June 16, 2011

Piruz Nezami
Overview

• Introduction – Definitions and Functions

• Design Parameters
• Sizing Bases and Equations
• API 521 Sample Calculation
• Spreadsheet

1
Introduction
API 521 - ISO 23251 Definition:
Vessel in the effluent handling system designed to remove and store
liquids.
Function of Flare Knockout Drum:
To separate liquid from gas and hold maximum amount of liquid
relieved in an emergency. KO drum is typically located close to the flare
stack upstream of any liquid seal.
Unit knockout drums:
For process units which possibly release large amount of liquid, it is
desirable to have local KO drums inside the battery limit. This reduces
the sizing requirements for the main flare knockout drum.
Knockout drum can be horizontal or vertical.

2
Design Parameters

1. Liquid droplet size limited to 300 to 600 µm to avoid burning liquid

outside the flame envelope.
2. Maximum liquid hold up must be considered for vapor-liquid
disengagement calculations.
3. In addition to liquid holdup, liquids that previously accumulated in the
drum and not pumped out (slop) should be taken into account.
4. API 521 recommends a minimum of 20 to 30 minutes holdup time.
Longer Holdup might be required if it takes longer to stop flow.
5. Maximum vapor release may not coincide with the maximum liquid
release.

3
Design Parameters

6. Typically the relief rates (not rated capacities) used for flare header,
flare tip, and knockout drum design.
7. It is normally not necessary to size local knockout drums for efficient
vapor-liquid separation at maximum flow rate.
8. The economics of the drum design can influence the choice between
horizontal and vertical drums.
● Horizontal drums are more suitable for large liquid capacity and
high vapor flow. They have lower pressure drop than vertical
drums.
● Vertical drums are typically used when the liquid load is low or
limited plot space is available.

4
Design Parameters

9. Nozzle Configurations:
a) Horizontal Drums:
● Vapor entering at one end and exiting at the top of the
opposite end.
● Vapor entering at each end and exiting at the center.
● Vapor entering at the center and exiting at each end of the
drum.
b) Vertical Drums:
● Vapor entering radially and exiting at the top of the drum.
A baffle is required to direct the flow downward.
● Vapor entering tangentially and exiting at the top of the drum.

5
Knockout Drum Sizing

Sizing a knockout drum is a trial-and-error process.

1st step is to determine drum size for liquid separation.
Liquid particles separate:
When vapor velocity is sufficiently low to allow the liquid dropout to
fall.
When the vapor residence time is equal or greater than the time
required for the liquid particles to travel the available height at
dropout velocity (liquid dropout time).
The vertical height is usually taken as the distance from the top of the
drum to the maximum liquid level.

6
Vapor Travel - Liquid Dropout

Nozzle to Nozzle Distance, L N

HV

High Liquid Level

HL

L HV
TV = N TD =
VV VD
T V : Vapor Residence Time T D : Liquid Dropout Time
L N : KO Drum Nozzle to Nozzle Length H V : Vapor Space Height
V V : Vapor Velocity V D : Liquid Dropout Velocity

7
Horizontal Knockout Drum Sizing

Liquid Dropout Velocity:

g D (ρ L − ρV )
V D = 1.15
ρV C
VD : Liquid Dropout Velocity
g: Gravitational Constant (9.8 m/s2, 32.2 ft/s2)
D: Particle Diameter
ρL : Liquid Density at Operating Conditions
ρV : Vapor Density at Operating Conditions
C: Drag Coefficient

8
Horizontal Knockout Drum Sizing
Drag Coefficient:
2 (Cte ) ( ρV ) ( D )3 ( ρ L − ρV )
(C ) (Re) =
( µ )2
Re : Reynolds Number
µ: Vapor Viscosity at Operating Conditions
Cte : Constant (0.13 x 108 in Metric and 0.95 x 108 in Imperial Units)

9
API 521 – ISO 23251 Sample Calculation

Total Flow Rate: 200,000 lb/hr

Liquid Density 31 lb/ft3
Vapor Density 0.18 lb/ft3
Pressure: 2 psig
Temperature: 300 °F
Vapor Viscosity: 0.01 cP
The liquid equilibrium results in 31,000 lb/hr of liquid and 169,000 lb/hr of
vapor.
In addition, 500 gallons of storage for miscellaneous drainings from the unit
is desired.
The maximum allowable droplet size is 300 µm.

