Avallable online st ins sciencesiect om ‘Transportation ScienceDirect Proc i ‘Tampere Rew ta (2021 17-165 ‘TransSiberia 2020 Conference Reinforced Concrete Elements Strengthened by Pre-stressed Fibre- reinforced Polymer (FRP) ‘Maxim Yashchuk"*, Dmitry Smerdov" Rano Sa Tapert inner, Rsosag Senge Pla Nags Opt Sp, 244088, Rosana Raa ‘ho Tran Lory Bos Kooba 3, 0D Nook Attract (Gols To cany out experimental studies of enfucing the winfnced conte ening cements wih pre-stssel composite ‘teri, Resch Methods Rectangle ceifnced once elements enforce with polymer composite ates ere ie Inbrtory samples the messrement vec xt wing rin pgs and smal indents Resch es labor ‘esearch prog has been developed. The ecology for efor the veined conte samples By wing pre-stess of Heveiaced poae hs been developed. The sus ofexperient tues reading the Reting capt of erty ‘eifoce cones tapes enfced with preted Sresinforce polymer ae resented, The new efrceeat gy tots develope ipl wing device pete by the author aod the fandanesally oe pte or esucton of spe ‘sc preseatd. The impact of vars stp tena dere (12 KN compar with 6 RN) ws aaa diferenceof 3 ow ‘mined fr bearing apc and 1% the acing sistance of tance conrte samples. Consors The conde ‘subi of the egementl study allows cosclaing tha seincemest Wh pre-svessed composite mata (Sas) alls ‘ncrensing the strength of the samples up 07s aan neremse racking eine by 0 © 2001 The Autos, Publ by ELSEVIER BV ‘hss an open aces aici unre CC BY-NCND licens histone esesby-ne-40) Preset ene rsp of he Sic he Tashi 200 Coleen word: Bde Since Rested FR, ja Snes 1. Introduction “The development of wansportinfasiustue felatod tothe aetwork of Russian salways and highways is sssocited ith the reconstruction, overhaul and stengthening of operated bridge sutures. A the same time, 3 ‘onstant increase inthe intensity and otal mas ofthe lad applied om rie structures requires the use of eflectve “Pombo mew 6 Mie CC BY NEND bn (tsp sm nly 8)building materials and consrstons, as well as new technologies of ting the materials to stengthen afi structures. Tis needs also caused by the presenee of Uefests assosated with deviations ftom design norms and maintenance standards. Among these defects is, for example, the increased thickness of the asphalt coating layer for span structures. Nev technologies fr reinforcing alge structs shold eflcinty achieve the goals assisted ‘with misimizing material sesouces and time speat on fesoraton work. Reinforced stuctures, such as beat reinforced concrete elements of ridge srbtues, should meet al the requirements of dara, deformability and sacking resistance In recent year, numer of reinforced bridge suctres sing fbreeinforsed polymer (FRP) grows in ob county. The in-lepth studies were cated out (Bokarev and Efimov, 2017, Smetdov and Klementyev, 2017), including foreign studies (Harmanci, 20184; Orbanich etal, 2012; Sivowski, 2012; Song and How, 2017: Woo, 2013), new FRP gain technologies are introduced. In onder to inrease the efficiency of FRP application when nfocingbvidges, the restoration technology’ forthe hearing capacity of span structures With prestressed polymer ‘atria can be induced. ‘Presteesed polymer materials have several advantages in comparison with FRP without tension. The bering sapacty of spans cin be increased hy 20-50%, cracking resstanve with cack closire to DOT mm can be also increased, FRP can also be used span stactures of large (more than 30m) lengths (Harman et al 2016). ‘in addition othe above meationed advantages, it should be noted thatthe reinforcement polyiner material works ‘only for the temporary load, when rinsing bridge srastres without taking mesures to increase reinforement ficiency (for example, unloading is own Weigh). Thus, with a significant increase in constant Load, the gin ‘without elieviag rom the own weight