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K ^rkireè hm mstuhdk7 CDMOCDES EH@DODSXZEXDQES T ^KFDCDEFMS
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CKHDIK ^MOEF D
E^FDCEHK E FE A]OCDÓO ^KFDCDEF
:>:>

^KFDCÀ O CDKO F HMF ^MZ×
^KFDCDE OECDKOEF HMF ^MZ]
MSC]MFE OECDKOEF HM AKZ@ECDKO ^ZKAMSDKOEF ^KFDCDEF
Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef Ô^
SDFEJK
D. HEXKS DOAKZ@EXDQKS
CEZZMZE ^ZKAMSDKOEF 7 Cdmocdes Eh`dodstretdves y ^kfdcdefms

@KH]FK ^ZKAMSDKOEF 7 DD @KH]FK
]ODHEH HDHECXDCE 7 CKHDIK ^MOEF D
E^FDCEHK E FE A]OCDÓO ^KFDCDEF
HKCMOXM ZMS^KOSEJFM 7
^MZDKHK ECEHM@DCK 7 DD ^MZDKHK
O·. HM CZMHDXKS 7:
O·. HM BKZES. H
HM
MFFE
E ]H. 7 18
AMCBE HM DODCDK 7 >1 MOMZK :>:>
AMCBE HM ADOEFDWECDKO 7 := EJZDF :>:>
M@EDF 7
DD. S]@DFFE
Fe esdioeture HMZMCBK ^MOEF D E^FDCEHK E FE A]OCDÓO
^KFDCDEF, akrè pertm hmf Curràcufu` hm Mstuhdks hm fe Mscumfe hm

Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef Ô^, sdmohk hm oeturefmze
tmórdck-pråctdck< hmserrkffe fks auohe`motks okrètdvks qum prkvmmrå ef
mstuhdeotm Ô^ uoe jesm sófdhe hm ckokcd`dmotks hkctrdoerdks
mfm`motefms hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef, qum fm pmr`dtdrå rmfecdkoer y epfdcer ef
cu`pfd`dmotk hm fe adoefdheh auohe`motef hm fe ^kfdcàe Oecdkoef hmf ^mr÷<
esà ck`k mo su trejegk ckkrhdoehk cko fks hm`ås kpmrehkrms hm gustdcde
mo akrè óptdè< jrdohe doakrècdóo tmórdce ectuefdzehe cko sus
rmspmctdves epfdcecdkoms pråctdces, hmshm uoe vdsdóo ckostdtucdkoef, pmoef,
pkfàtdck-crd`doef y ifkjefdzehkre, skjrm fes prdocdpefms dostdtucdkoms hmf


Hmrmcbk ^moef, pertm imomref, mspmcdef`motm fes qum rdimo oumstrk

sdstmè puodtdvk, tefms ck`k fks prdocdpdks hmf hmrmcbk pmoef, fe tmkràe
t mkràe hm
fe pmoe, fe tmkràe hmf hmfdtk mo sus hdstdotes vmrsdkoms y msqumès hm
dotmrprmtecdóo, motrm ktrks espmctks cko uoe ectdtuh pertdcdpetdve, rmafmxdve
y cràtdce.
DDD. ]ODHEH HM CK@^MXMOCDE QDOC]FEHE EF @KH]FK.
Epfdcer täcodces hm trejegk ertdcufehk mamctdvk cko fe ckùodheh,

imomreohk fe pertdcdpecdóo ectdve y krieodzehe hm fe `dsè, qum pmr`dte
fe dhmotdadcecdóo, prdkrdzecdóo, rmskfucdóo hm prkjfmès y fe pfeodadcecdóo
mo ckoguotk hm fes pktmocdefms ectdvdhehms prmvmotdves y hm dotmrvmocdóo
DQ. CEÊCDHEH HM FE ]ODHEH HDHECXDCE.

Epfdcer fks ckokcd`dmotks smi÷o mf Cóhdik
Cóhdik ^moef<
^moef< pere mf cu`pfd`dmotk
cu`pfd`dmotk hm
hm
fe adoefdheh auohe`motef hm fe ^kfdcàe Oecdkoef hmf ^mr÷.
Q. KJGMXDQKS.
e) KJGMXDQKS IMOMZEFMS.
^rk`kvmr.- mf mstuhdk hmf sdstmè hmf krhmo skcdef e pertdr hm fks
dostru`motks hm ckotrkf skcdef akrèf m doakrèf, ckosdhmreohk teotk ef
hmfdocumotm ck`k e fe vàctdè, esà te`jdäo e fes tmkràes hmf hmfdtk y hm

fe pmoe ck`k pertm hm fe tmkràe hm fe seocdóo, e fe hmtmr`doecdóo
guhdcdef hm fe pmoe, y fes ckosmcumocdes guràhdces hmf dfàcdtk pmoef cko
uoe ectdtuh cràtdce
cràtdce skjrm mf auocdkoe`dmotk hmf
hmf sdstmè pmoef
pmoef y cko
uoe vdsdóo treosvmrsef hm fe fucbe ckotre fe crd`doefdheh krieodzehe.
Ak`moter.- mf dotmräs y mstuhdk pkr mf hmrmcbk pmoef pertm imomref,
epfdcersm e auturk mo fe auocdóo pkfdcdef cko fes peutes qum mf `ätkhk
hm mstuhdk pmr`dte doirmser ef ckokcd`dmotk hm fes aecuftehms puodtdves
hm fe qum mste aecuftehk mf Mstehk.

Akrèr.- ef auturk mamctdvk pkfdcdef e treväs hm fe pråctdce hm vefkrms

ck`k fe gustdcde, esà ck`k fks vefkrms hm fe skfdherdheh y mf
ck`peõmrds`k pkr `mhdk hm fks hdstdotks trejegks ecehä`dcks qum
rmefdcmo mo irupk, hkohm veo e dotmrectuer y rmskfvmr fes hdadcuftehms
prkpdes hm ästks qumbecmrms, sdrvdmohk pere uo `mgkr hmsm`pmõk hmf

mirmsehk.
j) KJGMXDQKS MS^MCDADCKS.
Eoefdzer.- fe tmkràe hmf hmfdtk, esà ck`k fks hmfdtks hkfksks hm ck`dsdóo,
fks hkfksks hm k`dsdóo, fks cufpksks hm ck`dsdóo y cufpksks hm
k`dsdóo, e pertdr hm fe mstructure pertdcufer hm cehe uoe hm mffes.
Epfdcer.- fks msqumès hm fes hdvmrses akrès hmf dogustk pmoef, (pkr
ck`dsdóo u k`dsdóo, smeo mstks hkfksks k cufpksks) e fe skfucdóo hm
cesks pråctdcks qum sm pfeotmeråo hureotm mf hmserrkffk hm tkhk mf

cursk, prd`mrk pkr pertm hm fe cåtmhre y fumik pkr pertm hm fks
pertdcdpeotms.
Zmefdzer.- trejegk `kokiråadck, dohdvdhuef y ckfmctdvk, mffk cko mf
prkpósdtk hm sustmoterfk, mf cuef dovkfucre fe skcdefdzecdóo motrm fks
dotmireotms hmf irupk, mf trejegk mo mqudpk, mf fdhmrezik, fe skfdherdheh,
fe dhmotdadcecdóo hmf irupk, y skjrm tkhk mf eprmohdzegm dovdsdjfm.
^mradfer .-
.- fes hdstdotes cepecdhehms, bejdfdhehms y hmstrmzes hm cehe
uok hm fks pertdcdpeotms mo mf eprmohdzegm sdiodadcetdvk becde uoe
hmtmr`doehe ectdvdheh mo su auturk prkamsdkoef próxd`k, mstk vàe mf

hmserrkffk hm sus hmstrmzes eriu`motetdves, hm crmetdvdheh, hm
fdhmrezik, hm trejegk mo mqudpk, hm rmspkosejdfdheh, hm cràtdce y
eutkcràtdce, hm prk ectdvdheh mo fes sdtuecdkoms prkjfmè, hm
rmtrkefd`motecdóo.
QD. ECXDQDHEHMS HM E^ZMOHDWE

E^ZMOHDWEGM
GM

MFM@MOXKS HM
ECXDQDHEHMS HM E^ZMOHDWE
E^ZMOHDWEGM/SMSDKOMS
GM/SMSDKOMS BKZES
FE CEÊCDHEH
ECXDQDHEH O·.>5
Hmrmcbk ^moef7 ckocmptk, cerectmràstdces – >8
Auohe`motks hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef – Ckotrkf Skcdef
- Ckostdtucdóo y Hmrmcbk ^moef.
ECXDQDHEH O·.>:
Xàtufk ^rmfd`doer – Cóhdik ^moef. Fà`dtms ef pkhmr

pmoef -Auocdóo puodtdve hmf mstehk -Fd`dtms
ètmrdefms k iereotàes pmoefms -^rdocdpdk hm
fmiefdheh -^rdocdpdk hm prkbdjdcdóo hm eoefkiàe -
^rdocdpdk hm drrmtrkectdvdheh hm fe fmy pmoef. -
^rdocdpdk hm omcmsdheh y `àodè dotmrvmocdóo hmf
Ckokcmr mf Hmrmcbk hmrmcbk pmoef7 prdocdpdk hm sujsdhderdmheh y >8

prdocdpdk hm arei`moterdmheh.- ^rdocdpdk hm
^moef, mf å`jdtk hm
su epfdcecdóo y fks mxcfusdve prktmccdóo hm jdmoms guràhdcks. ^rdocdpdk
mfm`motks hmf hm recdkoefdheh y buèodheh hm fes pmoes. Fd`dtms
hmfdtk. akrèfms k iereotàes prkcmsefms Mf hmjdhk

prkcmsk. Iereotàe gurdshdccdkoef, prdocdpdk hm
gudcdk fmief k prdocdpdk hm
gurdshdccdkoefdheh. Iereotàe hm mgmcucdóo k
prdocdpdk hm mgmcucdóo fmief hm fe
f e pmoe.
ECXDQDHEH O·.>3
Å`jdtk hm epfdcecdóo hm fe Fmy ^moef, Epfdcecdóo >8
tm`pkref hm fe Fmy ^moef< drrmtrkectdvdheh, fmyms
pmoefms tm`pkrefms y mxcmpcdkoefms.
ECXDQDHEH O·.>8
Xmkràe Imomref hmf Hmfdtk, ckocmptk, sugmtk ectdvk >8
hmf hmfdtk, sugmtk pesdvk hmf hmfdtk, fes skcdmhehms
ck`k sugmtks pesdvks.

