Biobriquette Potential in Energy Independence

Rafika AmaliaI, Hendar WirawanI, Bayu PrasetyaI, M. Fa’iq

KhasmadinI, M. Rizaldi ZamanI
1
Magister of Energy, Post Graduate School, Diponegoro University
Jl. Imam Bardjo SH No.5, Pleburan, Kec. Semarang Sel, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah
*email : mrizaldizaman@students.undip.ac.id

Manuscript received : Accepted

Abstract
The increasing demand for energy and the depletion of fossil fuels make energy
conservation towards new and renewable energy (EBT) a vital project for the
Indonesian government. The utilization of briquettes as alternative energy can be a
solution to this problem, in recent years there have been many studies to increase
the heat content and reduce emissions. Some of the things discussed in this study
are technologies that have been developed to make briquettes from various sources
and their advantages and disadvantages. The result is that briquettes produced from
biomass are quite good as a substitute for fuels such as coal, lignite, firewood and
offer many advantages. The energy content of briquettes ranges from 4.48 to 5.95
kilojoules per gram (kJ/g) depending on the composition of the raw materials.

Keywords: briquettes, energy, renewable energy, fossils, heat

1. INTRODUCTION
Briquette (briquette) is defined as a solid fuel made from various basic materials.
Briquettes can be classified into two, namely bio briquettes and coal briquettes. Briquette is
a potential and reliable fuel for households. Bio briquette is defined as a fuel that is solid
and comes from the remains of organic matter that has undergone a compression process
with a certain compressive power. Utilization of bio briquettes as alternative energy. is the
right step. Bio briquettes can replace the use of firewood which is starting to increase in
consumption and has the potential to damage forest ecology. In addition, the price of bio
briquettes is relatively cheap and affordable for the community, especially those who live in
remote areas, and the business of bio briquettes can absorb labor, both for the briquette
factory, distributors, furnace industry and briquette machines. Making bio briquettes is
relatively easy, because the technology is very simple. The manufacturing process includes
four stages, namely drying, grinding, mixing, and forming a briquette mixture. (Hambali et
al, 2007).
In product application, there are various types of briquettes, namely charcoal briquettes,
sawdust and husk briquettes, cow dung briquettes, coffee shell briquettes and jatropha
shells and others (Fuad, 2008). Briquettes have two types, namely:
a) Coal Briquettes: Coal Briquettes are solid fuels with a certain shape and size, which are
composed of fine coal grains that have undergone a compression process with a certain
compressive power, so that the fuel is easier to handle and generate added value in its
utilization.
b) Biobriquettes or Charcoal Briquettes: Biobriquettes are an alternative fuel with
sufficient quality. Biobriquettes are lumps or sticks of charcoal made from biochar (soft
 material). The actual biochar is a soft material which with a certain process is processed
into hard charcoal with a certain shape.
The main ingredient that must be contained in the raw material for making biobriquettes is
cellulose, the higher the cellulose content, the better the quality of the briquettes, briquettes
containing too much volatile matter tend to emit smoke and unpleasant odors (Johanes, H.
1991 in Liza Magdalena Sastri 2009). According to Mahajoeno (2005) in Liza Magdalena
Sastri 2009, the requirements for good briquettes are briquettes that have a smooth surface
and do not leave black marks on the hands. In addition, as fuel, briquettes must also meet
the following criteria:
a) Easy to ignite
b) Does not emit smoke
c) Emissions from combustion gases are non-toxic
d) It is watertight and the combustion products are not moldy when stored for a long time
e) Shows good combustion rate effort (time, combustion rate and combustion
temperature).
Factors that need to be considered in making briquettes include:
a) Raw Materials Briquettes can be made from various raw materials, such as bagasse, rice
husks, sawdust, and others. The main ingredient that must be contained in the raw
material is cellulose, because the higher the cellulose content, the better the quality of
the briquettes.
b) Adhesive Materials To glue the particles of substances in the raw materials in the
process of making briquettes, an adhesive substance is needed to produce compact
briquettes.
In Indonesia, biobriquettes for raw materials for wood, hard skin and coconut shells already
have a standard, namely SNI (Indonesian National Standard) with SNI number 01-6235-
2000. The following are the quality standards of biobriquettes based on SNI.

