pogessively continue inthe coming years to be the favored option for numerous Strengthening repairing and reoiting projets involve Brides buings nStdel manent, and acer arent structures. ‘Cheditauthorshipcontbution statement Imad Shakir Abbood: Concetuazation. Writing - orginal sat Funding acquisoon Slt aldeen Odaa: Weis ~eeview & tating, Funding equstion KamaladinF. Hasan: Visualization, Supervision Funding acquisition. Mohammed A Jim: Writing review citing, Funding acquisition Declaration of Competing Interest ‘The authors declare tat they have no known competing finan Gil iterests or personal reavonships that could have peated tountuence the work epated tt pape. 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