ECXDQDHEH O·.>=
Mfm`motk cmotref hmf hmfdtk (fe ckohucte),
ckocmptk. Fe eccdóo, mfm`motks hm fe eccdóo, >8
eusmocde hm fe eccdóo. Aumrze drrmsdstdjfm, ectk
Zmckokcmr fes aesms rmafmgk, d`prmsdóo perefdzeotm, mstehk hm omcmsdheh

hm fe eccdóo (fmiàtdè hmamose).
hmfdctdve, dotmroe y ECXDQDHEH O·.>1
mxtmroe< pere Aesms hm fe Eccdóo, Aesm Dotmroe y Mxtmroe, eccdóo
hmtmr`doer mf y rmsuftehk. Mfm`motks hmf Hmfdtk, fe tdpdcdheh, fe >8
ce`dok hmf hmfdtk- eotdgurdhdcdheh, fe cufpejdfdheh. Bmcbk puodjfm.
‖Dtmrcrd`dods‐, esà Hkfk, Cfesms hm hkfk. Cufpe. @khefdheh hm fe
ck`k fe Xmotetdve y cufpe, d`pmrdcde, omifdimocde, d`pruhmocde y fe
fe Eutkràe y dokjsmrveocde hm rmife`motk k hmjmrms hmf cerik.
êrtdcdpecdóo mo mf ECXDQDHEH O·.>9

hmfdtk. Mf Dtmrcrd`dods, sdiodadcehk, aesms hmf hmserrkffk hmf
hmfdtk, dhmecdóo, hmfdjmrecdóo y Hmcdsdóo k >8
rmskfucdóo. Xmotetdve, cfesms hm tmotetdve, Fmiàtdè
hmamose, eirmsdóo dfmidtdè, omcmsdheh recdkoef hmf
`mhdk m`pfmehk, aefte hm prkvkcecdóo suadcdmotm.
ECXDQDHEH O·.>2
Mxpfdcer fe akrè y Eutkràe y pertdcdpecdóo, Xmkràe hmf hk`dodk hmf
`khk hm bmcbk, eutkràe hdrmcte, eutkràe `mhdete.
pertdcdpecdóo mo fe
êrtdcdpecdóo, akrès hm pertdcdpecdóo,
ck`dsdóo hmf hmfdtk. ck`pfdcdheh, akrès hm ck`pfdcdheh, prdèrde y >8
smcuoherde. Cfesms hm pmoe, pmoe prdvetdve hm fe
Mxpfdcer rmspmctk fdjmrteh, pmoes rmstrdctdves hm fe fdjmrteh, pmoes
hmf aectu` fd`dtetdves hm hmrmcbk.
docrd`doetkrdk –
.
Mfm`motks y
ECXDQDHEH O·.>4
Mstructure. >8
. D`putecdóo kjgmtdve D. Xmkràe hmf tdpk. e) Mfm`motks
mstructurefms hm fe d`putecdóo kjgmtdve. –

Ceusefdheh- Cfesms - Zdmsik pmr`dtdhk. -

ECXDQDHEH O·.5>
D`putecdóo kjgmtdve DDD. -Ado hm prktmccdóo hm fe >8

okrè pmoef.- Hmsvdecdóo hmf omxk ceusef. –
Ckosmotd`dmotk -Cu`pfd`dmotk hm auocdkoms.
ECXDQDHEH O·.55
Ckocursk hm hmfdtks. Ckocmptk. Hmfdtk ckotdouehk
y hmfdtk hm èse. Ckocmptk y rmqudsdtks.
D`pertdr mf
Ckosmcumocde pmoef. e) Ckocursk dhmef Ckocmptk
ckokcd`dmotk cejef >8
y rmqudsdtk. Ckosmcumocde pmoef. j) Ckocursk rmef.
e cmrce hmf
Ckocmptk y rmqudsdtks. Ckosmcumocde pmoef.
ckocursk dhmef y rmef
]odheh hm fmyms (ckocursk epermotm hm fmyms.
hmf hmfdtk.
^rdocdpdk hm mspmcdefdheh. ^rdocdpdk hm
sujsdhderdmheh. ^rdocdpdk hm ckosuocdóo.
ECXDQDHEH O·.5:
Esd`ds`k mf
Cerectmràstdces hm fe Ckohucte ûodjfm - >8
Sdstmè hm ^moes –
Etmoueotms – Mxd`motms – Zmdocdhmocde y
^rdocdpdks y Cfesms.
Bejdtuefdheh.
ECXDQDHEH O·.53.
Sdstmès hm ^moes – ^rdocdpdks y Cfesms hm ^moe- >8
pmoe prdvetdve hm fe fdjmrteh, pmoes rmstrdctdves hm
fe fdjmrteh, pmoes fd`dtetdves hm hmrmcbk.
ECXDQDHEH O·.58
Mxpfdcer fe Mxtdocdóo Mxtdocdóo hm fe ^mrsmcucdóo ^moef y hm fe >8
hm fe eccdóo pmoef – Mgmcucdóo hm fe ^moe.
Hmtmr`doecdóo ECXDQDHEH O·.5=
mgmcucdóo hm fe pmoe Fe Xmkràe hm fe hmtmr`doecdóo guhdcdef hm fe pmoe.- >8
Zmperecdóo Cdvdf.
ECXDQDHEH O·.51
Mxe`mo Adoef SHECE

QDD. ZMC]ZSKS HDHECXDCKS
Mf hkcmotm pere mf hmserrkffk hm fe esdioeture m`pfmerå fks sdiudmotms

mqudpks y ètmrdefms.
E. MU]D^KS7 Qdhmk, irejecdk

irejecdkoms,
oms, ck`pu
ck`putehkr,
tehkr, prkymctkr ùftd`mhde y
pmfàcufes.
J. @EXMZDEFMS7 ]tdfdzerå smperetes, sdfejk hmserrkffehk, Fdjrks

(Cóhdik ^moef) vdhmks e fdjrm mfmccdóo, pere rmakrzer fes täcodces hm
mosmõeoze tmórdce.
QDDD. @MXKHKFKIDE
E. Fes täcodce

täcodcess hm m
mosmõeoze
osmõeoze sm krdmoteråo e fe do
dotmreccdóo
tmreccdóo pmrè
pmrèomotm
omotm
motrm mf hkcmotm y mf mstuhdeotm, pere prkpdcder fe pertdcdpecdóo mo mf
eufe hureotm mf hmserrkffk hm fe cfesm, e ado hm ckoskfdheh mf trejegk mo
mqudpk, `mhdeotm mf `ätkhk dohuctdvk - hmhuctdvk. Xmodmohk mo
ckosdhmrecdóo fes ckrrdmotms pmheióidces `khmroes hm eprmohdzegm.
J. Sm prk`kvmrå
prk`kvmrå mo mf mstuhdeotm
mstuhdeotm fe pmrèomotm cufture hm do
dovmstdiecdóo
vmstdiecdóo
y fe mxpksdcdóo hm fks ckokcd`dmotks eprmohdhks mo mf eufe.
C. Mf hmserrkffk hm fks ckotmodhks

ckotmodhks currdcuferms smråo, m`domotm`motm,
tmórdck-pråctdck, `mhdeotm mf m`pfmk hm èpes ckocmptuefms y
eyuhes euhdkvdsuefms.
DR. MQEF]ECDKO
Fe mvefuecdóo dotmiref sm rdim hm ecumrhk ef @eouef hmf Zäid`mo

Mhucetdvk ^kfdcdef.

Mf prkcmsk hm mvefuecdóo hmf eprmohdzegm smrå pmrèomotm, ck`prmohmrå7
E. Mvefuecdóo Akrètdv

Akrètdve
e Dotmrectdve, mo rmfecdóo e fe pertdcdpecdóo ectdve
hmf mstuhdeotm mo mf eufe.
J. Mvefuecdóo Akrètdve k hm ^rkcmsk pere ck

ck`prkjer
`prkjer mf rmohd`dmotk
ecehä`dck, prkokstdcer pksdjdfdhehms hm hmserrkffk y rmkrdmoter fe
`mtkhkfkiàe, ck`prk`mtm fe rmefdzecdóo hm7
 Mxå`moms mscrdtks moèrcehks mo fes cepec

cepecdhehms
dhehms ckocmptuefms,
prkcmhd`motefms y ectdtuhdoefms< puhdmohk, ehm`ås, ckotmomr
prmiuotes tdpk hmserrkffk y sdtuecdóo prkjfmè, mo fes qum prd`m mf
m`pfmk hm fe cepecdheh rmafmxdve, fe ckrrmfecdóo hm crdtmrdks, mf
eoåfdsds y mf pmose`dmotk fóidck.

 Hks trejegks hm dovmstdiecdóo `kokiråadce, uok dohdvdhuef y ktrk
irupef qum sm vefkrerå mo su akrè y ckotmodhk.
C. Mvefuecdóo Suètdve
Suètdve krdmotehe e ck`prkjer mf odvmf hm hmserrkffk
ckiokscdtdvk, rmafmxdvk y hmf pmose`dmotk fóidck, pere fk cuef sm
epfdcerå uo mxe`mo adoef (51ª smèoe), hm sd`dfer cerectmràstdce
m`pfmehe mo fks mxå`moms percdefms.
R. A]MOXMS HM DOAKZ@ECDKO
E. CKHDIK ^MOEF ^MZ]EOK.

Jre`kot Erdes, Fuds E. y Jre`kot-Erdes Xkrrms, Fuds Efjmrtk (544=).
Cóhdik pmoef eoktehk (eotmcmhmotms, ckockrheocdes, peokreè
fmidsfetdvk, aumotm y okte) (5e mh.). Fdè, ^mr÷7 Seo @ercks.
Jmsdk Bmroåohmz, @. (:>55). Fks crdtmrdks fmiefms y guhdcdefms hm
dohdvdhuefdzecdóo hm fe pmoe. Irevmheh hmf bmcbk, cdrcuosteocdes

pmrskoefms hmf hmfdocumotm y ck`pmosecdóo recdkoef hm cdrcuosteocdes

etmoueotms y eireveotms. Qefmocde, Mspeõe7 Xdreot Fk Jfeocb.
Cerk Gkbo, Gksä Eotkodk (:>58). @eouef tmórdck-pråctdck hm tmkràe hmf
hmfdtk. ^mr÷7 Idz y Ere Mhdtkrms.
Burtehk ^kzk, Gksä y ^rehk Sefherrdeie, Qàctkr (:>55). @eouef hm

hmrmcbk pmoef. êrtm imomref (8te mh., Xk`k :). Fdè, ^mr÷7 Dhm`se.
^mõe Cejrmre, Ze÷f (5448). Xretehk hm hmrmcbk prkire`åtdck hm fe
pertm imomref. ^rófkik pkr Gueo Amroåohmz Cerres
Cerresqudffe.
qudffe. Seoteaä hm
Jkiktå. Fdè, ^mr÷7
^mr÷7 Irdgfmy, pp. RRDR y 19:.
^mõe Cejrmre Armyrm, E. Z. (:>53). Cursk mfm`motef hm hmrmcbk pmoef.
êrtm imomref (8 mh.). ^mr÷7 Mhdcdkoms Fmiefms.
^rehk Sefherrdeie, Qàctkr Zkjmrtk (:>>>). Fes ckosmcumocdes guràhdces
hmf hmfdtk (5e mh.). Fd
Fdè,
è, ^mr÷7 Iecmte
Iecmte Guràhdce.
Zkhràiumz Hmfiehk, G. (:>53). Mf tdpk d`pruhmotm7 uoe vdsdóo auocdkoef

hmshm mf Cóhdik ^moef pmrueok. ^mr÷7 Irdgfmy.
Zky Armyrm, Fuds Mhuerhk (5442). Ceuses hm fe mxtdocdóo hm fe eccdóo
pmoef y pmoe. Ck`moterdks ef cóhdik pmoef (Erts. 92-45) (:e mh.). Fdè,
^mr÷7 Irdgfmy.