decreases markedly” Unde such conditions iastead of relieving the constant, Joads weight, iis advisable to apply FRP presiressing. However, according tothe Russian practi of using pre= stressed FRP strips, there ia numberof unresolved sss, One of them is the lack of experimental research Works, almed at conducting laboratary tests of enforced eonrete samples enforced using the above-mentioned method, 2. Research Methods In 2017, a laboratory progtam was developed for studying the load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete bending elements enforced wi pre-stessed fibrreinfored polymer. In the present research there are adjstnen to the prestessing level of simples compared tothe above mentioned program, ‘which takes imo account the ‘metgence of new foreign calculation methods (Harmanei,2018b; Michels, 2013; Sena-Crus, 2015). Figure 1 shows the enforcement scheme of concrete samples enforced hy pre-suessed bands made of FRP. The itoring fods ofa 10mm pesidic profile wore installed inthe ower flange ofthe laboratory same, and two 4E 8 mm sods in he ‘upper fang, the stirups ae made of plain 6 mm reinforcement A 2H 8 J l= a he fb tenn a io 7% Fp Rene chee bln seal xt sags) 10m eee). Sam eacenet 2 6m According to the analysis of foreign scientific literature on enforcing reinforced concrete structures, it an be concluded thatthe most effective use of the composite is at the pre-suess level within longitudinal deformations Tio 0.08% 10.1% ofthe FRP hand strength at break. Data on the adopted contolled pretension level ofthe FRP bunds are presented in Table 1‘le 1. Teen wren dfn ccs fh FRP ban Fh Lae), we th pss ote Seale gS MO Teale wa ea MP Hse ste be PCA ine, Tila ‘a ‘hee ie ‘The prestessng sytem presented in Figure 2 displays the process of pre-stessng the FRP bands, which is ‘implemented accoriag to the following sequence: ‘Fastening the end ofthe FRP hand with iil ied anchor hand ‘Applying the adhesive compound tothe FRP band before tensioning ‘+ Instlling the frame forthe hydraulic jack, followed by fixing the jack and connecting a manual i ‘+ Fastening the opposite end ofthe FRP band in a movable clamp. ‘+ Pretensoning the FRP band by transfering force fom he hydraulic jac to the movable clamp, Stes contol ‘cued ou using stain gauges sled othe FRP band. ‘After eosoning to a predetermined lve, the sess lave ansmite from the jack 1 the movable cmp nthe -FRP is maintained ina period of te up to 24 hous ‘After 24 hours of curing ofthe adhesive compound up to 90% strength, at which tis possible to relieve tension fom the ack tothe movable clamp without significant stress loss i the FRP band, the fame for the hydaulic {jacks removed and the movable clamp is removed ffom the end ofthe FRP band, Fixing the FRP band wit rigidly fied anchor band ‘Laboratory samples were divided into four sree: A, B, C and D. Control samples of “A” stes are without enforcement (Figure 3, a). The enforced samples ate the “B", °C” and "D” series, which were reinforced with $0 ‘um wide FRP bands gud with FibArm Resin Laminate + epoxy (se Figure 3, b=) ‘Reinforced conerete samples ofthe "B”series were enfrced witht FRP pre-stressng (Figure 3, ). Samples Cand “D” wore reinforced with pre-stessod FRP bands, The pretension level of the FRP bands for“ series samples was GEN, and for °D” series samples it was 12 KN. The program presumed that staying the deformability and erackng resistance of laboratory samples takes place inal four svies. “Testing the reinforced conerete samples was carted out acconding tothe beam seme witha design span of 1S sm on the DRBM-300 pess. The DRBM-300 press trasferted the test load to the distribution eosshead, the force on ‘hich Was recorded using a Toa ell connected othe “Tensor-MS” tensor complex (Bokare and Zhunev, 2018; Diachenko et al 2018: Soloryor and Solovyov, 2020) ‘In