Module 5

Inner Product Spaces

5.1 Dot Product and Length in Rn

5.2 Inner Product Spaces
5.3 Orthonormal Bases:Gram-Schmidt Process
5.4 Mathematical Models and Least Square Analysis
 Dot Product and Length in Rn

 Dot product in Rn:

The dot product of u  (u1 , u 2 ,  , u n ) and v  (v1 , v 2 ,  , v n )
is the scalar quantity

u  v  u1 v1  u 2 v 2    u n v n

 Ex: (Finding the dot product of two vectors)

The dot product of u=(1, 2, 0, -3) and v=(3, -2, 4, 2) is

u  v  (1)(3)  (2)(2)  (0)(4)  (3)(2)  7

 Thm : (Properties of the dot product)
If u, v, and w are vectors in Rn and c is a scalar,
then the following properties are true.
(1) u  v  v  u
(2) u  ( v  w )  u  v  u  w
(3) c(u  v )  (cu)  v  u  (cv)
(4) v  v  || v || 2
(5) v  v  0 , and v  v  0 if and only if v  0
 Length:
The length of a vector v  (v1 , v2 ,  , vn ) in Rn is given by
2 2 2
|| v ||  v1  v2    vn

 Notes: The length of a vector is also called its norm.

 Notes: Properties of length

is called a unit vector.

 Ex 1:
(a) In R5, the length of v  (0 ,  2 , 1 , 4 ,  2) is given by

|| v ||  0 2  ( 2) 2  12  4 2  (2) 2  25  5

(b) In R3 the length of v  ( 2

17
, 2
17
, 3
17
) is given by

2 2 2
 2   2   3  17
|| v ||         1
 17   17   17  17

(v is a unit vector)
 A standard unit vector in Rn:
e1 , e 2 ,, e n   1,0,,0, 0,1,,0, 0,0,,1
 Ex:
the standard unit vector in R2: i, j  1,0, 0,1

the standard unit vector in R3: i, j, k   1,0,0, 0,1,0, 0,0,1

 Notes: (Two nonzero vectors are parallel)

u  cv
1 c  0  u and v have the same direction
2 c  0  u and v have the opposite direction
 Thm 5.1: (Length of a scalar multiple)
Let v be a vector in Rn and c be a scalar. Then
|| cv ||  | c | || v ||
Pf:
v  (v1 , v2 ,  , vn )
 cv  (cv1 , cv2 ,  , cvn )
|| cv ||  || ( cv1 , cv2 ,  , cvn ) ||
 (cv1 ) 2  (cv2 ) 2    (cvn ) 2
2 2 2
 c 2 (v1  v2    vn )
2 2 2
 | c | v1  v2    vn
 | c | || v ||
 Thm 5.2: (Unit vector in the direction of v)
v
If v is a nonzero vector in Rn , then the vector u 
|| v ||
has length 1 and has the same direction as v. This vector u
is called the unit vector in the direction of v.
Pf:
1
v is nonzero  v  0  0
v
1
 u v (u has the same direction as v)
v
v 1
|| u ||   || v ||  1 (u has length 1 )
|| v || || v ||
 Notes:
v
(1) The vector is called the unit vector in the direction of v.
|| v ||
(2) The process of finding the unit vector in the direction of v
is called normalizing the vector v.
 Ex 2: (Finding a unit vector)
Find the unit vector in the direction of v  (3 ,  1 , 2) ,
and verify that this vector has length 1.
Sol:
v  (3 ,  1 , 2)  v  3   1  2 2  14
2 2

v (3 ,  1 , 2) 1  3 1 2 
   (3 ,  1 , 2)   , , 
|| v || 3  (1)  2
2 2 2
14  14 14 14 
2 2 2
 3   1   2  14
        1
 14   14   14  14
v
 is a unit vector.
v
 Distance between two vectors:
The distance between two vectors u and v in Rn is

d (u , v)  || u  v ||

 Notes: (Properties of distance)

(1) d (u , v )  0
(2) if and only if u  v
(3) d (u , v)  d ( v , u)
 Ex 3: (Finding the distance between two vectors)
The distance between u=(0, 2, 2) and v=(2, 0, 1) is

d (u , v ) || u  v ||  || (0  2 , 2  0 , 2  1) ||
 ( 2 ) 2  2 2  1 2  3
 The angle between two vectors in Rn:
uv
cos   , 0  
|| u || || v ||
Opposite Same
uv  0 uv  0 uv  0 direction
direction

   
  
     0    0
2 2 2
cos  1 cos  0 cos  1
cos  0 cos  0
 Note:
The angle between the zero vector and another vector is
not defined.