CKHDIK ^MOEF
^MOEF D E^FDCEHK E FE A]OCDÓO ^KFDCDEF
ECXDQDHEH O¾ >5
MF HMZMCBK ^MOEF
Ckostdtuym uo ckoguotk hm okrès guràhdces hm ceråctmr susteotdves y ehgmtdves, pkr

fes cuefms mf Mstehk, mo mgmrcdcdk hmf pkhmr seocdkoehkr k ckmrcdtdvk, qum fm ms hehk
pkr mgmrcdcdk hm fk hdspumstk mo fe Ckostdtucdóo hm fe Zmp÷jfdce y fe fmy, jusce
iereotdzer fe pez y fe er`koàe skcdef ef mstejfmcmr7
e) Fks hmfdtks y Fes pmoes<

j) Fes aeftes y Fes seocdkoms<
c) Fes `mhdhes hm smiurdheh<
h) Fks prkcmhd`dmotks< y
m) Mf räid`mo pmodtmocderdk
Mf kjgmtk k adoefdheh hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef mo sà `ds`k, jusce mf mstuhdk prkauohk y

sdstm`åtdck hm fes okrès hm ckohucte skcdef, fes rezkoms qum `ktdveo su doareccdóo,
fes hdvmrses `khefdhehms mo su ck`dsdóo y fes pmoes, seocdkoms k `mhdhes
epfdcejfms mo cehe cesk.
Mf Krhmoe`dmotk Guràhdck ^moef, sm eirupe mo trms ireohms årmes7
5. Ckotdmom fes okrès hm ceråctmr susteotdvk qum hmtmr`doeo fks hmfdtks y fes
pmoes, fes aeftes y seocdkoms, esà ck`k fes `mhdhes hm smiurdheh, fk qum
ckostdtuym mf Hmrmcbk ^moef Susteotdvk<
:. Hm diuef akrè, ckoadiure fks prkcmhd`dmotks omcmserdks qum mstructureo k
rdimo fe dovmstdiecdóo hmf bmcbk crd`doef y su guzie`dmotk beste efceozer fe
hmadodtdve ckohmoe k d`pksdcdóo hm fe seocdóo k fe `mhdhe hm smiurdheh, y ms
cueohk oks rmamrd`ks
rmamrd`ks ef hmrmcbk prkcmsef pmoef k hmrmcbk pmoef
pmoef ehgmtdvk<

3. Hm diuef akrè, ms reè hmf krhmoe`dmotk guràhdck pmoef, mf ckoguotk hm

okrès y rmifes qum ejerceo mf cu`pfd`dmotk hm fe pmoe, fes `mhdhes
eftmroetdves, fks jmomadcdks pmodtmocderdks y mf cu`pfd`dmotk hm fes `mhdhes hm
smiurdheh, fk cuef sm ckokcm ck`k Hmrmcbk ^modtmocderdk.
Mf Krhmoe`dmotk Guràhdck ^moef sm outrm e sà `ds`k hm tkhes fes hdscdpfdoes hmf

ckokcd`dmotk, msteohk eskcdehk àotdè`motm cko fe crd`dokfkiàe y fe crd`doefàstdce
cko fe adoefdheh hm juscer rmspumstes e fe omcmsdheh hm mstejfmcmr fe ckohucte
buèoe qum sm sujsu`m mo mf tdpk pmoef y esà rmckostrudr fks eckotmcd`dmotk
pesehks pere mockotrer mo mf bmcbk crd`doef fks rmspkosejfms m d`pkomrfm, mo
epfdcecdóo hmf hmrmcbk, fe guste pmoe, seocdóo k `mhdhe hm smiurdheh.
CKOCM^XK HM HMZMCBK ^MOEF
Mf Hmrmcbk ^moef ms uoe reè hmf Hmrmcbk ^÷jfdck Dotmrok. ûmhm ckosdhmrersm
uoe hdscdpfdoe cdmotàadce ye qum ms uo ckoguotk sdstm`åtdck hm prdocdpdks. Sm rmadmrm
e7 hmfdtks, pmoes, `mhdhes hm smiurdheh.
»Cuåf ms mf kjgmtdvk hmf hmrmcbk pmoef; Mf kjgmtdvk ms fe crmecdóo hmf krhmo skcdef
y su ckosmrvecdóo, e treväs hm fe d`pksdcdóo hm seocdkoms pere mvdter
ck`pkrte`dmotks qum sm ckosdhmreo pmfdirksks (hmfdtks).
]o `mhdk hm ckotrkf skcdef sm hmadom ck`k uo ckoguotk hm `khmfks y sà`jkfks

cufturefms qum sko hmtmr`doehks y epfdcehks e treväs hm uo ckoguotk hm ectks. Mf
hmrmcbk pmoef ms uok hm fks `mhdks hm ckotrkf cko fks qum cumote mf Mstehk pere
supmrer fes tmosdkoms y ckoafdctks skcdefms.
E pmser hm qum mf hmrmcbk pmoef pumhe permcmr uo ckocmptk `khmrok, hdvmrses

skcdmhehms y cdvdfdzecdkoms e fk ferik hm fe bdstkrde
fe bdstkrde beo tmodhk uoes okrès
permcdhes e fes qum mstejfmcm mf hmrmcbk pmoef. Fe Fmy hmf Xefdóo (mf kgk pkr kgk,

hdmotm pkr hdmotm) k mf hmrmcbk rkèok sko efiuoks mgm`pfks hm fe mvkfucdóo qum be
be
suardhk mf hmrmcbk pmoef e fk ferik hm fe bdstkrde.
Hmadodcdóo hm efiuoks eutkrms7
êre Qko Fdszt , mf hmrmcbk pmoef ms mf "ckoguotk hm rmifes guràhdces mstejfmcdhes pkr
mf Mstehk, qum eskcdeo ef crd`mo ck`k bmcbk y e fe pmoe ck`k fmiàtdè
ckosmcumocde". Mo smotdhk sujgmtdvk, jusce hdcter fes okrès y mxdidr su epfdcecdóo
`mhdeotm fe ckeccdóo e fe d`pksdcdóo
d `pksdcdóo hm uoe pmoe.
êre Jre`kot-Erdes Xkrrms, "Mf Hmrmcbk ^moef ms uo `mhdk hm ckotrkf skcdef qum sm
cerectmrdze pkr d`pkomr seocdkoms -pmoes k `mhdhes hm smiurdheh- cueohk, sm beo
ck`mtdhk eccdkoms irevms qum etmotmo ckotre fks jdmoms guràhdcks hm èykr vefkr hm
fe skcdmheh". Ms esà ck`k, uoe vmz qum sm be vmrdadcehk fe rmspkosejdfdheh `mhdeotm
fes prm`dses mstejfmcdhes mo mf prkcmsk, mf hmrmcbk pmoef mstejfmcm fe pmoe, seocdóo
k `mhdhe qum hmjmrå smr d`pumste.

êre Akotåo Jefmstre Mf Hmrmcbk ^moef ms fe "Zeè hmf krhmoe`dmotk guràhdck qum
ckotdmom fes okrès d`pumstes jegk e`moeze hm seocdóo". Hm mste èomre, fe pmoe,
seocdóo k `mhdhe hm smiurdheh, ms fe ckosmcumocde hdrmcte d`pumste pkr mf Mstehk,
hmtmr`doehe mo mf gudcdk kref y p÷jfdck, cueohk sm vmrdadceo fks supumstks hm
rmspkosejdfdheh pmoef hmèrcehks mo mf dfàcdtk pmoef.
Fuàs Gd`äomz hm Es÷e, smõefe qum mf hmrmcbk pmoef ms mf "Ckoguotk hm okrès y
hdspksdcdkoms guràhdces qum rmiufeo mf mgmrcdcdk hmf pkhmr seocdkoehkr y prmvmotdvk
hmf Mstehk, mstejfmcdmohk mf ckocmptk hm hmfdtk ck`k prmsupumstk hm fe eccdóo
mstetef, esà ck`k fe rmspkosejdfdheh hmf sugmtk ectdvk, y eskcdeohk e fe doareccdóo hm

fe okrè uoe pmoe adoefdste k uoe `mhdhe esmiurehkre."
CEZECXMZÀSXDCES HMF HMZMCBK ^MOEF
5. ^÷jfdck
Fe seocdóo ok sm d`pkom rmspkohdmohk ef dotmräs hm fe pmrskoe pmrguhdcehe pkr
mf hmfdtk, sdok rmspkohdmohk ef dotmräs hm fe ckfmctdvdheh. ^kr msk, fe pmoe sófk
pumhm smr d`pumste pkr mf Mstehk, ms hmcdr qum mf hmrmcbk pmoef ms uo `mhdk

hm ckotrkf `kokpkfdzehk pkr mf Mstehk. Ok sm kcupe hm fe rmfecdóo motrm

dohdvdhuks sdok hm fe rmfecdóo motrm mf Mstehk skjmreok y fks dohdvdhuks.
:. Xdmom trms espmctks


Kjgmtdvk7 Mo teotk ckoguotk hm okrès guràhdck-pmoefms. Fes `dsès
mstejfmcmo uoe rmspkosejdfdheh cdvdf hmrdvehe hmf hmfdtk. ^kr msk, fe
epfdcecdóo hmf hmrmcbk pmoef prmsupkom mf crd`mo ck`k bmcbk, cuye
fmiàtdè ckosmcumocde ms fe pmoe k fe `mhdhe hm smiurdheh.
 Sujgmtdvk7 Mo teotk Hmrmcbk hmf Mstehk hm seocdkoer, ‖Dus ûodmohk‐. Fe
aecufteh hmf Mstehk hm crmer y epfdcer seocdkoms e qudmoms doardoimo mses
okrès guràhdck-pmoefms (Hmrmcbk ^moef Kjgmtdvk). Mste aecufteh sm mgmrcm
e treväs hm fe Crd`doefdzecdóo ^rdèrde (hmtmr`doecdóo hm fes ckohuctes e
seocdkoer) y hm fe Crd`doefdzecdóo Smcuoherde (epfdcecdóo hm fes pmoes).

Cdmotàadck7 Mo teotk hkctrdoe, fe Cdmocde hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef ms fe hdscdpfdoe
qum dotmrprmte y mstuhde, hm èomre sdstm`åtdce mf Hmrmcbk ^moef Kjgmtdvk
vdimotm.
3. ûodtdvk
Fks jdmoms guràhdcks sko crmehks pkr ktrks krhmoe`dmotks guràhdcks hdstdotks hmf
Hmrmcbk ^moef, pmrk mstm ÷ftd`k ms mf moceriehk hm prktmimr msks
krhmoe`dmotks guràhdcks e treväs hm fe d`pksdcdóo hm pmoes. ^kr msk sm fk
hmok`doe eccmskrdk y smcuoherdk mo rmfecdóo e fes reès hmf hmrmcbk qum
crmeo fks jdmoms guràhdcks.
8. Hdsckotdouk
Ok prmvä fe dotmrvmocdóo mstetef mo tkhes fes sdtuecdkoms, sdok qum mspmcdadce
cuåfms sko fes ckohuctes pmoehes (equmffes qum rmsufteo `ås pmfdirkses pere
fks jdmoms qum prktmim). ^kr msk mf Hmrmcbk ^moef sm ckosdhmre vefkretdvk,
pkrqum ef smfmccdkoer fes ckohuctes `ås pmfdirkses, fms he uoe d`pkrteocde e
su ceråctmr heõdok.

=. Zmiufehkr hm ckohuctes
×odce`motm sm kcupe hm fes eccdkoms hm fes pmrskoes qum mxcmhmo su
pmose`dmotk, equmffes qum sm èodadmsteo mo mf mxtmrdkr hm fe pmrskoe. Ms hmcdr
qum Hmrmcbk ^moef ok sm kcupe hmf å`jdtk hmf pmose`dmotk.
Fk qum sm cestdie sko ectks k bmcbks ckosuèhks. Sófk cueohk sm be

ck`mtdhk uoe eccdóo sm pumhm pmoer y ouoce sm pumhm epfdcer mf hmrmcbk pmoef
e uoe pmrskoe pkr fes dhmes qum tmoie.
1. ‖]ftdè Zetdk‐
Mf hmrmcbk pmoef auocdkoe ck`k fe ÷ftdè dosteocde guràhdce qum seocdkoe uoe
ckohucte, ms hmcdr qum su dotmrvmocdóo sm vumfvm omcmserde pere pmoefdzer fes
ckohuctes `ås pmfdirkses, eotm fes cuefms odoiuoe ktre dotmrvmocdóo hmf Mstehk
ms mamctdve.
9. Cufturef
Fe ckocmpcdóo hm quä ms uo hmfdtk hmpmohm hm cehe cufture, pkr msk mf Hmrmcbk
^moef ok seocdkoe fes `dsès eccdkoms mo tkhks fks peàsms, m docfusk ms
`khdadcehk e fk ferik hmf tdm`pk mo uo `ds`k Mstehk.
2. Okrètdvk
]oe okrè hmtmr`doe fes ckohuctes pmr`dtdhes y fes prkbdjdhes. Ef smõefer fes
ckohuctes qum smråo seocdkoehes, mf Hmrmcbk ^moef ms okrètdvk ye qum
hmadom equmffk qum mstå prkbdjdhk.
4. Adoefdste
Xdmom uo kjgmtdvk mspmcàadck, uo ado ckfmctdvk (pumhm smr èotmomr mf krhmo
skcdef, esmiurer mf jdmomster hm fe ckùodheh, iereotdzer fe gustdcde, mtc.)
Mf kjgmtdvk prdocdpef hmf hmrmcbk pmoef ms mf hm prktmimr e fe skcdmheh hm
ck`pkrte`dmotks qum pumheo pmrguhdcerfe. êre mffk sm utdfdzeo cestdiks
d`pumstks e cuefqudmre qum doardoge fes fmyms. Ehm`ås, mstks cestdiks te`jdäo
tdmomo uoe auocdóo prmvmotdve, pumstk qum euoqum ok pumhmo rmvkcer fes

eccdkoms ye ck`mtdhes, pumhmo smrvdr pere fe prmvmocdóo hm pksdjfms

doareccdkoms autures.
5>. ^mrskoefàsd`k
Cestdie mxcfusdve`motm e fes pmrskoes qum ck`mtdmrko fe doareccdóo, ms hmcdr

qum fe pmoe ok pumhm mxtmohmrsm e sus hmscmohdmotms od e odoiuoe ktre
pmrskoe. Ehm`ås, mf rmspkosejfm ok pumhm smr rmm`pfezehk pkr ktrk mo mf
cu`pfd`dmotk hm fe pmoe.
55. ^rkpkrcdkoefdheh
Mf hmrmcbk pmoef mstå jesehk mo mf prdocdpdk hm fe prkpkrcdkoefdheh, ms hmcdr,
fes seocdkoms k cestdiks epfdcehks hmjmo smr ckosmcumotms cko fks hmfdtks
ck`mtdhks. Ehm`ås, hm èomre sd`dfer sm epfdce mf prdocdpdk hm `àodè
dotmrvmocdóo qum hdcm qum pere epfdcer uoe pmoe, mf hmfdtk k aefte ck`mtdhks
hmjmo hm smr irevms y sdm`prm sm hmjm epfdcer fe pmoe `moks irevm pksdjfm
qum sm ehmcum ef hmfdtk.
Ckostdtucdóo y Hmrmcbk ^moef.-
Fe rmfecdóo mxdstmotm motrm fe Ckostdtucdóo y mf Hmrmcbk pmoef ms doomiejfm. Fe