Tabel 1. Biobriquette Quality Based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI)

Parameter Wood Charcoal Briquette Quality Standard
(SNI No. 01/6235/2000)
Moisture Content (%) ≤8
Ash Content (%) ≤8
Volatile Matter (%) ≤ 15
Caloric value (kal/g) ≥ 5000

Briquetting technology is the development of the coal combustion process by making it

into various shapes through pressing and mixing with a binder. Briquetting aims to obtain a
quality fuel that can be used for all sectors as a substitute energy source. The briquetting
process is the process of processing carbon resulting from carbonization which undergoes
grinding treatment, mixing of raw materials, molding and drying under certain conditions,
in order to obtain briquettes that have certain shapes, physical sizes, and chemical
properties. In general, the stages of the briquetting process are (Diana Ekawati Fajrin,
2010):
1) Grinding/crushing is grinding the raw material for briquettes (biochar) to get a certain
grain size.
2) Mixing is mixing the briquette raw materials with a binder at a certain composition to
get a homogeneous dough.
3) Printing is printing briquette dough to get a certain shape as desired.
4) Drying is the process of drying briquettes by using hot air at a certain temperature to
reduce the water content of the briquettes.
2. PROBLEM REVIEW
A The role of energy is very important for increasing economic activities and national
security, so that energy management which includes its supply, utilization and exploitation
must be implemented in a fair, sustainable, optimal and integrated manner. Energy is one of
the important factors determining the success of industrial development. RI Law Number
30 of 2007 is one of the written regulations that require diversification of energy resources
so that energy availability is guaranteed due to the limited reserves of non-renewable
energy resources.
The National Energy Policy (KEN) was prepared by the National Energy Council
(DEN) and has been stipulated through Presidential Regulation Number 79 of 2014 on
October 17, 2014 which includes, among others:
1) The purpose of KEN is as a guideline to provide direction for national energy
management in order to realize energy independence and national energy security to
support sustainable national development.
2) The target of supply and utilization of primary energy includes the provision of
electricity generation and electricity utilization per capita.
3) Achievement of the targets of the National Energy Policy, including the realization of a
new paradigm that energy sources are the capital of national development; energy
elasticity, energy intensity, electrification ratio, household gas usage ratio, and optimal
primary energy mix.
4) The direction of the national energy policy which includes the main policies and
supporting policies.
5) KEN is the basis for the preparation of the National Energy General Plan (RUEN) and
the National Electricity General Plan (RUKN).
Government Regulation No. 79 of 2014 is a revision of Presidential Regulation No. 5 of
2006. PP No. 79 of 2014 explains that in 2025 the role of New Energy and Renewable
Energy is at least 23% and in 2050 at least 31% as long as the economy is fulfilled. In 2025
the role of petroleum is less than 25% and in 2050 it will be less than 20%. In 2025 the role
of coal is at least 30%, and in 2050 it is at least 25% and in 2025 the role of natural gas is at
least 22% and in 2050 it is at least 24%.
Biomass briquettes are commonly used in developing countries as a substitute for fuel
for cooking. Due to technical constraints and lack of knowledge of briquette technology, it
is not very popular in many countries. Faced with operational problems and varying quality
of raw materials, it is an important issue to develop briquette manufacturing technology
where this technique involves compression of small particles of organic waste with a binder
for a certain period of time to produce pellets or briquette blocks.
Briquettes have a higher thermal value, lower ash content and uniform combustion rate
and are cheaper than coal. With a low moisture value and high density of briquettes, it
provides a better efficiency value. Oil, coal, disposable lignite cannot be replaced, but
biomass briquettes can be recycled as compost. The absence of sulfur, fly ash in briquettes
makes it environmentally friendly. The ideally sized structure to increase the burn value is
an added benefit. Briquettes have low smoke without odor and a stable flame and have the
added value of being environmentally friendly.
The calorific value is one of the characteristics of the fuel. This value can be defined as
the energy per kg expended when burned. Therefore, it can be used to measure the
competitiveness of processed fuels in certain situations. There are several other factors that
may affect the combustion value such as combustion characteristics and ease of handling.
However, its calorific value may remain the most critical factor and should be considered
when selecting raw material inputs.
 Tabel 2. Raw Material Caloric Value
Calorie Value Calorie Value
Raw Material Raw Material
(kcal) (kcal)
Bagas 4380 Tangkai bunga matahari 4300
Briket serbuk gergaji 3860 Limbah goni 4428
Batang Kapas/keripik 4252 Sekam sawit 3900
Serbuk bambu 4160 Kulit kacang kedelai 4170
Sekam kopi 4045 Kayubakar 1270
Limbah tembakau 2910 Limbah kehutanan 3000
Limbah teh 4237 Sabut kelapa 4146
Jerami padi 3469 Sekam padi 3200
Jerami Mustard 4200 Serpihan kayu 4785
Jerami Gandum 4300 Kulit kacang tanah 4524

