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 A SURVEY REPORT ON

“PRACTICAL SURVEY OF VARIOUS FUEL SUPPLY

SYSTEM”

SUBMITTED TO
MODERN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE

BY,
NAME ROLL NO.
TEJAS KALVANKAR 62
MANAS GHODKE 58
JAYESH SONAWANE 77
ATHARVA NABARIYA 70
MANOHAR NEMADE 67

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

Dr. Amit Patil

&
Mrs. Poonam Magdum

1|Page
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Practical Survey of Various Fuel Supply System

1.0 Abstract:
The fuel injection system can be divided into low-pressure and high-pressure
sides. The low-pressure components include the fuel tank, fuel supply pump and fuel filter.
The high-pressure side components include a high pressure pump, accumulator, fuel injector
and fuel injector nozzle. A number of injection nozzle designs and different actuation
methods have been developed for use with different types of fuel injection systems.

2.0 Course Outcomes Achieved

In a S.I engine, a measured quantity of petrol or gas is already mixed with air in a calculated
proportion before being sucked by engine. Then this combustible charge having right
quantity of fuel-air is ignited at the appropriate time at the end of compression stroke in the
engine with the help of a spark plug. The operation of spark plug is timed along with the
moment of crank shaft with the help of ignition system. Low voltage of battery is given to
primary winding of ignition coil through an ignition switch and contact breaker. The
secondary winding is connected to spark plugs through distributor (in case of multi-cylinder
engines). A cam on cam shaft breaks the contact and causes the electric primary circuit to
open and close. When the circuit is broken or the current flow is stopped in the primary
winding, the magnetic field collapses inducing a high voltage in the secondary winding due
to which a spark occurs instantaneously in the spark plug. This spark initiates the combustion
of compressed air-fuel mixture in the engine cylinder.

3.0 Keywords
Fuel Tank, Fuel Lines, Fuel Pump, Fuel Filter, Air Cleaner, Carburettor, Intake Manifold

2|Page
Department of Mechanical Engineering
4.0 Actual Methodology Followed
For the supply of fuel from fuel tank to engine cylinder following fuel feed systems are used:

 Gravity system
 Air pressure system
 Vacuum system (suction and gravity system)
 Pump feed system
 Fuel injection system

 GRAVITY FUEL FEED SYSTEM:

In this system, the fuel tank is mounted at the highest point of the SI engine. This system is quite
simple and cheap as the fuel drops into the float Chamber of the carburetor under Gravity. It is
used in a small engine having low fuel consumption as sufficient head is not developed for large
engine.

 Advantages:

1. The system is quite simple and cheap as of other fuel feed system

 Disadvantages:

 The rigidity of placing the fuel tank necessarily over carburetor is its disadvantage

3|Page
Department of Mechanical Engineering
  AIR PRESSURE FEED SYSTEM:
In this system, an airtight fuel tank is used and is placed under the seat or near the engine. The
hand operated a pump or mechanically operated pump supplies the high-pressure air to the fuel
tank for supply the fuel to the carburetor.

 Advantages:

1. The fuel tank can be placed at any suitable location

 Disadvantages:

1. There are chances of pressure leak within the chamber

 VACUUM FEED SYSTEM (Suction and Gravity system:

In this system, fuel from the fuel tank which is placed near the engine is sucked by means of
suction from the induction manifold. By means of gravity, the fuel is supplied to the float of
the carburetor.

 Advantages:

1. The cost of the total system is less

 PUMP FEED SYSTEM:

In this system, a steel pipe carries petrol to the fuel pump which Pumps it into the float Chamber
of the carburetor through the pipe. Here we use a mechanical or electrical or a diaphragm pump
supplies the fuel from the fuel tank is placed at any suitable location and is vented to the
atmosphere.

This system is used in most vehicles in the present days.

4|Page
Department of Mechanical Engineering
  FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM:
The petrol injection system now comes to modern vehicles. The fuel is atomized by means of an
air injector nozzle then delivered into an air stream. There may be separate fuel injectors are
used for separate cylinder or one single fuel injector is used.

 Advantages:

1. This is the most accurate fuel supply system

2. High power is developed
3. It has quick starting and warms up
4. Low specific fuel consumption rate

 Disadvantages:

1. Back-flow of petrol may take place

2. High initial cost

THE COMPONENTS OF FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM

Fuel tank: - It is used to store the fuel.