Ckostdtucdóo ms mxprmsdóo hm fks prdocdpdks auohe`motefms qum dospdreo uo
Krhmoe`dmotk guràhdck. Mo fe jesm hm tkhk tmxtk ckostdtucdkoef, sm mocumotre fetmotm
uoe ckocmpcdóo hmf Hmrmcbk qum doakrè tkhes fes okrès qum ck`pkomo mf sdstmè
guràhdck.
Fe rmfecdóo motrm fe Ckostdtucdóo y mf Hmrmcbk pmoef qumhe ehm`ås petmotm hm uoe

akrè mxprmse mo fe prkpde Mxpksdcdóo hm @ktdvks, cueohk ef rmamrdrsm e fes täcodces
hm mfejkrecdóo sm smõefe qum teotk mf Cóhdik
mf Cóhdik ^moef ck`k fes fmyms mspmcdefms sm
beffeo gmrårqudce`motm sujkrhdoehks e fe Ckostdtucdóo y kjfdiehks e sk`mtmrsm e
mffe, ok sófk pkr mse gmrerquàe, sdok te`jdäo pkr fe mxdstmocde hm uo ckotrkf
gurdshdccdkoef hm fe ckostdtucdkoefdheh.
ckostdtucdkoefdheh.

Ehm`ås, ef smr fe pmoe fe prdocdpef ckosmcumocde hmf hmfdtk, fe rmfecdóo motrm fe

Ckostdtucdóo y mf Hmrmcbk pmoef sm ecrmcdmote mo fe `mhdhe mo qum ckostdtuym mf
÷ftd`k rmcursk hmf pkhmr hmf Mstehk y, pkr mffk, sm ckotm`pfe imomref`motm mo fks
tmxtks ckostdtucdkoefms, hmsprmohdäohksm hm hdcbe rmiufecdóo ckosmcumocdes mo fk
qum sm rmadmrm e su ckocmptk, adoefdheh.

^kr tkhk mffk, sm pumhm eadrèr qum mf Hmrmcbk pmoef ms fe reè hmf Krhmoe`dmotk
guràhdck qum sm mocumotre `ås fdiehe e fe Ckostdtucdóo, fk cuef ok ms hm mxtreõer sd
tmom`ks mo cumote qum ms fe qum mo èykr `mhdhe eamcte ef dohdvdhuk.
^ZDOCD^DKS CKOSXDX]CDKOEFMS U]M EAMCXEO EF SDSXM@E ^MOEF
]ok hm fks å`jdtks mo fks qum `mgkr pumhm eprmcdersm fe rmfmveocde hm fe

Ckostdtucdóo pere mf Hmrmcbk pmoef ms mf hm fks fà`dtms ef dus puodmohd 7 7 sd qumrm`ks
mstejfmcmr fà`dtms ef `ds`k ästks hmjmråo hmrdversm hmf krhmoe`dmotk
ckostdtucdkoef. Fe akrùfecdóo hm uo Cóhdik
uo Cóhdik ^moef qum sm eheptm e fks vefkrms
jåsdcks hm fe ckovdvmocde h mjm m`pmzer pkr mf mstejfmcd`dmotk hm uo sdstmè hm
hmjm
iereotàes, hm tef akrè qum mf mocejmze`dmotk hmf Hmrmcbk pmoef sm dodcdm pkr fe
adgecdóo hm sus fà`dtms. T ms qum fe mvkfucdóo bdstórdce hmf Hmrmcbk pmoef ok sm
dhmotdadce cko su hmseperdcdóo y sustdtucdóo pkr ktrks sdstmès hm ckotrkf skcdef `ås
dhóomks, sdok qum, pkr mf ckotrerdk, sm cerectmrdze pkr su peufetdoe recdkoefdzecdóo y
sk`mtd`dmotk e fà`dtms.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ >:
^ZDOCD^DKS HMF HMZMCBK ^MOEF
Mf Hmrmcbk pmoef sm fmidtdè pkr mf ado qum fm

f m tkce cu`pfdr, e sejmr, fe prktmccdóo hm
jdmoms guràhdcks. Sdo m`jerik, mstk ok he certe jfeoce pere ckocufcer fks hmrmcbks
y vefkrms qum dhmotdadceo e uoe skcdmheh qum sm ckoakrè jegk mf `khmfk hm uo
Mstehk skcdef y hm`kcråtdck hm hmrmcbk. Mxdstmo fà`dtms k jerrmres doareoqumejfms ef
dus puodmohd, pums fe prmvmocdóo hm hmfdtks ok pumhm smr ckosmiudhe e cuefqudmr


prmcdk. Mo mstm krhmo hm dhmes, fks ^rdocdpdks hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef ckostdtuymo uo fà`dtm
e fe pktmsteh puodtdve hmf Mstehk, supkomo mf ckotrepmsk e fes omcmsdhehms hm
smiurdheh y prktmccdóo hm fe skcdmheh.
D. ^ZDOCD^DK HM FMIEFDHEH7 Ck`k prdocdpdk fd`dtehkr hm fe pktmsteh puodtdve

hmf Mstehk mf prdocdpdk hm fmiefdheh tdmom ck`k ado prkscrdjdr fe d`pksdcdóo hm
pmoes pkr fe rmefdzecdóo hm ck`pkrte`dmotks ok prmvdstks ck`k hmfdtks pkr fe
fmy pmoef (Ouffu` crd`mo, ouffe pkmoe sdom fmim). Mf prdocdpdk hm fmiefdheh
ck`prmohm7
5. Zmsmrve hm fmy7 fe fmy ck`k aumotm ÷odce pere fe hmtmr`doecdóo hm hmfdtks

y pmoes. Hm mstk, ok sm pkhràe crmer uoe oumve adiure hmfdctdve e treväs
hm uo rmife`motk k uoe krhmoeoze ùodcdpef.
:. ^rdocdpdk hm hmtmr`doecdóo, cmrtmze k texetdvdheh7 qum mxdim prmcdsdóo mo

fe hmtmr`doecdóo hmf tdpk pmoef k ck`pkrte`dmotk prkbdjdhk (fmx cmrte). Esà
pkr mgm`pfk, sm vdkfmoteràe mf prdocdpdk hm fmiefdheh cko uoe okrè qum
sd`pfm`motm prmscrdjdmre7 ‖Equmf qum eamctere mf `mhdk e`jdmotm smrå
rmprd`dhk cko pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh.‐, ye qum ok sm mstejfmcm
cfere`motm cuåf ms mf ck`pkrte`dmotk prkbdjdhk (sófk sm `mocdkoe uo
rmsuftehk –fe eamctecdóo ef `mhdk e`jdmotm- qum, pkr fk hm`ås, ms hdaàcdf
hm hmtmr`doer), od prmcdse mf queotu` hm fe seocdóo pmoef.
3. ^rkscrdpcdóo hm fe eoefkiàe do èfe` pertm`. Mo ce`jdk, sm pmr`dtm fe
dotmrprmtecdóo mxtmosdve, euo mo pmrgudcdk hmf rmk, sd sm beffe hmotrk hmf

smotdhk fdtmref pksdjfm hm fe hmscrdpcdóo tàpdce.
8. ^rdocdpdk hm drrmtrkectdvdheh (fmx premvde)7 sófk esà fe pmrskoe pumhm mster
mo pksdjdfdheh hm hmtmr`doer su ckohucte cko rmspmctk e fe okrè pmoef
y esu`dr sus ckosmcumocdes. Fe okrè sófk pumhm smr kjmhmcdhe mo teotk
ms ckokcdhe, hm ebà qum ok pumhe epfdcersm e bmcbks rmefdzehks cko
eotmrdkrdheh e su motrehe mo vdikr. Esà pums, fe fmy pmoef cermcm hm mamctks
rmtrkectdvks, sefvk cueohk aevkrmcm ef rmk (ert. 1 C^).

=. Om jds do dhm`7 mstm prdocdpdk eh`dtm uoe hkjfm ckoadiurecdóo. Fe prd`mre,

hm ceråctmr ètmrdef, pkr fe cuef sm prkbàjm fe hkjfm seocdóo cko rmspmctk
e uo `ds`k bmcbk. Fe smiuohe, hm krhmo prkcmsef, y mo cuye vdrtuh sm
prkbàjm fe pmrsmcucdóo pmoef `÷ftdpfm. Eotm prkcmhd`dmotks hm hdstdote
oeturefmze, sm mstejfmcm fe prmm`domocde hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef skjrm mf

Hmrmcbk eh`dodstretdvk.
DD. ^ZDOCD^DK HM MRCF]SDQE ^ZKXMCCDÓO HM JDMOMS G]ZÀHDCKS 7 Mf

Hmrmcbk pmoef sm prmkrhmoe e fe prktmccdóo hm jdmoms guràhdcks. Smi÷o mf ert.
DQ hmf Xàtufk ^rmfd`doer C^7 ‖Fe pmoe, omcmserde`motm, prmcdse hm fe fmsdóo k
pumste mo pmfdirk hm jdmoms guràhdcks tutmfehks pkr fe fmy.‐ Fks jdmoms guràhdcks
pmoefms msteråo ckostdtudhks pkr equmffks dotmrmsms (vdhe, sefuh, petrd`kodk,
mtc.) cuye eamctecdóo motreõe cdmrte heõksdheh skcdef. ^kr teotk, qumheo aumre
hmf å`jdtk hm fk pmoef`motm rmfmveotm (ok hmjmo ckostdtudr hmfdtk) ckohuctes

qum eamctmo teo sófk e hmtmr`doehes ckocmpcdkoms `krefms (ehuftmrdk,
bk`ksmxuefdheh, mtc.). Mf prdocdpdk hm mxcfusdve prktmccdóo hm jdmoms guràhdcks
hmjm motmohmrsm ck`k fà`dtm, ès ok ck`k auohe`motk. Mstk ÷ftd`k qudmrm
hmcdr qum euo cueohk sm hmtmr`dom fe prmsmocde hm uo dotmräs hdiok hm
prktmccdóo guràhdce (p. mg. qum fks errmoheterdks peiumo m efqudfmr), mstk ok
supkohrå omcmserde`motm fe dotmrvmocdóo pmoef. Ok tkhk jdmo guràhdck
ckostdtuym uo jdmo guràhdck pmoef.
DDD. ^ZDOCD^DK HM C]FÊJDFDHEH7 Hmjm hdamrmocdersm fe cufpejdfdheh ck`k

prdocdpdk fd`dtehkr hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef, hm fe cufpejdfdheh motmohdhe ck`k
cetmikràe hki`åtdce hm fe tmkràe hmf hmfdtk.
Mf prdocdpdk hm cufpejdfdheh tdmom fes sdiudmotms èodamstecdkoms7

èodamstecdkoms7
5. ^rdocdpdk hm pmrskoefdheh hm fes pmoes7 ok sm rmspkohm pkr mf bmcbk
egmok.
:. Zmspkosejdfdheh pkr mf bmcbk7 sm rmprd`mo ckohuctes (hmrmcbk pmoef hm
ectk), ok akrès hm smr.