10
API 521 – ISO 23251 Sample Calculation

Actual Vapor Rate RV= 169,000 / (3,600 x 0.18) = 261 ft3/sec

Drag Coefficient x Re2 C x Re2= [ 0.95 x 108 x 0.18 x (0.000984)3 x (31 - 0.18) ] / (0.01)2 = 5,021
Dropout Velocity UC= 1.15 * [ 32.2 X 0.000984 x (31 - 0.18) / (0.18 x 1.3) ]0.5 = 2.35 ft/sec

Slop Cross Sectional Area AS= 66.8 (ft3) / L (ft)

Holdup Cross Sectional Area AH= (31,000 / 31) x (30/60) (ft3) / L (ft)

Drum Cross Sectional Area AT= π x D2 / 4

Vapor Cross Sectional Area AV= AT - AS - AH

11
API 521 – ISO 23251 Sample Calculation

AV HH

HT (D)
α
β 1
AH + AS = × [ β − Sin (β ) ] × D 2
8

AH HH
1
AS = × [ α − Sin (α ) ] × D 2
8
AS HS

12
 API 521 – ISO 23251 Sample Calculation

Diameter Length Cross Sectional Area Vertical Height Dropout Vapor Minimum
Case No D L AT AS AH AV HT (D) HS + HH HV Time, TD Vel, VV Length, L

ft ft ft2 ft2 ft2 ft2 in in in sec ft/sec ft

1 8.0 19.0 50.27 3.52 26.32 20.43 96.0 55.0 41.0 1.45 12.76 18.5
2 7.5 20.5 44.18 3.26 24.39 16.53 90.0 54.0 36.0 1.28 15.78 20.2
3 7.0 22.5 38.48 2.97 22.22 13.29 84.0 52.3 31.7 1.13 19.62 22.1
4 6.5 25.0 33.18 2.67 20.00 10.51 78.0 50.0 28.0 0.98 24.82 24.3

13
API 521 Sample calculation

FLARE KNOCK OUT DRUM PROG NO: JE-103

Client: JACOBS Prepared By: Date: 05/22/2011
Project: API 521 SAMPLE CALCULATION - 1 Checked By: Job No: XXXXX-100 R
Subject: FLARE KNOCK OUT DRUM Tag No: V-XXXX E
Calc No: XXX-XXXX-XXXXX-000 File No: XXX-XXXX-XXXXX-000 Sheet: 1 of 1 V
1 DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
2 Drum Temperature, t °F 300.0 Temperature °F
3 Drum Pressure, P psi-g 2.0 Pressure psi
4 Estimated L/D Ratio, R E -- 2.44 Mass Flow Rate lb/hr
5 Mass Flow Rate, M V lb/hr 169,000 Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate ft³/hr
6 Molecular Weight, MW V lb/lbmole Vapor Volumetric Flow Rate ft³/hr
VAPOR

7 Compressibility Factor, Z V -- Density lb/ft³

8 Density, ρ V lb/ft³ 0.180 Dimension ft
9 Viscosity, µV cP 0.010 Area ft²
10 Mass Flow Rate, M L lb/hr 31,000 Liquid Volume ft³
11 Density, ρ L lb/ft³ 31.0 Velocity ft/sec
LIQUID

12 Maximum Droplet Size, d M micron 300 Viscosity cP

13 Slop Capacity, V S ft³ 66.8 Nozzle Diameter in
14 Holdup Time, (Slop Level to NLL), T H minute 30 Single Entry TRUE Dual Entry FALSE
15 Additional Holdup Volume to HLL, V XL ft³ 0.0 SELECTED DRUM DIMENSIONS UNIT VALUE