Biobriquette with low water content will produce a high calorific value, because it is
produced from a type of fiber that has a low water content. In this case, the higher the water
content of the briquettes, the lower the calorific value. This is because the heat generated is
used to evaporate the water in the fiber before generating heat that can be used as
combustion heat. In other words, the water content is directly related to the heating value.
The calorific value determines the quality of the briquettes. The higher the heat value, the
better the quality of the briquettes produced. Low moisture content, ash content and volatile
substances can increase the heating value. The high carbon content can increase the
calorific value. The calorific value test aims to determine the calorific value of the
combustion produced by briquettes. The temperature density is important factors that can
affect the combustion properties, especially the calorific value. When operating at relatively
high temperatures, the calorific value of the solidified product increases when compared to
the calorific value of the raw material.
In the incomplete combustion process, resulting in inefficient heat transfer due to low
thermal efficiency. Incomplete combustion will cause CO, H2S, NOx, SOx and
particulates. Based on research from Mac Carty (2008) shows that gases produced from
incomplete combustion will trigger global warming. As an effort to comply with the
regulations of Law No. 32 of 2009 on protecting and preserving the environment and
preventing pollution and environmental damage. This issue is an issue that needs to be
addressed because in an effort to maximize energy utilization, it is necessary to study an
analysis of the impact on the environment. The life cycle in the process of making
briquettes is predicted to be a promising and renewable energy, so it is necessary to study
the condition of the content of emissions produced by biobriquettes.
The gas emission test is needed to determine the quality of the briquettes against the
resulting air pollution. This test can be carried out until the CO concentration is close to 0.
In addition, the quality standards for maximum gas emission concentrations required for
SOx, NOx, and CO are 50 ppm, 78 ppm, and 626 ppm, respectively.

2.1 PROCESS OF MAKING BRIQUETTES

In the process of making briquettes, the moisture value in the raw material is expected
to be less than 12%. To lower the value if the humidity is high it can be dried in the sun or
can use a rotary/turbo biomass dryer. Furthermore, the collected raw materials are usually
crushed, then dried and then briquetted.
The moisture content of the feedstock is the most important parameter in selecting the
source for the bio-mass briquettes. Proximate analysis and water content at 100oC can
represent the heating value of biomass briquettes. This can be found using a bomb
calorimeter. Other tests that need to be carried out are flame temperature,
thermogravimetric analysis, ignition timing, combustion time, absence of toxic gases in the
combustion of bio-mass briquettes, fixed carbon, density of briquettes, ash content, volatile
compounds in gas.
In general, the process of making biobriquettes can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Diagram of the process of making biobriquettes in general

Biobriquettes that are widely produced have a density above 1000 g/cm3, that is by
immersing the briquettes in water for quality testing. Lignocellulosic materials have an
upper physical density limit of 1500 g/cm3. This process uses high pressure, i.e. pellet
presses, mechanical pistons, or multiple screw extruders, producing solid briquettes with
densities ranging from 1200 to 1400 g/cm3. Meanwhile, the briquettes are pressed using a
hydraulic piston to get less dense bio-briquettes, which is under 1000 kg. It is not effective
to produce solid briquettes with high combustion In many studies, the density value can be
calculated using :
ρ = B/V (1)
where:
ρ = density (g/cm3)
B = massa briket (g)
V = Volume briket (cm3)