3. ^rkscrdpcdóo hm fe rmspkosejdfdheh kjgmtdve7 mxdimocde hm hkfk k cufpe.

8. Cepecdheh hm cufpejdfdheh k hm `ktdvecdóo7 fk qu
qum
m epuote
epuote e uo
prmsupumstk hm fe cufpejdfdheh, e sejmr, fe d`putejdfdheh.
d`p utejdfdheh.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ >3
FE FMT ^MOEF
Å@JDXK HM E^FDCECDÓO HM FE FMT ^MOEF
5. Epfdcecdóo mspecdef hm fe fmy pmoef
Fe fmy pmoef d`pkrte uo mgmrcdcdk hm fe skjmreoàe hmf Mstehk, pkr fk qum su

vefdhmz epermcm fd`dtehe mo mf mspecdk pkr fe mxtmosdóo hmotrk hm fe cuef sm
rmckokcm mo fe ckùodheh dotmroecdkoef mf mgmrcdcdk hm fe
f e skjmreoàe. Jegk mstm
crdtmrdk sm mstejfmcmo prdocdpdks qum rmiufeo fe epfdcecdóo mspecdef hm fe fmy
pmoef.
5.5 ^rdocdpdk hm tmrrdtkrdefdheh
Mstm prdocdpdk sm sustmote mo mf crdtmrdk hm fe skjmreoàe hmf Mstehk y rmadmrm

qum fe fmy pmoef ms epfdcejfm e fks bmcbks puodjfms ck`mtdhks hmotrk hmf
tmrrdtkrdk hmf Mstehk, sdo ckosdhmrecdóo hm fe oecdkoefdheh hmf eutkr y fks
pertàcdpms (ertàcufk D¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef - C^).
Sm motdmohm pkr tmrrdtkrdk7 mf sumfk, sujsumfk, hk`dodk èràtd`k y mf

mspecdk eärmk qum fks cujrm.
e) Sumfk7 Mf pmrà`mtrk hm oumstrk sumfk mstå prmcdsehk mo fks tretehks

cmfmjrehks cko oumstrks peàsms fd`àtrkams.

j) Hk`dodk èràtd`k7 Ck`prmohm mf èr ehyecmotm e sus ckstes, su

fmcbk y sujsumfk, beste fe hdsteocde hm hkscdmotes `dffes èrdoes
`mhdhes hmshm fes fàomes hm jesm ckstmres.
c) Mspecdk eärmk7 Fe Ckostdtucdóo ^kfàtdce (ertàcufk =8¾ smiuohk
pårreak) y fes fmyms pmrueoes (Fmy hm Emrkoåutdce Cdvdf O¾ :822:) sm

eadfdeo e fe tmkràe dfd`dtehe mo fe efture.
Mgm`pfk O¾57 Gmoodamr S`dtb, hm oecdkoefdheh okrtme`mrdceoe, ms

hmtmodhe mo mf Emrkpumrtk Dotmroecdkoef Gkrim Cbåvmz cueohk prmtmohàe
treospkrter :=> ire`ks hm ^JC ehbmrdhe e su cumrpk. Gmoodamr S`dtb smrå
guziehe mo fks trdjuoefms pmrueoks jegk fe fmidsfecdóo oecdkoef pkr hmfdtk
hm tråadck dfàcdtk hm hrkies.
Mgm`pfk O¾:7 Mhuerhk êohk, dospmctkr ehueomrk, sm mockotreje

rmidstreohk fe cerie hm uoe m`jercecdóo ck`mrcdef ckrmeoe mo mf
Xmr`doef @eràtd`k hmf Ceffek. Hureotm fe dospmccdóo, Mhuerhk êohk ms
etecehk pkr hks `dm`jrks hm fe trdpufecdóo ckrmeoe, kcesdkoåohkfm fe
ùmrtm. Fks cduheheoks ckrmeoks smråo guziehks mo fks trdjuoefms
pmrueoks jegk fe fmidsfecdóo oecdkoef pkr hmfdtk hm bk`dcdhdk.
5.: ^rdocdpdk hmf êjmffóo k hm fe Jeohmre
Ms uoe e`pfdecdóo hmf prdocdpdk hm tmrrdtkrdefdheh. Smõefe qum fe fmy hmf

Mstehk ms epfdcejfm te`jdäo e fks bmcbks ck`mtdhks mo juqums k
emrkoevms qum ffmvmo su jeohmre. (ertàcufk D¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef). Mo su
epfdcecdóo sm hmjmo hdamrmocder hks sdtuecdkoms7
e) Sd fe
fess oevms k emrkoevms oecdkoefms sko p÷jfdces sm epfdce fe fmy
pmoef pmrueoe sdo d`pkrter mo hkohm sm mocumotrmo.

j) Sd fes oevms k emrkoevms oecdkoefms sko prdvehes sm epfdce fe fmy

pmoef pmrueoe sd ästes sm mocumotreo mo efte èr k mo mspecdk eärmk
hkohm odoi÷o Mstehk mgmrze skjmreoàe.
5.3 ^rdocdpdks qum gustdadceo fe epfdcecdóo

epfdcecdóo hm fe fmy pmoef e bmcbks
ck`mtdhks aumre hmf tmrrdtkrdk hmf Mstehk
Fe fmidsfecdóo pmrueoe prmvä hdspksdcdkoms qum mxtdmohmo mf å`jdtk hm

epfdcecdóo hm fe fmy pmoef e bmcbks ck`mtdhks aumre hmf tmrrdtkrdk. Mstes
mxtmosdkoms sm gustdadceo skjrm fe jesm hm prdocdpdks hmrdvehks hmf
^rdocdpdk tmrrdtkrdef7 ^rdocdpdk rmef k hm prktmccdóo hm dotmrmsms, ^rdocdpdk
hm pmrskoefdheh, ^rdocdpdk uodvmrsef (gustdcde ùohdef) y ^rdocdpdk hmf
hmrmcbk pmoef pkr rmprmsmotecdóo.
e) ^rdocdpdk rmef k hm prktmccdóo hm dotmrmsms. Eadrè fe epfdcecdóo hm fe

fmy hmf Mstehk e bmcbks ck`mtdhks aumre hmf tmrrdtkrdk oecdkoef pmrk
qum sm hdrdimo e jdmoms guràhdcks qum sm mocumotreo mo äf. Sm rmadmrm
e fe prktmccdóo hm jdmoms guràhdcks hmf prkpdk Mstehk y qum eamcteo e
su dotmirdheh ck`k tef. Mo mstm smotdhk mf ertàcufk :¾ hmf Cóhdik
^moef hdspkom qum fe fmy pmoef pmrueoe sm epfdce e tkhk hmfdtk
ck`mtdhk mo mf mxtreogmrk cueohk etmote "ckotre fe smiurdheh k fe
treoqudfdheh p÷jfdce (Xàtufks RDD y RDQ hmf fdjrk smiuohk hmf C^),
sdm`prm qum prkhuzce sus mamctks mo mf tmrrdtkrdk hm fe Zmp÷jfdce"

(docdsk smiuohk), eirevde "ef Mstehk y fe hmamose oecdkoef (Xàtufk
RQ), e fks ^khmrms hmf Mstehk y mf krhmo ckostdtucdkoef (Xàtufk RQD)
k ef krhmo `komterdk (Xàtufk R Cepàtufk DD hmf C^)" (docdsk tmrcmrk) k
mf "eimotm ms auocdkoerdk k smrvdhkr p÷jfdck mo hmsm`pmõk hm su
cerik" (docdsk prd`mrk).
Mgm`pfk7 Fuds ^rehk y @diumf Zudz eprkvmcbeohk fe tmcokfkiàe eveozehe

mxdstmotm mo fks Mstehks ]odhks hm Okrtme`ärdce, aejrdceo jdffmtms hm =>

y 5>> oumvks skfms, pere fumik pkomrfks mo cdrcufecdóo mo mf ^mr÷. Fks

sugmtks dovkfucrehks mo mf hmfdtk `komterdk hmjmråo smr guziehks jegk fes
fmyms pmoefms pmrueoes.
j) ^rdocdpdk hm pmrskoefdheh. Fe fmy pmoef pmrueoe ms hm epfdcecdóo e

fks cduheheoks oecdkoefms mo mf fuier hkohm sm mocumotrmo. Sm hmjm
hdamrmocder motrm7 mf prdocdpdk hm pmrskoefdheh ectdve y mf prdocdpdk hm
pmrskoefdheh pesdve.
 ^mrskoefdheh ectdve, sm epfdce ef oecdkoef qum ck`mte uoe
doareccdóo mo mf mxtreogmrk fe oecdkoefdheh hm fe vàctdè ms
dohdamrmotm.
 ^mrskoefdheh pesdve, sm epfdce ef mxtreogmrk qum ck`mtm uo
hmfdtk ckotre uo oecdkoef aumre hmf tmrrdtkrdk hm fe rmp÷jfdce.
Mo e`jks cesks mf ertàcufk :¾ docdsk 8 hmf Cóhdik pmoef mxdim trms

rmqudsdtks7
 Uum fe doareccdóo sme suscmptdjfm hm mxtrehdcdóo.
 Uum beye hkjfm docrd`doecdóo (qum mf hmfdtk sme puodjfm
te`jdäo mo mf Mstehk mxtreogmrk mo qum sm ck`mtdó).
 Uum mf eimotm doirmsm hm cuefqudmr èomre ef tmrrdtkrdk hm fe
Zmp÷jfdce.
c) ^rdocdpdk uodvmrsef (gustdcde ùohdef). Mstm prdocdpdk auohe`mote fe

epfdcecdóo hmf hmrmcbk hm cuefqudmr Mstehk, dohmpmohdmotm`motm hmf
fuier hm ck`dsdóo y hm fe oecdkoefdheh hmf eutkr. Mo hkctrdoe sm
ckosdhmre qum mf prdocdpdk uodvmrsef sm jese mo mf crdtmrdk hm prktmimr
fks jdmoms cufturefms supreoecdkoefms cuye prktmccdóo dotmrmse e
tkhks fks Mstehks mo ck`÷o.
Mf Cóhdik ^moef pmrueok smõefe mo mf ertàcufk :¾ docdsk =, qum mf
"^mr÷ mstå kjfdiehk e rmprd`dr ckoakr`m e tretehks dotmroecdkoefms".

h) ^rdocdpdk hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef pkr rmprmsmotecdóo. Xdmom "ceråctmr

sujsdhderdk7 dotmrvdmom cueohk, cuefqudmre qum sme fe rezóo,
r ezóo, ok tdmom
fuier fe mxtrehdcdóo y eutkrdze qum mf Mstehk qum tdmom ef eutkr mo su
pkhmr fk guzium epfdcåohkfm su fmy pmoef'. Mf ertàcufk 3¾ hmf Cóhdik
^moef prmvä qum sd ok sm motrmie ef eimotm e fe eutkrdheh

ck`pmtmotm hmf Mstehk mxtreogmrk, qum skfdcdtó fe mxtrehdcdóo, sm
epfdcerå fe Fmy ^moef ^mrueoe.
m) Mxcmpcdkoms e fks ^rdocdpdks Zmef y hm ^mrskoefdheh. Mf Cóhdik

^moef prmvä, mo mf ertàcufk 8¾, mxcmpcdkoms e fks prdocdpdks rmef k hm
prktmccdóo hm dotmräs y mf hm pmrskoefdheh. Hdcbes mxcmpcdkoms sk
sko7
o7
 Cueohk sm be mxtdoiudhk fe eccdóo pmoef ckoakr`m e uoe u ktre
fmidsfecdóo.

