BC mitt HII ATENCONTENTS Psst! Symbols and abbreviations Glossary a Units 1 2 v4 vs 5 ve v7 /8 vs yo u 2 fs as dis 16 First Things First Mirror, Mirror, On The Wall... Grasping Grammar How Do You Do? ‘Warning Up Now Hear This! Speaking Your Mind Between The Lines Deat Diary Putting It All Together Right On! We All Make Mistakes Plan OF Attack Don’t Panic! Us And Them You Can't Always Get What You Want Bibliography Index Introduction The first lesson Classroom observation Presenting structures Introducing vocabulary ‘Teaching the four skills: task preparation Teaching listening + Teaching speaking: ‘Teaching reading * Teaching writing * Integrating the skills * Responding to learners’ writing Dealing with spoken errors Lesson plaiting Classroom managentent Learning styles and classroom interaction Materials evaluation and adaptation » page iv vil vill 3 31 42 50 69 76 83. 92 98 106 un 120 130 134GLOSSARY This is an alphabetical list of terms which are used in Tasks for Teacher Education ‘accuracy “The ability to produce language in an. grammatically corcect way. Compare fluency. See language acquisition activity short task which Is part of a lesson, perhaps lasting 15-20 minutes. Synonymous here with task affective Influencing or inflaenced hy the emotions. affective filter An imaginary device, first used by Linguist Stephen Xrashen (1980) who believes that individuals with a positive attitude toward the target language and/or culture have a lower affective filter, a kind of screen through which new language and information passes on its way to the brain. According to Krashen, the lower the affective filter, the more language the individual is likely to acquire. sims ‘The behavioural objectives of a lesson (e.g, The learners will be able to aver tickets for a fit ‘over the telephone.) authentic materials ‘Texts from real-life sources (e.g, magazine articies, original cassette recordings) originally intended for native speakers. body language Non-verbal communication. The way someone communicates 4 message with their body (eg. by eye contact, facial expression, gestures, posture). brainstorm To collect together ideas very quickly, without judging whether the ideas are good or not. Also a brainstonn, classroom management The way a teacher organises her classroom and learners (e.g. how the furniture fs organised, wien to start and stop activities cloze A technique used commonly in teaching reading and listening, where words are removed from a text and replaced by gaps. The learners then fill in the gaps. conummnicative language teaching The goal of this teaching method is communication, both in the classroom and in real life. It generally encourages ‘more learner talk for real communicative purposes and a facilitative role for the teacher. acquisition concept checking In teaching vocabulary, a technique in which teachers check learners’ comprehension of a new concept by asking related questions (¢.g, What can you buy in a bakery?) content-based Pocusing on a content area (e.g. the rain forest), so that learners will acquire language through a meaningful study of a content area, stiatogue journal A written diary exchanged between ‘two individuals (@.g. learner to learner, learner to teacher); content is more important than form Errors are not addressed, generally. EFL Acronym for English as a Foreign Language, The cofe of English in 9 country where English is not a language of communtcation. licitation A procedure where a teacher gets learness to produce language, draws information out of the learners. Also % elicit and eliciting. error A mistake made in language learning which shows that the learner hasn't yet learnt something. Compare mistake. See also page 93 fora dictionary definition. evatuation Gathering information about a class oF an individual in order to form a judgement (e, about Engiish level or about a trainee’s teaching). Contrasted in this book with observation, eatenstve reading Reading a long text (@.g, a books ‘ora lot of text on a-variety of topics to obtain an overall understariding of #. Compare Intensive reading. facilitator An assistant to or a guide of a group, who helps the group to find their own answers rather than providing them with ‘igh’ answers, feedbuck Information that is given to learners about their spoken or written performance, or to trainees or teachers about their teaching. fiuency The ability to produce language easily, to communicate quickly but not necessarily with grammatical correctness, Compare accuracy. genre Type of text (e.g. a magazine, a letter, a nate) sist The main idea or message of a text, elther spoken or written. sroup dynamics The way a group of people interacts ‘with each other.huananistic activities Teaching techniques which emphasise the whole person and acceptance of his or her individual values and emotions. Also humanism. hypony A word which is included in the meaning of another word (¢.g. daisy is a hyponym of flower). Compare superordinate inference guess about something from a text, reading between the lines. Also t0 infer information gap An activity in which a learner knows something that another learner does not know, so has to communicate to ‘close the gap’ Information gaps are used a lot in commucticative Janguage teaching (¢ g. two learners have two different pictures and have to find the differences between them without showing their pictures to each other). information transfer activity An activity where a learner has to move information from one place to another (e.g. a learner has to complete a table according to information on a map). input Language which learners experience in a lesson, from which they can learn. integrated skills Al of the language skills (listening, reading, speaking, writing) together. Integrated skills activities bring together different language skills (€. learners discuss a writing assignment, thus practising listening, speaking and writing) intensive teading Caceful reading to obtain specific information from a text (usually a short text) Compare extensive eadling. Interaction Patterns of communication (verbal and non-verbal) between people Jigsaw reading An activity which involves re-ordering a mixed up text to find its correct ‘order; it helps learners see the connections between parts of a written text. journal A written diary, Compare dialogue journal LI The Janguage you first know as a child, 12 The language you leam second. language acquisition "Picking up’ a language: not learning it consciously, but by being exposed to it in natural situations (e.g. as 4 child learns his first language). Often contrasted with language learning, which involves # conscious knowledge of the language (e.g. grammatical rules). language skills There are four principal language skills: listening, reading, speaking and writing. The skills also involve grammar and vocabulary ciossany leamer-based activity Am activity in which learners supply personally relevant information (e.g, their favourite hobbies) or help create materials. eamer-centred teaching Learning situations where information and ideas are brought to the class by Jearners and used as learning material and which aze concerned with the interests, needs, learning styles, feelings, lives and/or values of learners leamer talking time The amount a learner (or learners) talk during a fesson, learning strategy A process or technique which a learner uses to help herself to learn a language (e.g. looking at a photograph above a newspaper article beiore reading isa reading strategy) Jeaming style ‘The way a particular leamer learns something (eg. by watching, by doing) lexical set A group of related words, a word family (€g. 2 lexical set of furniture might be chair, table television, sofa) method ocedures and techniques characteristic of teaching microteaching A teaching situation which has been reduced in some way (e.g. the teacher's task is simplified, the lesson is very short, the class size 4s small): Often used in a training situation to concentrate on one particular aspect of a trainee’s teaching. Usually one trainee teaches a short activity to her classmates. mind map A diagram which supposedly represents the Drain or the mind: topics are clustered on the page together as they are believed to be collected in the brain. For an example of a mind map, see page 43. ‘mistake A mistake in Haguistic terms is a language iistake made by a learner when he is careless, Compare error. See page 93 for a dictionary definition. mixed-ability class group of learners whose proficiency levels span a range (e.g, high- begisming, low intermediate, high-intermediate), ‘monitoring What a teacher does while learners are doing an activity (e.g. group work); walking around the class and listening to, checking or helping learners. Monitoring is also used by linguists in connection with language learning theory; learners are considered to monitor their language when they are consciously following the (spoken or written) language they are producing.