2.2 BIOBRIQUETTE TECHNOLOGY

There are various types of technology available for the briquette production process.
The technology differs from each other which is based on the equipment used. The most
commonly used technologies are Piston Press and Screw Press technologies. This
equipment is high compaction technology that is biomass is compacted very tightly to form
briquettes.
In Piston Press technology, the power consumption is high compared to Screw Press
technology. Although the Screw Press technology consumes more energy, the quality and
production method of its briquettes is superior to that of the Piston Press technology.
A. Piston Press Technology
Piston press technology is also known as ram and dies technology. In this process the
biomass is perforated with a reciprocating ram with very high pressure which finally
compresses the mass to obtain briquettes. The resulting briquettes have an outer
diameter of 60 mm. This machine has a capacity of 700 kg/hour and a power
requirement of 25kW. The ram moves about 270 times per minute in this process. The
hydraulic press process consists of: first compacting the biomass in a vertical direction
and a horizontal direction. The standard weight of briquettes is 5 kg and the dimensions
are: 450 mm x 160 mm x 80 mm. The power required is 37 kW for 1800 kg/hour of
briquette making. This technology can accept raw materials with a moisture content of
up to 22%.
B. B.Screw Press Technology
Dry raw materials free of foreign matter (such as scrap metal, stone, etc.) are fed into
the hopper of the extruder screw. From the hopper, the raw material flows into the
compression zone (screw extruder) where the raw material enters the heating chamber
(barrel). The heating chamber is thermostatically controlled at a pre-set temperature.
From the heating chamber the briquettes are formed and extruded continuously. This
process does not require any binders or other materials. However it is important that the
initial moisture content and biomass size are less than 12% and 4mm. The capacity of
the machine used is 100-150 kg/hour. The diameter of the resulting briquettes is 75mm.

2.3 BIOBRIQUETTE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages of biomass briquettes:

1) Briquettes are of consistent quality, high combustion efficiency, and are ideally sized
for combustion fuels.
2) This process helps to solve the waste disposal problem.
3) These biobriquettes provide additional income for farmers and create jobs
4) There is no sulfur in the briquettes.
5) No fly ash when burning briquettes.
6) Briquettes are flammable.
Disadvantages of biomass briquettes:
1) Investment costs and input energy consumption for the process are quite high
2) Undesirable combustion characteristics often occur for example, poor flame, billowing
smoke, etc.
3) The tendency of briquettes to become low when exposed to water or even high humidity
weather.

2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING BRIQUETTE

There are many factors that must be considered before biomass can be qualified as a
feedstock for briquette manufacture. For different briquette machines, the required raw
material parameters such as particle size, moisture content, and temperature are also
different.
1) Effect of particle size
 Particle size plays an important role in the densification process. The finer particles
provide a larger surface for bonding. For biomass materials measuring 6-8 mm with a
flour component of 13-15% (<4 mesh) are most suitable. If the particles are too large,
the briquettes will not be smooth and will cause blockages in the input die which will
eventually cause machine jams.
2) Effect of humidity Pengaruh
Moisture content plays an important role as it affects heat transfer. Generally, when the
moisture content of the raw material is 8-10%, the briquettes will have a moisture
content of 6-8%. If this amount of water content is maintained, then the briquetting
process is smooth. But when the moisture content exceeds 10%, the briquettes become
bad and weak and the briquetting process is not feasible. Also at high moisture content,
excess steam is generated which leads to blockage of the inlet feed from the hooper.
Therefore, it is necessary to maintain optimal moisture content.
3) Temperature Effect
The biomass temperature varies with briquette density, briquette strength and moisture
stability. Therefore, unlike the parameters mentioned above, temperature also has an
important effect in the densification process. The biomass temperature, however, should
not be increased beyond the decomposition temperature of about 300°C. If the
temperature is higher than this value, then the friction between the raw material and the
die wall is reduced to such an extent that compaction occurs at a lower pressure which
results in poor densification and lower strength. Conversely, lower temperatures result
in higher pressure and power consumption and lower production rates.