14
API 521 Sample Calculation

16 Vapor Density, ρV lb/ft³ 0.180 KO Drum Pump(s) Capacity ft³/hr 100.00

17 Volumetric Vapor Rate, Q V ft³/hr 938,889 Does Second Pump Start at HLL? -- No
18 Liquid Holdup Capacity ft³ 500.0 Droplet Size for Selected Dimensions, d S micron 303
19 Calculated Drum Diameter, D C ft 7.85 Selected Drum Diameter, D S ft 8.00
20 Calculated Minimum Drum Length (T/T), L C ft 19.11 Selected Drum Length (T/T), L S ft 18.50
21 Slop Height from Bottom, H SC ft 0.98 Slop Height from Bottom, H SS ft 1.00
22 Liquid Holdup Height from Bottom (NLL), H NC ft 4.63 Liquid Holdup Ht (Normal Level), H NS ft 4.69
23 High Liquid Level Height from Bottom, H LC ft 4.63 High Liquid Level Height, H LS ft 4.69
24 Liquid Dropout Velocity, V DC ft/sec 2.35 Liquid Dropout Velocity, V DS ft/sec 2.38
25 Liquid Dropout Time, T DC sec 1.37 Liquid Dropout Time, T DS sec 1.39
26 Vapor Space Height, H VC ft 3.22 Vapor Space Height, H VS ft 3.31
27 Vapor Space Cross Sectional Area, A VC ft² 18.7 Vapor Space Cross Sectional Area, A VS ft² 19.6
28 Vapor Velocity, V VC ft/sec 13.95 Vapor Velocity, V VS ft/sec 13.29
29 C ( Re ) 2 -- 5,025 C ( Re ) 2 -- 5,180
30 Drag Coefficient, C C -- 1.298 Drag Coefficient, C S -- 1.284
31 Convergence Absolute Tolerance ft 0.00E+00 Iteration Weight -- 2.00

15
API 521Sample Calculation
32 Nozzle Centerline to Tangent Nzzl. Centerline to Tan.
33 ft 18.50 ft ft
34 Inlet Nozzle Dia, in: Outlet Nzzle Dia, in:
35 12.00 12.00
36

37 Liq Levels From Bottom ( ft ) Section Vol Residence Time, minute Vapor
38 Space
HHLL (ESD) 4.49 ( ft³ ) Incoming Outgoing (2) Note 3
39 HLL (2nd Pump Starts) 4.69 -29.5 -1.8 -17.7 -2.0
8.0 ft
40 NLL (1st Pump Starts) 4.69 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Add Holdup
41 Slop Level 1.00 500.0 30.0 300.0 33.3 Liq Holdup
42 LLL (Both Pumps Stop) 0.00 66.8 4.0 40.1 4.5 Slop Cap
43 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dead Vol
44 18.50 ft
45

46 NOTES
47 1. Do NOT link entry cells (cells highlighted blue) to other cells. These cells SHOULD contain a numeric value.
48 2. Residence time for each section based on the capacity of one pump.
49 3. This is the residence time for each section based on the balance of the incoming liquid flow and the outgoing pump-out rate by one pump.
50 Negative numbers (if applicable) mean the pump-out rate is greater than the incoming flow rate.
51

52

53

16
Knockout Drum Spreadsheet - 1

FLARE KNOCK OUT DRUM

Client: JACOBS
Project: API 521 SAMPLE CALCULATION - 1
Subject: FLARE KNOCK OUT DRUM
Calc No: XXX-XXXX-XXXXX-000 File No: XXX-XXXX-XXXXX-000
1 DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE
2 Drum Temperature, t °F 300.0
3 Drum Pressure, P psi-g 2.0
4 Estimated L/D Ratio, R E -- 2.44
5 Mass Flow Rate, M V lb/hr 169,000
Molecular Weight, MW V lb/lbmole
VAPOR

7 Compressibility Factor, Z V --
8 Density, ρ V lb/ft³ 0.180
9 Viscosity, µV cP 0.010
10 Mass Flow Rate, M L lb/hr 31,000
11 Density, ρ L lb/ft³ 31.0
LIQUID

12 Maximum Droplet Size, d M micron 300

13 Slop Capacity, V S ft³ 66.8
14 Holdup Time, (Slop Level to NLL), T H minute 30
15 Additional Holdup Volume to HLL, V XL ft³ 0.0

17
Knockout Drum Spreadsheet - 2
16 Vapor Density, ρV lb/ft³ 0.180
17 Volumetric Vapor Rate, Q V ft³/hr 938,889
18 Liquid Holdup Capacity ft³ 500.0
19 Calculated Drum Diameter, D C ft 7.85
20 Calculated Minimum Drum Length (T/T), L C ft 19.11
21 Slop Height from Bottom, H SC ft 0.98
22 Liquid Holdup Height from Bottom (NLL), H NC ft 4.63
23 High Liquid Level Height from Bottom, H LC ft 4.63
24 Liquid Dropout Velocity, V DC ft/sec 2.35
25 Liquid Dropout Time, T DC sec 1.37
26 Vapor Space Height, H VC ft 3.22
27 Vapor Space Cross Sectional Area, A VC ft² 18.7
28 Vapor Velocity, V VC ft/sec 13.95
29 C ( Re ) 2 -- 5,025
30 Drag Coefficient, C C -- 1.298
31 Convergence Absolute Tolerance ft 0.00E+00