Fuel pump: - The fuel pump is used to deliver the fuel from the fuel tank to the carburettor
Fuel lines: - These pipeline helps to deliver the fuel from the fuel tank to pump and to the
carburettor.
Air cleaner: - It used to clean the air.
Fuel filters: - It is screened off the dirt or foreign matter from the fuel and prevents entry to
the pump.
Fuel gauge unit: - It indicates the fuel level in the tank.
Carburettor: - It is device which controlled the air-fuel mixture.

5.0 Function

The function of the fuel supply system is to store and filter the required fuel, and to
provide the fuel-injection system with fuel at a specific supply pressure in all operating
conditions. For some applications, the fuel return flow is also cooled.

6.0 Conclusion
We have successfully achieved learning of various fuel supply systems used in
Automobiles. The objectives of understanding the functions and working principle of
various fuel supply system is completed.
5|Page
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 \

-
VARIABLE
COMPRESSION RATIO
ENGINES
SUBJECT- APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
BY THE STUDENTS OF SE MECH 1
Name Roll No.
TEJAS KALVANKAR 62
MANAS GHODKE 58
JAYESH SONAWANE 77
ATHARVA NABARIYA 70
MANOHAR NEMADE 67

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Amit Patil

(Proff. Of Mechanical Engg. Department

 INTRODUCTION
• Infiniti’s vc turbo engine is the world’s first production ready VCR engine.
• The QX 50’s 2.0 liter vc-turbo continuously transforms, adjusting its compression
ratio to optimize power and fuel efficiency .
• The vc-turbo changes its compression ratio seamlessly with an advanced multi –
link system, continuously raising or lowering the pistons reach to transforms
compression ratio – offering both power and efficiency on demand.
• A high compression ratio gives greater efficiency, but in certain applications
poses the risk of premature combustion (knocking).
• A low compression ratio allows for greater power and torque, avoids knocking.
In operation the qx50’s vc –turbo engines offers any compression ratio between
8:1 and 14:1.
 COMPRESSION RATIO
• Compression ratio is the volume above the piston when it is at the
bottom most position (BDC) to the volume above the piston (TDC).The
compression ratio indicates the extent to which the air fuel mixture is
compressed in engine.
• A higher compression ratio gives a higher peak pressure, but has little
effect on the release pressure.
• Also the higher compression ratio slightly increase the maximum
temperature achieved in the burned & unburnt zones.
• For example:-if an engine whose cylinder and combustion chamber
volume is 10cc when the piston is at bottom dead center. After the intake
valve closes and the piston rises up during the compression stroke, it
squeezes the air and fuel mixture into the space of single cubic cm. This
engine ha compression ratio 10:1.
LOWER COMPRESSION RATIO 8.6
BASELINE COMPRESSION RATIO 9.6
HIGHER COMPRESSION RATIO 10.6
HISTORY
• The first VCR engine built and tested was by Harry Ricardo in the 1920’s.
• This work led to him devising the octane rating system that is still in use today.
• Many companies have been undertaking their own research into VCR engines, including Nissan, Volvo,
and Renault .
• The 2018 Infiniti QX50 is available with production version turbocharged variable compression engine.
Then again research for VC-Turbo started in 1998. Several methods were utilized to realize the VC turbo.
• Developing a variable compression system using a link mechanism, optimizing the link layout, using
advanced analysis to produce precision part shapes and creating a new high precision heat treatment
were just a few technological hurdles.
• As a result Infiniti became the world’s first auto manufacturer to start mass production in 2018, of a
variable compression engine.
 Various Design For VCR Engine
1. Peugeot MCE-5
• The Peugot design works by varying the effective
length of the con rod connecting the piston to the
crank. When the con rod is shorter, the compression
ratio is lower and vice versa.
• On the left hand side of the diagram is the
conventional piston of an internal combustion
engine.
• On the right side is a hydraulic cylinder with double
acting piston.
• This acts through a rod-crank system with a gear
wheel, whose movement adjust the effective con-rod
length and thus compression ratio in the left cylinder.
 Various Design For VCR Engine
2. Saab SVC
• Saab Automobile introduce SVC engine to the world at the Geneva
motor show in 2000. It consist of head, which contained all of the
valve gear and crankshaft/crankcase assembly.
• These part were connected by a pivot which allows 4 degree of
movement .this mechanism allows the distance between the
crankshaft center-line and the cylinder crown to be varied.