3. PROBLEMS DISCUSSION
Energy security is a condition of ensuring the availability of energy, public access to
energy at affordable prices in the long term while still paying attention to the protection of
the environment. Until now, Indonesia has not been able to realize energy security, and has
even been identified as having problems with energy supply. As an illustration, electricity
consumption in Indonesia in 2012 was 733 kWh/capita, with a Human Development Index
(HDI) of 0.684 and ranked 108 out of 187 countries in the world. To increase the HDI to
0.7-0.75, it is necessary to increase the availability of electricity at least 3000
kWh/capita/year. Utilization of new and renewable energy is believed to be the right
solution to overcome the low energy supply. . In addition, according to the Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources, 2021, the availability of oil reserves in Indonesia in the
next decade is only 4.17 billion barrels. Therefore, it is necessary to use new and renewable
energy which is believed to be the right solution to overcome the low energy supply.
The government's target in 2025 according to Presidential Regulation Number 5 of
2006, NRE which was originally expected to contribute to supply of 17%, has been
increased by at least 23% in Government Regulation No. 79 of 2014. NRE is the most
capable of replacing the role of fossil energy sources, both as The provider of electricity
and fuel is bioenergy. Bioenergy in it, including biofuel is considered the easiest to convert
into fuel and electrical energy. Other NRE sources, namely geothermal, water flows and
falls (hydro), sunlight, wind, movement and temperature improvement of the ocean layers
are only easily converted into electricity (Thornley and Deborah 2008, Soerawidjaja 2011).
The abundant potential of biomass in Indonesia can be used as an alternative energy to
replace fuel oil, which is increasingly being felt in scarce quantities and the price is less
stable. In addition, energy produced from biomass is more environmentally friendly
because it does not contain elements of sulfur and can overcome the problem of waste
biomass from plantations and agriculture that has not been utilized efficiently.
 Biomass waste obtained from agricultural and plantation by-products (such as corn
cobs, rice husks, sugar cane, peanut shells, cashew shells, oil palm shells, coconut shells,
coffee husks, sawdust) can be converted with a technology to produce energy such as
biobriquettes. . This biobriquette can later be used as an alternative energy to reduce the use
of fuel from fossil sources.
The problem of energy supply can be reduced by applying a comprehensive alternative
energy technology, namely by utilizing biomass waste sources, one of which can be
overcome by utilizing appropriate and promising technology, namely briquettes. Briquettes
can be obtained through the extraction of biomass energy and converting it into a more
useful form through densification. Briquettes which are the final product of biomass
briquettes can be used in various uses ranging from household to industrial.
Therefore, this paper reviews about biomass briquettes from various types of waste and
the application of technology and the basic principles of biomass itself.
In accordance with what was described previously about several sources for the
manufacture of bio briquettes, including:
1) Production of bio-briquettes from waste coconut shells and peanut shells
In the manufacture of briquettes from waste coconut shells or shells, the processes
carried out are drying of raw materials, carbonization, softening and filtering, mixing
with adhesives, pressing and drying. The briquettes formed were aerated for 24 hours,
then dried in an oven at 100oC for 1 hour. The lowest water content was produced at a
weight of 125 grams of charcoal at a carbonization temperature of 300oC of 2.014%,
while the lowest ash content was produced at a weight of 75 grams of charcoal at a
carbonization temperature of 200oC of 7.39%. (Yusrida et. all., 2019)
2) Making Briquettes from corn straw
In a study conducted by (Yeqing et. all., 2018) corn straw was digested anaerobically
using a leach bed reactor. After ingestion for 28 days, the highest methane yield was
179.6 mL/g-VS, which corresponded to an energy production of 5.55 MJ/kg-CS.
Research using similar raw materials conducted by (Wang et al., 2017) explained that
the addition of CPM (Ca(H2PO4)2) in raw corn straw is recommended because it can
improve comprehensive combustion performance compared to adding ADP
(NH4H2PO4) with pyrolysis temperature. optimum temperature is at 550 0C. In
addition, obtained HHV of 21.05 MJ/Kg.
3) Making Briquettes from cotton stalks and wood sawdust
In the study, cotton stalks and Chinese pine sawdust were used to make biomass
briquettes. The effects of briquette making conditions, including briquette temperature
and pressure, and hydrothermal treatment on the physical and chemical properties of the
produced biomass briquettes were investigated in order to assess the technical
feasibility.
a) As the briquette temperature increases, the apparent density and compressive
strength of WS-B and CS-B follow an increasing trend. However, the apparent
density and compressive strength of WS-B and CS-B followed different trends
under increasing temperature due to differences in moisture desorption temperatures
and differences in lignin softening temperature.
b) As the briquette pressure increases, the density and compressive strength of WS-B
and CS-B increase. The compressive strength of WS-B increases slowly, whereas
that of CS-B increases continuously even under higher pressures.
c) Appropriate hydrothermal treatment conditions benefit from the physical properties
of the produced biomass briquettes, and the density and compressive strength of
CS/WS-HT200/230-B are significantly higher than those of CS/WS-B.
4) Making Briquettes from Rice Husk
 Research conducted by (Sari, 2017) produced 38 pieces of biobriquettes from mixing 1
kg of rice husk charcoal and 250 kg of starch as a binder which can be lit for about 30
minutes for one briquette.