18
Knockout Drum Spreadsheet - 3
SELECTED DRUM DIMENSIONS UNIT VALUE
KO Drum Pump(s) Capacity ft³/hr 100.00
Does Second Pump Start at HLL? -- No
Droplet Size for Selected Dimensions, d S micron 303
Selected Drum Diameter, D S ft 8.00
Selected Drum Length (T/T), L S ft 18.50
Slop Height from Bottom, H SS ft 1.00
Liquid Holdup Ht (Normal Level), H NS ft 4.69
High Liquid Level Height, H LS ft 4.69
Liquid Dropout Velocity, V DS ft/sec 2.38
Liquid Dropout Time, T DS sec 1.39
Vapor Space Height, H VS ft 3.31
Vapor Space Cross Sectional Area, A VS ft² 19.6
Vapor Velocity, V VS ft/sec 13.29
C ( Re ) 2 -- 5,180
Drag Coefficient, C S -- 1.284
Iteration Weight -- 2.00

19
 Knockout Drum Spreadsheet - 4
32 Nozzle Centerline to Tangent Nzzl. Centerline to Tan.
33 ft 18.50 ft ft
34 Inlet Nozzle Dia, in: Outlet Nzzle Dia, in:
35 12.00 12.00
36

37 Liq Levels From Bottom ( ft ) Section Vol Residence Time, minute Vapor
38 Space
HHLL (ESD) 4.49 ( ft³ ) Incoming Outgoing (2) Note 3
39 HLL (2nd Pump Starts) 4.69 -29.5 -1.8 -17.7 -2.0
8.0 ft
40
NLL (1st Pump Starts) 4.69 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Add Holdup
41 Slop Level 1.00 500.0 30.0 300.0 33.3 Liq Holdup
42 LLL (Both Pumps Stop) 0.00 66.8 4.0 40.1 4.5 Slop Cap
43 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dead Vol
44 18.50 ft
45

46 NOTES
47 1. Do NOT link entry cells (cells highlighted blue) to other cells. These cells SHOULD contain a numeric value.
48 2. Residence time for each section based on the capacity of one pump.
49 3. This is the residence time for each section based on the balance of the incoming liquid flow and the outgoing pump-out rate by one pump.
50 Negative numbers (if applicable) mean the pump-out rate is greater than the incoming flow rate.
51

52

53

20
Spreadsheet Features UOM
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Temperature °F
Pressure psi
Mass Flow Rate lb/hr
Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate ft³/hr
Vapor Volumetric Flow Rate ft³/hr
Density lb/ft³
Dimension ft
Area ft²
Liquid Volume ft³
Velocity ft/sec
Viscosity cP
Nozzle Diameter in
Single Entry TRUE Dual Entry FALSE

21
Spreadsheet Features UOM

22
Spreadsheet Features – UOM

23
Features – Number of Entry Nozzles

Nozzle Diameter in
Single Entry TRUE Dual Entry FALSE

SELECTED DRUM DIMENSIONS UNIT VALUE

Nozzle Centerline to Tangent Nzzl. Centerline to Tan.

ft 18.50 ft ft
Inlet Nozzle Dia, in: Outlet Nzzle Dia, in:
12.00 12.00

Liq Levels From Bottom ( ft ) Section Vol Residence Time, minute Vapor
Space
HHLL (ESD) 4.49 ( ft³ ) Incoming Outgoing (2) Note 3
HLL (2nd Pump Starts) 4.69 -29.5 -1.8 -17.7 -2.0
8.0 ft
NLL (1st Pump Starts) 4.69 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Add Holdup

Slop Level 1.00 500.0 30.0 300.0 33.3 Liq Holdup

LLL (Both Pumps Stop) 0.00 66.8 4.0 40.1 4.5 Slop Cap

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dead Vol

18.50 ft

24
Features – Number of Entry Nozzles

Nozzle Diameter in
Single Entry FALSE Dual Entry TRUE

SELECTED DRUM DIMENSIONS UNIT VALUE

Nozzle Centerline to Tangent Nzzl. Centerline to Tan.