• To alter the CR, the svc lowers the cylinder head closer to the
crankshaft. It does this by replacing the typical one part engine
with a two part unit, with the crankshaft in the lower position and
cylinder in the upper position .
• The two blocks are hinged together at the one side. By pivoting the
upper block around the hinge point, the CR can be modified. Saab
produced SVC engine for testing purpose that has 168 kw (225hp)
@ 5800 rpm and max torque 305 Nm @ 40000 rpm, but
unfortunately svc project was shelved by saab automobile due to
cost.
 Various Design For VCR Engine
3. Gomecys VCR Engine
• Gomecsys is a Dutch Engineering company that has developed this VCR
Engine. The complete VCR system is integrated on the crank shaft and
every 4 stroke engine can be upgraded by replacing a normal crankshaft
with GOMOCEYS VCR crankshaft.
• It is achieved compression ratio change from 8:1 to 18:1.
• The Gomecsys VCR crankshaft uses split eccentrics which are assembled
on each crankpin of one part crankshaft. The eccentrics are all driven by
dedicated gear mechanism.
• The eccentrics has to fulfill the function of adjusting the position of the
eccentric to achieve optimum CR position depending on engine load and
speed. 90 degree for max. CR and -70 degree for min cr
NEED OF VCR ENGINE
• A problem called knocking a process of inefficiently which can occur in higher compression ratio engines
when the air fuel mixture combusts prematurely in the cylinder, potentially resulting in damage to the
engine.
• The compression ratio should be reduce in order to reduce knock. For low load condition which demand
great efficiency, the compression ratio should be high as 14:1. For high load condition which demands
more performance, the compression ratio should be low as 8:1.
• Use of high pressure turbo charging results induces high thermal load.
• Turbocharger doesn’t have good adiabatic efficiency.
• High peak pressure problem occurs at full load.
• But CR should be sufficiently high for good starting and part load operation.
• VCR concept is beneficial in low load.
 INFINITI’S VCR ENGINE
• The QX50, powered by our VC-turbo, is the first production vehicle ever to give drivers an
engine that transforms on demand, setting a new benchmark for powertrain capability
and refinement.
• The blend of performance and efficiency represents a compelling alternative to diesel
challenging the notion that high torque and efficiency.
• The engine delivers 268 hp (200kw) @ 5600 rpm and 280 lb-ft (380Nm) @ 1600-4800
rpm. Equipped with the VC-Turbo engine, the QX50 is comparatively efficient, delivering
gasoline fuel economy of 27mpg.
• In front wheel drive specification this offers a 35% improvement in fuel efficiency over V6
gasoline engine in the previous QX50, while the new all-wheel drive models 26 mpg
represents a 30% improvement.
• VC-Turbo weighs 18Kg less and requires less space in engine bay.
• The engine capacity varies between 1,997 cc (for a low 8:1 ratio) and 1,970 cc (high 14:1
ratio).
• The INFINITI engine operates the Atkinson cycle under high compression ratios, with
longer piston strokes allowing the intake valves to open for a short time as the
compression stroke starts.
• As the compression ratio drops, the engine reverts to regular combustion cycle.
COMPONENTS
1. Piston
2. Upper-link
3. Multi-link
4. Crank-shaft
5. Lower-link
6. Control shaft
7. Actuator arm
8. Harmonic drive
 WORKING
• 4 Major steps to change the compression ratio :

1) A Harmonic drive like an electric motor

drives the actuator arm.
2) The actuator arm rotates the control shaft,
similar in principle to camshaft which
forces the lower linkage to move up or
down based on the orientation of the cam
lobe.
3) The lower linkage change the angle of
multilink, which is connected by an upper
link to piston.
4) Upper link moves from multilink rotation
which causes the piston move up or down
changing, the compression ratio of the
engine.
PERFORMANCE OF VCR
1. FRICTION
• In typical engines the piston during the
expansion stroke, generates lot of side
forces on the cylinder walls.
• This is because the connecting rod is at a
significant angle w.r.t cylinder.
• In this engine the connecting rod is kept
nearly vertical position thus the almost
eliminating the side forces on to walls of
the cylinder.
• This helps in reduced friction, thus
improved efficiency and life of the
cylinder.
 PERFORMANCE OF VCR
2. EMISSION
• VC-Turbo can use lower compression
ratio during cold condition to improve
emission performance.
• Lower engine out HC emission level due
to small s/v ratio, lower PN emission
PERFORMANCE OF VCR
3. FUEL CONSUMPTION
• A reduction in fuel consumption is achieved by increasing the work output and or decreasing the
frictional and pumping losses.

TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION

THANK YOU