5) Making Briquettes from Spent Coffee Ground

Another study on the use of Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) as an external additive by
(Brunerová et al., 2019) concluded that the addition of SCG could increase the heating
ability of the resulting biobriquette sample, but decrease its mechanical quality. The
negative results of mechanical quality degradation can be handled by making a mixture
of SCG raw materials with sawdust or fir wood shavings with different SCG mass
ratios.
6) Making Briquettes from Corn Cobs
In the manufacture of biobriquettes from corn cobs, the use of adhesive from fox glue
produces the optimum heating value according to the standard calorific value of coal
briquettes, which is > 6000 cal/gr. According to (Rifdah et al, 2018), briquettes with a
composition of 20 grams of corncob charcoal flour and 25 grams of fox glue produced a
calorific value of 6234 cal/gr.
7) Rice husk and coconut shell biobriquettes
According to (Qistina et al., 2016), briquettes produced from rice husk (4200 cal/gr) and
coconut shell (5000 cal/gr) produce a lower calorific value than the calorific value of
rice husk (4900 cal/gr) and shell coconut (5200 cal/g). This study also discusses the gas
emissions produced where briquettes from coconut shells are lower than emissions
produced from rice husk briquettes. So that briquettes from coconut shells are more
environmentally friendly.
8) Biobriquettes from cashew nut waste
The calorific value of cashew nut waste from research conducted (Ifa et al., 2020) is
29.49 MJ/Kg, which is in accordance with the biobriquette standard for use as an energy
source (SNI 016235-2000) (> 20.93) and Japan (25.12 MJ-29.31 MJ). The results
obtained in this study indicate that bio-briquettes from cashew nut waste can compete
profitably with coal which provides a renewable energy source.

From the studies that have been done, briquettes from biomass can produce energy
ranging from 4.48-5.95 KJ/g depending on the type of raw material used. In addition, the
flame time of each briquette with certain raw materials ranges from 30-48 minutes for one
briquette.
Briquettes from biomass can be used to substitute the use of fossil fuels such as
kerosene which is starting to become scarce. The use of this biobriquette can help the
community, especially the spicy community, to meet their energy needs for daily life.

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a review is conducted on the manufacture of biomass briquettes. Various
briquette technologies with their advantages and disadvantages were studied. It is
concluded that briquettes produced from biomass are quite good as a substitute for fuels
such as coal, lignite, firewood and offer many advantages. The energy content of briquettes
ranges from 4.48 to 5.95 kilojoules per gram (kJ/g) depending on the composition of the
raw materials.

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