onder to fix the compression for the supporting parts and forthe mide ofthe span, dil gauges (ICRC-10) ‘were used to contol beam defection, Stain gauges of mcasuing complex "Tensor-MS" and ones based on dial ‘gauges TCHC=T0 were mounted inthe mide of the span and onthe upper part ofthe beam to monitor relative ‘leformations in the wpper compressed concrete Fibers, In onder to contol deformations, sain gages an sin ‘ters were installed inthe FRP band. Deflestion was determined wing a displacement sensor, also conaected 0 the “TensoreMS" complex The Brinll microscope, a ruler, caliper ware wed to measure the eight, magnitude of ‘opening an development of cracks, To transfer he ts load fom the pres othe Inborstory samples, a distribution crosshead was wed. The samples rested on eylindrical suppor pars In reinforced conetete samples, the main ‘working aca was the zone of pure bending this ste section of th beam between the aplication points of vertical Torces P2 (points of force taster rom the disebution overhead to the Laboratory sample) cated at a distance of (064m from the end ofthe beans, Samples prepared for Iboratory tests are shown in Figure 4 The measuring equipment oa the samples was ‘nae in aeordance withthe experimental program mpgFig 2 The petal shen oft rests zeae RP a (ID515 0) he mebl pata ets sen ess ten, Jade sedi — t M acini pcre manga KS! H t FS we c ip 3. Scher enon the abet snp th FR ad“The load was applied a a speed of 0.5 min. The load application step was AP = $00 ket. For the accuracy of ‘he gauge readings, information colleted from them ater thet deformations are completely stabilized. Laboratory simples afer desuction ae shown in Figure 5 ‘Ces emp 61S poe-atessng 3 ees spss (3 Nes) 3. Research Results ‘Tests of "A" series sples showed tat their destruction occurred in the aca of compressed conctte and was ‘caused bythe bonding momenta an average lad of 98.2 kN fora group of samples. Crack wit 0.05 mum openings ‘were detected at a load of about 36.1 KN (se Table 2). According othe deformation diagram of “A” series samples, to characteristic zmes ere identted. The firs sa zone of increase in elastic deformations and the second one i ‘zone of increase in plastic deformations under a load changing insignificantly (Figure 6a), The maximum ‘ence nthe middle ofthe beam span ws 16 mm Reinforced" series samples were destoyed a rest of FRP ban detachment slong the concrete ofthe beam protective layer. The maximum lod for “B™ series samples was 124.6 BN this value isthe average acording to the fest results of 3 beam ofthe series. The mavinnuo deletion ofthe Beams inthis series was 8 mia, which is shown nthe praph in Figur 6,bFie. Labor spe teeing)" ai snp ect) “Bs sp (ice wien roateite) ses sang 6S pests) J) sth spines LAN esos) ‘The increas in the bearing capacity of the “B” series experimental samples compared to the “A” series samples was 269% on average. Cracks With 0.08 mm openings were detected at an average load of 39.9 KN, The increase ia cracking resistance of “B” samples compared with "A" series was 10.8% ‘Samples of the “B” series with FRP pretres of 6 RN had crack opening of 05 mm tan average Toad of $8.0 EN. The Bearing capacity for a sros oF tee samples was 18038 EN, which is 83.6% hiaher comparing to “A” svios ‘amples, an the cracking resistance sas 49.6% higher. The manimuum deflection Was rsorded a 18.1 mm. The Iadsdefction graph forthe °C” series samples is presented in Figure 6, “SD” ssies samples with a FRP prestresing lad of 12 KN had crsk opening of 0.05 mm for an average Toad of 665 EN. The load bearing capacity fora seis of four samples was 167-1 EN, whichis 70.2% higher comparing 10 “AY series samples, and cracking fesstance was 814%. The maximum deflction was reonded at 168 mm. The Joadeefection graph for"D” series samples i presented in Figure 