ft 18.50 ft 0.00 ft
Inlet Nozzles Dia, in:
12.00
Outlet Nzzle Dia, in: 12.00
Liq Levels From Bottom ( ft ) Section Vol Residence Time, minute Vapor
Space
HHLL (ESD) 4.49 ( ft³ ) Incoming Outgoing (2) Note 3
HLL (2nd Pump Starts) 4.69 -29.5 -1.8 -17.7 -2.0
8.0 ft
NLL (1st Pump Starts) 4.69 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Add Holdup

Slop Level 1.00 500.0 30.0 300.0 33.3 Liq Holdup

LLL (Both Pumps Stop) 0.00 66.8 4.0 40.1 4.5 Slop Cap

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dead Vol

18.50 ft

25
 Features – Iterative Calculations

Calculated Values
Entered Data
16 Vapor Density, ρV lb/ft³ 0.180
1 DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE 17 Volumetric Vapor Rate, Q V ft³/hr 938,889
2 Drum Temperature, t °F 300.0 18 Liquid Holdup Capacity ft³ 500.0
3 Drum Pressure, P bar-g 0.138 19 Calculated Drum Diameter, D C ft 7.85
4 Estimated L/D Ratio, R E -- 2.44 20 Calculated Minimum Drum Length (T/T), L C ft 19.11
5 Mass Flow Rate, M V lb/hr 169,000 Slop Height from Bottom, H SC
21 ft 0.98
6 Molecular Weight, MW V lb/lbmole
VAPOR

22 Liquid Holdup Height from Bottom (NLL), H NC ft 4.63

7 Compressibility Factor, Z V --
23 High Liquid Level Height from Bottom, H LC ft 4.63
8 Density, ρ V lb/ft³ 0.180
24 Liquid Dropout Velocity, V DC ft/sec 2.35
9 Viscosity, µV cP 0.010
25 Liquid Dropout Time, T DC sec 1.37
10 Mass Flow Rate, M L lb/hr 31,000
11 Density, ρ L lb/ft³ 31.0
26 Vapor Space Height, H VC ft 3.22
L IQ U ID

12 Maximum Droplet Size, d M micron 300 27 Vapor Space Cross Sectional Area, A VC ft² 18.7
13 Slop Capacity, V S ft³ 66.8 28 Vapor Velocity, V VC ft/sec 13.95
14 Holdup Time, (Slop Level to NLL), T H minute 30 29 C ( Re ) 2 -- 5,025
15 Additional Holdup Volume to HLL, V XL ft³ 0.0 30 Drag Coefficient, C C -- 1.298
31 Convergence Absolute Tolerance ft 0.00E+00

26
 Features – Convergence
FLARE KNOCK OUT DRUM PROG NO: JE-103 Converg. Area
Client: JACOBS Prepared By: Date: 05/08/2011 Check Tolerance
Project: API 521 SAMPLE CALCULATION - 1 Checked By: Job No: XXXXX-100 R FALSE 8.96E-05
Subject: FLARE KNOCK OUT DRUM Tag No: V-XXXX E FALSE -6.86E-10
Calc No: XXX-XXXX-XXXXX-000 File No: XXX-XXXX-XXXXX-000 Sheet: 1 of 1 V FALSE -9.89E-10
1 DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE UNITS OF MEASUREMENT FALSE 9.89E-10
2 Drum Temperature, t °F 300.0 Temperature °F FALSE Converg.
3 Drum Pressure, P psi-g 2.0 Pressure psi FALSE Tolerance
4 Estimated L/D Ratio, R E -- 2.44 Mass Flow Rate lb/hr FALSE 5.56E-09
5 Mass Flow Rate, M V lb/hr 169,000 Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate gpm FALSE 0.00E+00
6 Molecular Weight, MW V lb/lbmole 79.11 Vapor Volumetric Flow Rate ft³/hr FALSE
VAPO R

4.11E-15
7 Compressibility Factor, Z V -- 0.900 Density lb/ft³ FALSE -3.55E-15
8 Density, ρ V lb/ft³ Dimension ft FALSE
9 Viscosity, µV cP 0.010 Area ft² FALSE
10 Mass Flow Rate, M L lb/hr 31,000 Liquid Volume ft³ FALSE
11 Density, ρ L lb/ft³ 31.0 Velocity ft/sec FALSE
L IQ U ID