Cueohk sm trete hm hmfdtks pkfàtdcks k bmcbks ckomxks cko
mffks.
 Cueohk mf prkcmsehk be sdhk ejsumftk mo mf mxtreogmrk k mf
ckohmoehk be cu`pfdhk fe pmoe k äste sm beffe prmscrdte k
rm`dtdhe.
:. Epfdcecdóo Xm`pkref hm fe Fmy ^moef
:.5. Drrmtrkectdvdheh
Sm hmrdve hmf prdocdpdk auohe`motef mo qum sm sustmote fe epfdcecdóo
tm`pkref hm fe fmy pmoef. Ckosdhmre qum fe okrè pmoef ok sm pumhm
epfdcer e ckohuctes eotmrdkrms e su motrehe mo vdimocde. Fe Ckostdtucdóo
smõefe mo su ertàcufk 5>3¾ qum odoiuoe fmy tdmom aumrze od mamctks
rmtrkectdvks.
:.:. Mxcmpcdkoms hmf prdocdpdk auohe`motef. Zmtrkectdvdheh hm fe fmy

aevkrejfm

Skjrm fe jesm hm auohe`motks pkfàtdck-skcdef sm be mstejfmcdhk qum

cueohk fe fmy pmoef ms aevkrejfm ef rmk sm pumhm epfdcer rmtrkectdve`motm.
Esà, fe Ckostdtucdóo ^kfàtdce mstejfmcm
mstejfmcm fe epfdcecdóo rmtrkectdve hm
hm fe fmy mo
ètmrde pmoef "cueohk aevkrmcm ef rmk" (Ert. 5>3¾). Hdspksdcdóo sd`dfer
mstå ckotmodhe mo mf Cóhdik ^moef (Erts. 1¾ y 9¾).
:.3 Fmyms pmoefms tm`pkrefms y mxcmpcdkoefms
 Fmy pmoef tm`pkref ms equmffe qum tdmom prmadgehk mo su tmxtk mf

tdm`pk hm su vdimocde. Mgm`pfk7 pere sefveiuerher fe rmprkhuccdóo
hm efiuoks eodèfms, sm hdspkom pkr fmy qum hureotm cdmrtk tdm`pk
mstå prkbdjdhe fe cepture hm fks eodèfms prktmidhks. Sm krdidoe uoe
sdtuecdóo prkjfm`åtdce cueohk fe fmy tm`pkref `ås smvmre hmge hm
mster mo vdikr y rmckjre su vdimocde fe fmy eotmrdkr `ås aevkrejfm. Mf

Cóhdik ^moef hdspkom fe epfdcecdóo uftrectdve hm fe fmy pmoef
tm`pkref (ertàcufk 2¾).
 Fmy pmoef mxcmpcdkoef ms equmffe qum mo akrè ok mxprmse becm

hmpmohmr su vdimocde hm sdtuecdkoms qum pkr su oeturefmze sko
tm`pkrefms k treosdtkrdes, rdimo pere cdrcuosteocdes mspmcdefms
(mpdhm`des, irevm eftmrecdóo hmf krhmo p÷jfdck, mtc.).
3. Epfdcecdóo pmrskoef hm fe fmy pmoef
Mf Cóhdik ^moef pmrueok, te`jdäo fk ckosdhmre mo mf ertàcufk 5>¾ mo mf qum

hdspkom7 fe "Fmy pmoef sm epfdce cko diuefheh". Sdo m`jerik, sm prmsmoteo
mxcmpcdkoms rmfecdkoehes e fe auocdóo qum fe pmrskoe mgmrcm, mstejfmcdäohksm
hdvmrsks prdocdpdks7
3.5 ^rdocdpdk hm dovdkfejdfdheh. Eadrè qum fe pmrskoe qum ikze hm

dovdkfejdfdheh ok pumhm smr seocdkoehe. Mgm`pfk7 fks ckoirmsdstes, hm

ecumrhk e fk hdspumstk mo mf ertàcufk 43¾ smiuohk pårreak hm fe

Ckostdtucdóo ^kfàtdce hm 5443, ok "sko rmspkosejfms eotm eutkrdheh od
órieok gurdshdccdkoef efiuok pkr fes kpdodkoms y vktks qum m`dtmo mo mf
mgmrcdcdk hm sus auocdkoms".
3.: ^rdocdpdk hm doùodheh. Ckosdhmre qum fe pmrskoe qum ikze hm

doùodheh ok pumhm smr pmrsmiudhe pmoef`motm `dmotres hurm su cerik.
Ikzeo hm mstm prdvdfmidk7
 Mf ^rmsdhmotm hm fe Zmp÷jfdce hm ecumrhk ef ertàcufk 559¾ hm fe
Ckostdtucdóo ^kfàtdce hm 5443.
 Fks Ckoirmsdstes hm ecumrhk ef ertàcufk 43¾ tmrcmr pårreak hm fe
Ckostdtucdóo.
 Fks `dm`jrks hmf Xrdjuoef Ckostdtucdkoef smi÷o fk hdspumstk mo mf
ertàcufk :>5¾, smiuohk pårreak hm fe Ckostdtucdóo.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ >8
XMKZÀE IMOMZEF HMF HMFDXK
Xrehdcdkoef`motm sm hmadom hmfdtk ck`k fe eccdóo y k`dsdóo pmoehe pkr fmy.

f my. Mf cóhdik
pmoef (ert. 55¾ C. ^.) hmadom ef hmfdtk ck`k fes eccdkoms u k`dsdkoms hkfkses k
cufpkses pmoehes pkr Fmy (Fe eccdóo ectdve k pesdve ms fe jesm hm fe ckohucte
puodjfm).
Fe Hki`åtdce ^moef oks pfeotme qum mf hmfdtk ms uoe ckohucte tàpdce eotdguràhdce y
cufpejfm, @DZ ^]DI, rmckidmohk fes dhmes hm QKO FDSWX y JMFDOI, skstdmom qum mf
hmfdtk ms mf ck`pkrte`dmotk buèok tàpdce`motm eotdguràhdck y cufpejfm,
eõehdäohksm e `mouhk fe mxdimocde qum sme puodjfm.

Fe Xmkràe hmf hmfdtk ms mf dostru`motk ckocmptuef qum pmr`dtm ecferer tkhes fes
cumstdkoms rmamrmotms ef bmcbk puodjfm. Sdrvm hm iereotàe ef hmadodr fks prmsupumstks
qum pmr`dtmo cefdadcer uo bmcbk ck`k hmfdtk k aefte. Fe tmkràe hmf hmfdtk ms kjre hm fe
hkctrdoe guràhdck pmoef y ckostdtuym fe èodamstecdóo `ås cerectmràstdce y mfejkrehe
hm fe hki`åtdce hmf Hmrmcbk pmoef. Mste tdmom ck`k kjgmtdvk tmórdck `ås mfmvehk fe
j÷squmhe hm fks prdocdpdks jåsdcks hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef pksdtdvk y su ertdcufecdóo mo
uo sdstmè ÷odck
S]GMXKS HMF HMFDXK
e. Sugmtk ectdvk hmf hmfdtk Ms fe pmrskoe dohdvdhuef cko cepecdheh pmoef qum rmefdze
fe ckohucte tàpdce. Skfe`motm uoe pmrskoe dohdvdhuef pumhm ck`mtmr hmfdtks.
Euo mo fks cesks hm eskcdecdóo crd`doef, fes pmoes rmcemo skfk mo sus
`dm`jrks dotmireotms. Skfk mo fe pmrskoe dohdvdhuef sm he fe uodheh hm vkfuoteh

y mf prdocdpdk hm dohdvdhuefdheh hm fe pmoe.
Mo mf Cóhdik ^moef sm fk rmckokcm pkr fe aresm7

 ‖Mf qum ète e ktrk...‐ (C^, ert. 5>1·).
 ‖Mf qum sm epkhmre dfmiàtdè`motm hm uo jdmo ùmjfm tktef k percdef`motm
egmok...‐ (C^, ert. 522·).
Mo ktrks cesks ck`dmoze cko7

 ‖Mf qum mxpkom e pmfdirk fe vdhe k fe sefuh hm uoe pmrskoe ckfkcehe jegk
su eutkrdheh, hmpmohmocde, tutmfe, curetmfe k vdidfeocde‐ (C^, ert. 5:2·).
 ‖Mf auocdkoerdk k smrvdhkr p÷jfdck qum sm eprkpde k utdfdze, mo cuef qudmr
akrè, pere sà k pere ktrk...‐ (C^, ert. 329·).
S]GMXK ECXDQK HMF HMFDXK ms fe pmrskoe dohdvdhuef

cko cepecdheh pmoef qum rmefdze fe ckohucte tàpdce.
Skfe`motm uoe pmrskoe dohdvdhuef pumhm ck`mtmr hmfdtks.

Fks ertàcufks ireètdcefms, ‖mf‐, ‖fks‐, ‖fe‐ oks ckohucmo e hmhucdr qum mf sugmtk ectdvk
pumhm smr cuefqudmre, fk qum oks ffmve e fks ffeèhks hmfdtks d`prkpdks. »^kr quä;
^krqum sko rmefdzehks pkr cuefqudmr pmrskoe. ^kr ktrk fehk, mxdstmo hmfdtks qum skfk
skf k
ck`mtmo hmtmr`doehes pmrskoes ck`k ms mf auocdkoerdk p÷jfdck, fe èhrm, mf bdgk, mf
prkamsdkoef, mtc. Mstks sm ffeèo hmfdtks prkpdks pkrqum skfk e mses pmrskoes sm fms
pumhm d`puter mf hmfdtk.
ZMS^KOSEJDFDHEH HM FES ^MZSKOES G]ZÀHDCES

Oks becm`ks fe sdiudmotm prmiuote7 »ûmhm uoe pmrskoe guràhdce
ck`mtmr uo hmfdtk; Xmsds hm fe drrmspkosejdfdheh. Sd pkr uoe adccdóo sm
fms ckocmhm cepecdheh (euoqum fd`dtehe e su ado) mf seocdkoerfks smràe
ck`k seocdkoer e uoe pmrskoe k smrms adctdcdks vdkfeohk mf prdocdpdk
hm qum ‖sófk fks sugmtks hktehks cko vkfuoteh y ckocdmocde pumhmo
smr sugmtks ectdvks‐. Ehm`ås, fe pmoe ms dohdvdhuef. Sd sm seocdkoe e
uoe pmrskoe ckfmctdve sm msteràe seocdkoeohk e su pmrskoefdheh k sme
mf ckoguotk qum ck`pkomo mse pmrskoe guràhdce7 imrmotms, hdrmctkrms
y skcdks. Mstks ÷ftd`ks oehe tdmomo qum vmr y becmr cko mf hmstdok hm
fe m`prmse.
XMSDS HM FE
F E ZMS^KOSEJDFDHEH
(Areoz vko Fdszt y Idusmppm @eiidkrm)
Skstdmomo qum sd fes pmrskoes ckfmctdves sko cepecms hm ehqudrdr

hmrmcbks y ckotremr kjfdiecdkoms, te`jdäo hmjmo rmspkohmr pkr fks
hmfdtks mo qum docurrmo ck`k fe msteae, mf ejusk hm ckoadeoze, sd
jdmo ok sm fms pumhm epfdcer seocdkoms prdvetdves hm fdjmrteh, sko
suscmptdjfms hm suardr seocdkoms pmcuoderdes. Fes pmoes ckrpkrefms
sm d`pkohråo e sus hdrmctdvks rmspkosejfms. Fe fmidsfecdóo
`khmroe sdium mste tmsds, ck`k uoe skfucdóo hkctrdoef. Mo mf
Smiuohk Ckoirmsk Dotmroecdkoef hm Hmrmcbk ^moef hm Jucermst,
mo 54:4, mstejfmcdó uoe skfucdóo hkctrdoef motrm fe tmsds hm fe
drrmspkosejdfdheh y rmspkosejdfdheh hm fes pmrskoes ckfmctdves,
skstdmom qum sm epfdqumo `mhdhes prmvmotdves e fes pmrskoes
ckfmctdves (ùftes, dotmrvmocdkoms) pmrk rmspkosejdfdze pmoef`motm
e sus hdrmctkrms qum beyeo ck`mtdhk doareccdóo cko fe ckkpmrecdóo
k utdfdzeohk e fe pmrskoe ckfmctdve.