6,02 4 6 8 101216 16 1820 Deiection, mm Model At Model 2 Ae Model AS 02 4 6 8 101216 16 1820 Detection, ma Model 8-1 Model 8.2 Model 3 0246 8 101214 16 1820 Deiection, mm Mode C-1 Model 2 Model c-3 02 4 6 8 101216 16 18.20 Deflection, mm Model D-1 Model 0.2 —t- Mode! 0-3 +-Model D4 c a i 6. Lola gap es fas )“A" ss saps een) Bs apes elcome wi pe Stein )“C sens saps 6AN ress Des pons 2 KN peso A ements fsult of conducted laboratory experiment, the following destruction paters were determined for enforced [FRP band detachment with the concrete destruction of the protective layer ofthe working reinforcement (*B™ series samples) paling of FRP band fom the rigidly fixed end of the metal gus for one "B" series sample: [FRP band detachment forthe glue-conerste contact with separation of ther fastening and destuston ofthe concrete protoctive layer ofthe working reinforcement for“C" and “D” seros samples.‘le: Teste of ery pes Taos woshne Incense ‘Shae Se Sis Stale ‘amos ‘sede te of SE sis SH pas Poaceae BAN kN as we 1 40 wa so 1st ee CT ‘Snead abe i ina a i whi css wh opting of ODS wen we Ra nd Poe tweed fr oof pl, Ath cose eof the poten ed encemen Pi eae, ich tenis ea oft py of sg sae a Pa ste erg a frases oss, 4. Results and Discusion "Experimental research was carid out, the esl are as follows ‘The srength of reinforced concrete samples with FRP pre-stesing is om average 34.1% higher compared 0 samples enforced with unstressed FRP hands + The ercking esisance of reinforced concrete specimens with FRP p compared to samples enforced with unstressed FRP hands ‘+ For the first time, characterise destucton patterns for “C” and “D” series samples were obtained. They were not previously determined in studies devoted to enforeing the enforced concrete Bending FRP elements. stressing is on average 64.2% higher ‘The results of condusted experimental study can help solving the problems of insufficient carrying capacity of reinforced concrete spans. They can also be used fr reducing the reconstruction cots fr old reinforced concrete Span stuctures though the use of ianovative technologies for enforcing teinforced concrete span structures with prestressed polymer materials. It is also advisable 10 create normative documentation on the implementation ‘echnology and calculation of prestressed FRP for srenthening bridge sutures. References Baker, SA. Ein, SX 2017 Faget ol ht say of te penton of etn dew in rene eomecte Sipe AP Conc Poses Roses a ix XI ein Cnet Sas an Yoty Ses, OsBoles S.A Ze, KO, 2018 Suse Denia of wee oan al ges Map of Civ Ene, 18-129, DOL iach. Baia A, Dich, A. 218 Dee of anc ramets in em eso ih play. 1 Conace Sie Mies Svae and nga O28 DOL 10 le 17S SUIS Harms. Mil. Cone, Meal, M. 2016 Cakalca eniue rexellyunbonedCFRP sis in sa nee tect Hae Mi 112 01605 Hormos, 2018. Ber of Pests CERP Anonges drag wl aes Fea-Tnw Cole Bose J Plas 106, 8, DOL Te sseapaburorses arms Y2018% Long te ssl core reste fat charges rrr TRY tp Comptes Pa Bag 1 THis DOF To lore) cougste 017 188 ‘Mis, J. 201, tcl Suenning wi Pees CFRP Soi with GA 3. of Compose fy Const S17, 61- ‘it DOL 1OIOSTASCENC 1153100057 (banc C, Dunes P- Ores, 2012 Stet dei of comet geo bas wi co hr oor ne ines an Seamass 141A Sorin 3 irl Stet o RC st wi rst CRP Sip gift Ap Se. es 738 ‘Sion T2012. Stenting Bie wih Pesce CFR Sis, oC: Eni 7. 7-86, OT: 102478129801 2-0262 Ser DN. Klee, .0, 2017 lata of retiy fic cts wt ele ane of lect ia aa soft ese ae bass oftsk mses Tasornne Reentry 24-09 DOL 1 106} ae 30170111 Salone LY. Saloror AL, 20 Med fr Desig Fae Dante oss Aone Dipti Per Met Ur esi Loafing tes lige Sse oi Conn. Vl ier cai ii Tren Fran Toy Se Sm, Ho, 2007, Ftine Anetet Mo of Comal RC eam Stet wis Peeve CFRP Shit nema. of ‘Won SIC 2012 Bonaparte termaton peste of RC Rese mehr eae! wih ere CFRP pte KSCE J of “Gltnecing 117 1591 DOF To ora 9E9,