12 Maximum Droplet Size, d M micron 300 Viscosity cP FALSE

13 Slop Capacity, V S ft³ 66.8 Nozzle Diameter in FALSE
14 Holdup Time, (Slop Level to NLL), T H minute 30 Single Entry FALSE Dual Entry TRUE FALSE
15 Additional Holdup Volume to HLL, V XL ft³ 26.7 SELECTED DRUM DIMENSIONS UNIT VALUE FALSE
16 Vapor Density, ρV lb/ft³ 0.180 KO Drum Pump(s) Capacity gpm 12.47 FALSE
17 Volumetric Vapor Rate, Q V ft³/hr 938,839 Does Second Pump Start at HLL? -- No FALSE

Keep Hitting F9 till all the Convergence Checks turns “True”

27
 Features – Convergence
FLARE KNOCK OUT DRUM PROG NO: JE-103 Converg. Area
Client: JACOBS Prepared By: Date: 05/22/2011 Check Tolerance
Project: API 521 SAMPLE CALCULATION - 1 Checked By: Job No: XXXXX-100 R TRUE 0.00E+00
Subject: FLARE KNOCK OUT DRUM Tag No: V-XXXX E TRUE 0.00E+00
Calc No: XXX-XXXX-XXXXX-000 File No: XXX-XXXX-XXXXX-000 Sheet: 1 of 1 V TRUE 0.00E+00
1 DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE UNITS OF MEASUREMENT TRUE 0.00E+00
2 Drum Temperature, t °F 300.0 Temperature °F TRUE Converg.
3 Drum Pressure, P bar-g 0.138 Pressure bar TRUE Tolerance
4 Estimated L/D Ratio, R E -- 2.44 Mass Flow Rate lb/hr TRUE 0.00E+00
5 Mass Flow Rate, M V lb/hr 169,000 Liquid Volumetric Flow Rate ft³/hr TRUE 0.00E+00
6 Molecular Weight, MW V lb/lbmole Vapor Volumetric Flow Rate ft³/hr
VA PO R

TRUE 0.00E+00
7 Compressibility Factor, Z V -- Density lb/ft³ TRUE 0.00E+00
8 Density, ρ V lb/ft³ 0.180 Dimension ft TRUE
9 Viscosity, µV cP 0.010 Area ft² TRUE
10 Mass Flow Rate, M L lb/hr 31,000 Liquid Volume ft³ TRUE
11 Density, ρ L lb/ft³ 31.0 Velocity ft/sec TRUE
LIQ U ID

12 Maximum Droplet Size, d M micron 300 Viscosity cP TRUE

13 Slop Capacity, V S ft³ 66.8 Nozzle Diameter in TRUE
14 Holdup Time, (Slop Level to NLL), T H minute 30 Single Entry FALSE Dual Entry TRUE TRUE
15 Additional Holdup Volume to HLL, V XL ft³ 0.0 SELECTED DRUM DIMENSIONS UNIT VALUE TRUE
16 Vapor Density, ρV lb/ft³ 0.180 KO Drum Pump(s) Capacity ft³/hr 100.00 TRUE
17 Volumetric Vapor Rate, Q V ft³/hr 938,889 Does Second Pump Start at HLL? -- No TRUE

Keep Hitting F9 till all the Convergence Checks turns “True”

28
 Features – Selecting Drum Dimensions
Selected Variables
Calculated Values
SELECTED DRUM DIMENSIONS UNIT VALUE
16 Vapor Density, ρV lb/ft³ 0.180 KO Drum Pump(s) Capacity gpm 12.47
17 Volumetric Vapor Rate, Q V ft³/hr 938,889 Does Second Pump Start at HLL? -- No
18 Liquid Holdup Capacity ft³ 500.0 Droplet Size for Selected Dimensions, d S micron 303
19 Calculated Drum Diameter, D C ft 7.93 Selected Drum Diameter, D S ft 8.00
20 Calculated Minimum Drum Length (T/T), L C ft 18.84 Selected Drum Length (T/T), L S ft 18.50
21 Slop Height from Bottom, H SC ft 0.99 Slop Height from Bottom, H SS ft 1.00
22 Liquid Holdup Height from Bottom (NLL), H NC ft 4.65 Liquid Holdup Ht (Normal Level), H NS ft 4.69
23 High Liquid Level Height from Bottom, H LC ft 4.65 High Liquid Level Height, H LS ft 4.69
24 Liquid Dropout Velocity, V DC ft/sec 2.35 Liquid Dropout Velocity, V DS ft/sec 2.38
25 Liquid Dropout Time, T DC sec 1.40 Liquid Dropout Time, T DS sec 1.39
26 Vapor Space Height, H VC ft 3.29 Vapor Space Height, H VS ft 3.31
27 Vapor Space Cross Sectional Area, A VC ft² 19.3 Vapor Space Cross Sectional Area, A VS ft² 19.6
28 Vapor Velocity, V VC ft/sec 13.48 Vapor Velocity, V VS ft/sec 13.29
29 C ( Re ) 2 -- 5,025 C ( Re ) 2 -- 5,180
30 Drag Coefficient, C C -- 1.298 Drag Coefficient, C S -- 1.284
31 Convergence Absolute Tolerance ft 1.37E-10 Iteration Weight -- 3.00