j. Sugmtk pesdvk hmf hmfdtk Ms mf tdtufer hmf dotmräs guràhdck fmsdkoehk k pumstk mo
pmfdirk. Mf sugmtk pesdvk ms hdamrmotm ef sugmtk pmrguhdcehk.
 Mg.7 Mo mf reptk hm uo `mokr mf pmrguhdcehk ms mf tutkr, fks pehrms.
Mo mf Cóhdik ^moef, sm fm rmckokcm, rmspkohdmohk e fes prmiuotes7 »E qudäo

pmrtmomcm mf jdmo k dotmräs prktmidhk; »Uudäo ms mf tdtufer hmf jdmo; Mo imomref
uo jdmo k dotmräs pmrtmomcm e fe pmrskoe (ckfmctdve k dohdvdhuef), e fe skcdmheh
k ef Mstehk.
 Mg.7 »Uudäo tdmom msm dotmräs ffeèhk smiurdheh; Mf Xàtufk D hmf Cóhdik
^moef mstejfmcm qum mf tdtufer hm mste smiurdheh ms mf Mstehk< fumik, sd
vufomre`ks mste smiurdheh mf sugmtk pesdvk ms mf Mstehk.
Mstehk .
Sd vdkfe`ks fe smiurdheh ck`÷o, fe am p÷jfdce, fe mckok`àe, fe dohustrde, mf

ck`mrcdk, epermcm ktrk sugmtk pesdvk7 fe pmrskoe guràhdce, ckfmctdve k fe
m`prmse.
Ck`k vm`ks, mf sugmtk pesdvk pumhm smr teotk fe pmrskoe dohdvdhuef ck`k
fe pmrskoe ckfmctdve.
Fks eodèfms ouoce sko sugmtks pesdvks, sko kjgmtks ètmrdefms hmf hmfdtk, pmrk
sko prktmidhks pkr fmyms pere mvdter su mxtdocdóo.
S]GMXK ÊSDQK HMF HMFDXK

Ms mf tdtufer hmf dotmräs guràhdck fmsdkoehk k pumstk
mo pmfdirk.

FE ^MZSKOE DOHDQDH]EF CK@K S]GMXK ÊSDQK
Mf smr buèok ms sugmtk pesdvk mo fks sdiudmotms cesks7

 Cueohk ms ckocmjdhk mo mf ejkrtk.
 Hureotm su vdhe, mo mf doaeotdcdhdk k mo mf bk`dcdhdk,
motrm ktrks.
 Fks ‖bmrmhmrks‐ hmf cehåvmr mo fe prkaeoecdóo hmf
fuier mo qum rmpkse e uo ùmrtk.
 Mo mf rkjk, mf smcumstrk, mo fe cefuòde, mo fes
dogurdes, mo fe vdkfecdóo, mtc., fe pmrskoe dohdvdhuef
ms sugmtk pesdvk.
Mf jdmo guràhdck vufomrehk mo mf rkjk ms su hmrmcbk ef
petrd`kodk< mo mf smcumstrk su fdjmrteh< su bkokr, mo fe
cefuòde< fe fdjmrteh smxuef, mo fe vdkfecdóo, mtc.
Fes skcdmhehms ck`k sugmtks pesdvks

ûmhmo smr sugmtks pesdvks mo fks sdiudmotms cesks7
5. Xretåohksm hm pmrskoes guràhdces ck`k fes skcdmhehms ck`mrcdefms, fks
pmrgudcdks sko msmocdef`motm hm ceråctmr mckoó`dck y ckotre su
prkpdmheh cueohk sm trete hmf rkjk k hmf burtk.
:. Mf Mstehk pumhm smr vàctdè ckotre su smiurdheh dotmroe k mxtmroe, k sus
akohks y ceuhefms. Sm ckosdhmre vàctdè e fe ckfmctdvdheh, ok e cehe uok

hm sus dotmireotms pkr smperehk. Mf Mstehk pumhm smr7 • sugmtk pesdvk
imoärdck, mo mf cesk hm uo bk`dcdhdk< • sugmtk pesdvk ÷odck, mo fks hmfdtks
ckotre fe eh`dodstrecdóo p÷jfdce< k • sugmtk pesdvk guotk e ktrks, mo hmfdtks
adoeocdmrks k ckbmcbk.
3. Xe`jdäo pumhm smr sugmtk pesdvk fe skcdmheh cueohk etmote ckotre su am

p÷jfdce mo fks hmfdtks hm aefsdadcecdóo hm `komhe, aefsdadcecdóo hm
hkcu`motks hm crähdtk, mtc.

8. ûmhm smr vàctdè te`jdäo hm hmfdtk uoe ckfmctdvdheh hm dohdvdhuks ok

pmrskodadcehks guràhdce`motm. Mgm`pfk7 Fe Ckrtm Supmrdkr hm efi÷o Hdstrdtk
Guhdcdef, qum ms uoe ckfmctdvdheh sdo pmrskoefdheh pums ckostdtuymo uoe
ckfmctdvdheh hmhdcehe e fe eh`dodstrecdóo hm gustdcde.
c. Cepecdheh y pmrskoefdheh. ^mrskoe y sugmtk hm hmrmcbk
^mrskoe ms equmf smr k motm cko vkfuoteh qum tdmom hmrmcbks y hmjmrms arutk
hm su rmfecdóo cko sus sm`mgeotms. ^mrskoefdheh ms fe eptdtuh fmief hm uo sugmtk
pere smr tdtufer hm msks hmrmcbks y hmjmrms. Fe pmrskoefdheh ms uoe cuefdheh
guràhdce, ms uoe ckohdcdóo pere smr tdtufer hm msks hmrmcbks y hmjmrms. Fe
pmrskoefdheh ms mse cuefdheh, ms mse eptdtuh qum fm ktkrie mf krhmoe`dmotk
guràhdck e fe pmrskoe. Cepecdheh ms fe `mhdhe hm mse eptdtuh fmief. Fe

pmrskoefdheh ms mf tkhk, fe cepecdheh pertm hm msm tkhk. ^kr msk uo motm tdmom
k ok pmrskoefdheh, ok mxdstmo irehks ck`k mo fe
f e cepecdheh.
 Mg. Cepecdheh pfmoe e fks 52 eõks, cepec

cepecdheh
dheh rmfetdve, cepecdheh pe
percdef,
rcdef,
mtc.
^MZSKOEFDHEH7 Ms fe eptdtuh fmief hm uo sugmtk pere smr tdtufer

hm msks hmrmcbks y hmjmrms. Fe pmrskoefdheh ms uoe cuefdheh
guràhdce, ms uoe ckohdcdóo pere smr tdtufer hm msks hmrmcbks y
hmjmrms. Fe pmrskoefdheh ms mse cuefdheh, ms mse eptdtuh qum fm
ktkrie mf krhmoe`dmotk guràhdck e fe pmrskoe.
Sugmtk hm hmrmcbk. Sm hdcm esà cueohk oks rmamrd`ks e uo hmrmcbk ckocrmtk hm

fe pmrskoe (pkr mgm`pfk, sd ms humõk hm uoe ckse, su hmrmcbk ms ckocrmtk,
motkocms sm fk hmjm ffeèr sugmtk hm hmrmcbk). Mo ce`jdk sm hmok`doe
pmrskoe cueohk oks rmamrd`ks e uoe eptdtuh ejstrecte hm smr tdtufer hm uo
hmrmcbk.

 Mg.7 Zmefdzer uoe ck`pre k uo ètrd`kodk mo uo auturk `ås k `moks

cmrceok.
Mf hmrmcbk tkhevàe ok mstå hmtmr`doehk, sdok skfk mstå mo akrè ejstrecte.
h. ^mrskoes guràhdces k ckfmctdves
Eirupecdóo k eskcdecdóo hm pmrskoes aàsdces y jdmoms guràhdce`motm

krieodzehks y eamctehks e uo ado ck`÷o, fàcdtk y rmckokcdhk pkr mf krhmoe`dmotk
guràhdck. Fks crme mf bk`jrm pere setdsaecmr sus omcmsdhehms qum ok pumhm
setdsaecmr mo akrè dohdvdhuef. Su krdimo mstå mo fe äpkce `mhdmvef hm fks
irm`dks y fes ckrpkrecdkoms y sm hmserrkffe guotk ef ck`mrcdk. Mf prd`mr cóhdik
qum rmcmpcdkoe mste cfesm hm pmrskoes ms mf Cóhdik Cdvdf cbdfmok, pmrk ms mf
Cóhdik Cdvdf efm`åo hm 54>> qudmo fk
f k mstructure y fm rmckokcm
rmckok cm pmrskoefdheh.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ >=
MFM@MOXK CMOXZEF HMF HMFDXK (FE CKOH]CXE)
5. Ckocmptk hm Ckohucte
Fe hmadodcdóo hm fe ckohucte k ck`pkrte`dmotk buèok, ms fe èodamstecdóo hm

fe vkfuoteh hmf dohdvdhuk, qum pumhm smr pksdtdve (mxtmrdkrdzersm) k omietdve
(hmger hm becmr efik).
Fe eccdóo ms fe ckohucte vkfuoterde qum ckosdstm mo uo `kvd`dmotk hmf

krieods`k hmstdoehk e prkhucdr cdmrtk ce`jdk, k fe pksdjdfdheh, mo mf mxtmrdkr
hmf ùohk, hm vufomrer uoe okrè prkbdjdtdve qum mstå hdrdidhe e uo ado u
kjgmtdvk.
Fe ckohucte ectdve hmjm smr vkfuoterde. Sd ms dovkfuoterde (pkr mgm`pfk, mo mf

cesk akrtudtk), fe eccdóo sm mxcfuym hmf ce`pk hmfdctdvk.

Fe ckohucte ectdve hmjm mxtmrdkrdzersm mo mf ùohk ètmrdef < sd kcurrm mo mf

aumrk dotmrok y ok ffmie e èodamstersm, fe eccdóo te`jdäo sm mxcfuym hmf ce`pk
hmfdctdvk.
Jegk hdcbk ckotmxtk pkhm`ks eadrèr qum, fe ckohucte buèoe sm pumhm mxprmser
mo eccdóo y k`dsdóo
FE ECCDÓO.- Hmshm uo puotk hm vdste pmoef, vmohràe e smr equmffe qum sm èodadmste
pkr uo ectuer prkhucdmohk uo ce`jdk k eftmrecdóo mo fe rmefdheh, y mf qum mstå
hmstdoehk e fe eamctecdóo hm uo jdmo guràhdck prktmidhk.
Mg7 bk`dcdhdk, ert. 5>1 hmf C.^.
FE K@DSDÓO.- Ms hmger hm becmr efik qum sm hmjàe becmr. Hmjm mxdstdr uoe okrè
d`pmretdvk qum kjfdium ectuer, ok hmjm bejmr d`pmhd`motk aàsdck od psdckfóidck y pkr
÷ftd`k sm hmjm ckosteter mf ok ectuer.
Mg7 K`dsdóo hm skckrrk, ert. 5:1, 5:9 hmf C.^.
K`dsdóo e fe Esdstmocde Ae`dfder, ert. 584 hmf C^.
:. Mfm`motks hm fe eccdóo7
e. Fe èodamstecdóo hm fe vkfuoteh (d`pufsk vkfdtdvk).- Sm trehucm mo uo
`kvd`dmotk, mo uoe ckohucte ckrpkref mxtmroe, k mo uoe ectuecdóo hmf

eimotm.
j. Mf rmsuftehk.- Ms mf mamctk mxtmrok hm fe eccdóo qum mf Hmrmcbk ^moef

cefdadce pere rmprd`drfk y mf krhmoe`dmotk guràhdck tdpdadce pere seocdkoerfk,
y qum ckosdstm mo fe `khdadcecdóo dotrkhucdhe pkr fe ckohucte crd`doef mo
mf ùohk mxtmrdkr (pkr mgm`pfk, rkjk, docmohdk) k mo mf pmfdirk hm qum
hdcbe eftmrecdóo sm prkhuzce. Ms uo mamctk hm `khdadcecdóo vmrdadcejfm hmf