29
Features – Liquid Levels
ft 18.50 ft 0.00 ft
Inlet Nozzles Dia, in:
12.00
Outlet Nzzle Dia, in: 14.00
Liq Levels From Bottom ( ft ) Section Vol Residence Time, minute Vapor
Space
HHLL (ESD) 0.00 ( ft³ ) Incoming Outgoing (2) Note 3
HLL (2nd Pump Starts) 4.69 -566.8 -34.0 -340.1 -37.8
8.0 ft
NLL (1st Pump Starts) 4.69 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Add Holdup

Slop Level 1.00 500.0 30.0 300.0 33.3 Liq Holdup

LLL (Both Pumps Stop) 0.00 66.8 4.0 40.1 4.5 Slop Cap

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dead Vol

18.50 ft

Liq. Level Variable Definition

LLL: Fixed Either the lower level tap or where pump(s) stop.
Slop Level: Free Calculated based on slop volume.
NLL: Free Calculated based on the holdup time (20-30 minutes)
HLL Free Calculated based on “Additional Holdup Volume”. Normally the
second pump (if applicable) starts at this level.
HHLL: Fixed Emergency Shut Down (if effective).
Vapor Space Free Calculated from HLL to the top of drum.

30
Features – Section Vol., & Resid. Time
ft 18.50 ft 0.00 ft
Inlet Nozzles Dia, in:
12.00
Outlet Nzzle Dia, in: 14.00
Liq Levels From Bottom ( ft ) Section Vol Residence Time, minute Vapor
Space
HHLL (ESD) 0.00 ( ft³ ) Incoming Outgoing (2) Note 3
HLL (2nd Pump Starts) 4.69 -566.8 -34.0 -340.1 -37.8
8.0 ft
NLL (1st Pump Starts) 4.69 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Add Holdup

Slop Level 1.00 500.0 30.0 300.0 33.3 Liq Holdup

LLL (Both Pumps Stop) 0.00 66.8 4.0 40.1 4.5 Slop Cap

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dead Vol

18.50 ft

Section Volumes: Volume between the two liquid levels.

Incoming Resid Time: Based on incoming liquid flow rate.
Outgoing Resid Time: Based on capacity of one pump.
Third Column (Note 3): Based on the balance of incoming liquid flow and
outgoing pump-out rate by one pump.

31
Features – Effective Drum Length
Nozzle Centerline to Tangent Nzzl. Centerline to Tan.
0.51 ft 17.40 ft 0.59 ft
Inlet Nozzle Dia, in: Outlet Nzzle Dia, in:
12.00 14.00

Liq Levels From Bottom ( ft ) Section Vol Residence Time, minute Vapor
Space
HHLL (ESD) 0.00 ( ft³ ) Incoming Outgoing (2) Note 3
HLL (2nd Pump Starts) 4.69 -566.8 -34.0 -340.1 -37.8
8.0 ft
NLL (1st Pump Starts) 4.69 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Add Holdup

Slop Level 1.00 500.0 30.0 300.0 33.3 Liq Holdup

LLL (Both Pumps Stop) 0.00 66.8 4.0 40.1 4.5 Slop Cap

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dead Vol

18.50 ft

● Effective Length of the drum is between inlet and outlet nozzle centerlines.
● The distance from the nozzle centerline to head seam must be greater than half
of the nozzle diameter.

32
Features – Cell Comments

33
Questions and Discussions

34