ùohk mxtmrdkr trescmohmotm mo mf å`jdtk pmoef. Esd`ds`k, bey qum okter

qum ms mfm`motk hm fe eccdóo sófk mo fks hmfdtks ètmrdefms.
c. Fe rmfecdóo hm ceusefdheh motrm fe èodamstecdóo hm fe vkfuoteh y mf

rmsuftehk.- Sd bey tef, sm sdium mf supumstk crd`doef beste fe
rmspkosejdfdheh pmoef< sd ok bey rmfecdóo, sm suspmohm mf smiud`dmotk hmf
supumstk pkrqum ok bey eccdóo. ^kr mgm`pfk, bey rmfecdóo cueohk efiudmo
hdspere y ète k cueohk efiudmo errkge uo eodèf amrkz e ktrk, mo e`jks
sm ck`mtm hmfdtk hm bk`dcdhdk.
MFM@MOXKS HM FE ECCDÓO
3. Sugmtk hm fe eccdóo
Mf sugmtk hm fe eccdóo ms mf smr buèok, euoqum mf sugmtk pumhm smr ktrk, pmrk
sd ok ms uo smr buèok, ok pumhm smr ckosdhmrer hmfdtk.
8. Eusmocde hm fe eccdóo
Mf kjrer ok hmpmohdmotm hm fe vkfu oteh hmf bk`jrm ok ms ‖eccdóo‐. ^kr tef rezóo
ok bey hmfdtk cueohk `mhdeo7
• Aumrze drrmsdstdjfm. Mf ckocmptk hm aumrze drrmsdstdjfm ye mre ckotm`pfehk

mo mf hmrmcbk rkèok y mo mf hmrmcbk ck`÷o cko mf ok`jrm hm vds pbysdce
ejskfute k ejfetdve. ^khm`ks hmadodrfe ck`k equmffe aumrze qum
d`pksdjdfdte hmshm tkhk puotk ef sugmtk pere `kvmrsm (k pere hmgersm hm
`kvmr). Mstk ms, fk èotdmom mo mf `ds`k mstehk mo qum mf sugmtk sm

mockotreje mo mf `k`motk mo qum sm vm skrprmohdhk pkr mse vds pbysdce.
Mstm ckocmptk sm ckotrepkom ef ckocmptk hm `dmhk dosupmrejfm
(d`pkrteotm ckocmptk mo mf hmrmcbk pmoef), y qum sm hmok`doó vds `krefds.
Mo mstm cesk (vds `krefds), mf sugmtk sà pumhm `kvmrsm aàsdce`motm y pkr
teotk pksmm uoe vkfuoteh fdjrm, euoqum ckertehe mo mf mgmrcdcdk hm su
fdjmrteh. Fe aumrze aàsdce drrmsdstdjfm pumhm prkvmodr hm fe oeturefmze k hm
uo tmrcmrk, fk d`pkrteotm ms qum prkhucm qum uoe pmrskoe ect÷m sdo

cepecdheh hm ckotrkf. Mste aumrze aàsdce drrmsdstdjfm hmjm smr ejskfute, ms

hmcdr, mf sugmtk ok hmjm tmomr fe pksdjdfdheh hm ectuer hm ktre akrè.
Mgm`pfk7
Sm prkhucm uo tmrrm`ktk y fes pmrskoes qum vdvmo mo uo mhdadcdk puioeo
pkr sefdr, ef ffmier e fes mscefmres, uoe rmsjefe y cem skjrm ktre
prkhucdäohkfm fe ùmrtm< mo mstm cesk, mf sugmtk qum rmsjefó ectuó cko
aumrze aàsdce drrmsdstdjfm ‘mf tm`jfkr ‘, pkr fk qum ok bey eccdóo.
]o cesk hdamrmotm sm he sd aum uoe pmrskoe fe qum prkhugk fe aumrze aàsdce

drrmsdstdjfm, pums mste sà rmspkohm.
Mgm`pfks7
 Sd ‖E‐ m`puge e ‖J‐ pere qum d`pufsm e ‖C‐, qum sm mocumotre mo mf

jkrhm hm uo jerck y, mamctdve`motm ‖C‐ cem y ùmrm, ‖E‐ rmspkohm pkr
fe ùmrtm hm ‖C‐, `dmotres ‖J‐ sófk aum vàctdè hm uoe aumrze drrmsdstdjfm
‘m`pugóo‘ prkhucdhk pkr ‖E‐.
 Mf pmetóo ms d`pmfdhk ckotre uo msceperetm y fk rk`pm. Ok ms eutkr mf

qum beye sdhk ckostrmõdhk pkr aumrze aàsdce drrmsdstdjfm. Mo mstm cesk,
qudmo bujdmrm mgmrcdhk vdkfmocde smrå seocdkoehk.
Mf ckocmptk hm aumrze drrmsdstdjfm te`jdäo ms hm ireo d`pkrteocde mo mf

Hmrmcbk pmoef, pkrqum mxcfuym fe eccdóo hmf dohdvdhuk, ye qum qudte tkhe
vkfuoterdmheh e su ckohucte. K sd qumrm`ks smr `ås prmcdsk, mf dohdvdhuk
qum sm vm eamctehk pkr uoe vds pbysdce, ok sm he mo äf uoe ckohucte
buèoe. Cferk mstå qum sd mf dohdvdhuk ok mgmcute uoe eccdóo, pumhm
rmefdzer mf bmcbk tàpdck, eotdguràhdck y pmoehk mo mf Hmrmcbk pksdtdvk, pmrk
ok pkhm`ks, mo purdheh, bejfer hm ck`dsdóo hm hmfdtk7 mf ectkr hmf ‖hmfdtk‐
(motmohe`ks ebkre ck`k bmcbk tàpdck, eotdguràhdck y pmoehk), ms
dod`putejfm. Esà, y rmpdtdmohk fk hdcbk, pere qum pkhe`ks bejfer hm hmfdtk
k aefte hmjm bejmr uoe eccdóo k uoe k`dsdóo, y fe vds pbysdce mxcfuym fe
`dsè.

• Ectk rmafmgk. Ok ms aectdjfm d`pmhdr `kvd`dmotks rmafmgks qum prkvdmomo

hmf eutkètds`k hmf sdstmè omrvdksk. Mstks rmafmgks ckohdcdkoehks ok
ckostdtuymo eccdóo ye qum hdcbks `kvd`dmotks ok sko ckotrkfehks ‘k
prkhucdhks‘ pkr fe vkfuoteh hm fe pmrskoe.
Ck`k dohdce mf prkamskr @uõkz Ckohm7 ‖Mf mstàùfk hmf ùohk mxtmrdkr ms
pmrcdjdhk pkr fks cmotrks smoskrms qum fks tres`dtmo, sdo dotmrvmocdóo hm
fe vkfuoteh, hdrmcte`motm e fks cmotrks `ktkrms‐. Ms equà hkohm rehdce fe
hdamrmocde cko fks hmok`doehks ectks hm ckrtk cdrcudtk, mxpfdcehks
eotmrdkr`motm.
MGM@^FK
]o sugmtk mamct÷e uo `kvd`dmotk jrusck ef tkcer uoe
ckohuccdóo mfäctrdce, prkhuctk hm fk cuef bdmrm e ktre
ktr e pmrskoe
• Mstehks hm dockoscdmocde k sdtuecdkoms egmoes e fk petkfóidck

(sumõk, skoe`jufds`k, bdpoktds`k). Sm trete hm `k`motks mo fks qum
mf sugmtk qum rmefdze fe eccdóo ok ms pfmoe`motm ckoscdmotm hm sus ectks.
êre smr eh`dtdhks ck`k mxcfuymotms hm fe eccdóo rmqudmrm hm eoåfdsds y
mstuhdks cudhehksks.
MGM@^FK
E, jegk mamctks hm fe bdpoksds, `
ète
ete e J. E ok ms rmspkosejfm
pkr fe ùmrtm hm J pumstk qum ok tmoàe ckotrkf ckoscdmotm skjrm
sus ectks.
Fe dockoscdmocde ms uo mstehk rmafmgk. ^kr mgm`pfk, cueohk mf mpdfäptdck

ète, ye mxdstm eccdóo buèoe. Sdo m`jerik, »sm pkhrå ckosdhmrer qum
mf bk`dcdhe ms mf eutkr; êre prkjer qum mf ectk aum rmefdzehk pkr uo
mpdfäptdck, sm hmjmràe hm`kstrer qum mf cucbdffk motró pkr mf `ds`k krda
krdadcdk
dcdk

cueotes vmcms ck`k cucbdffehes sm beye bmcbk, sdo ce`jder hm fuier y hm

åoiufk hm motrehe. »Mste eccdóo msterå iudehe pkr fe vkfuoteh hmf
mpdfäptdck;
• D`prmsdóo perefdzeotm. Ok bey pksdjdfdheh hm ectuer kpkrtuoe y

ehmcuehe`motm cueohk mf sugmtk mstå perefdzehk, euoqum sme
`k`motåome`motm, pkr uoe dotmose d`prmsdóo aàsdce (hmsfu`jre`dmotk,
pkr mgm`pfk) k psàqudce (ck`k uo eckotmcd`dmotk d`prmvdstk, pkr mgm`pfk,
vmr e fe ùgmr hm uok cko ktrk mo uo mstehk hm ehuftmrdk), pums fks
`mceods`ks vkfdtdvks prmcdseo hm uo tdm`pk pere hmspfmier su madcecde.
• Mstehk hm omcmsdheh (fmiàtdè hmamose). Mo fe fmiàtdè hmamose

te`jdäo mxdstm uoe eusmocde hm uoe aesm qum sm ffeè aesm dotmroe hm fe
eccdóo. Mo mstm cesk fes hmamoses ok sm fk pdmoseo, ok surim mo mf
pmose`dmotk msm qumrmr hmamohmrsm (aesm dotmroe), sdok `ås jdmo ms fe
rmeccdóo hmf dostdotk hm supmrvdvmocde fk qum becm ectuer ef sugmtk.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ >1
AESMS HM FE ECCDKO
Aesms hm fe eccdóo
Mxdstmo hks aesms7

• Aesm dotmroe. Mo fe aesm dotmroe fe eccdóo skfk sucmhm mo mf pmose`dmotk.
• Aesm mxtmroe. Ecå ms hkohm sm hmserrkffe
hmserrkffe fe eccdóo.
Sd ok bey eccdóo ok bey hmfdtk, pkrqum ms uoe hm fes pertms hm fe mstructure hmf
hmfdtk.

Eccdóo y rmsuftehk
Ck`k ye bm`ks smõefehk, mf rmsuftehk ms mf mamctk mxtmrok qum mf hmrmcbk

pmoef cefdadce pere rmprd`drfk y mf krhmoe`dmotk guràhdck tdpdadce pere seocdkoerfk
qum ckosdstm mo fe `khdadcecdóo dotrkhucdhe pkr fe ckohucte crd`doef mo mf
ùohk mxtmrdkr k mo mf pmfdirk hm qum hdcbe eftmrecdóo sm prkhuzce.
Cueohk bey eccdóo mxtmroe sdm`prm bey rmsuftehks, mstm ms ceusef hm

d`putejdfdheh. Fe fmy te`jdäo cestdie fe sd`pfm èodamstecdóo hm fe eccdóo, pkr
mgm`pfk fe tmotetdve.
Mf mamctk ok sm he mo tkhks fks hmfdtks, pkr mgm`pfk, ok sm he mo fks hmfdtks

akrèfms, mo mstks mf hmfdtk sm pmramccdkoe cko fe skfe èodamstecdóo hm fe
vkfuoteh k fe tmomocde hm `åqudoes pere hmfdoqudr.
MGM@^FK
Mo fks hmfdtks hm aefsdadcecdóo hm hkcu`motks, cefuòde k aefsk tmstd`kodk jeste,
pere ckoadiurerfks, fe pksmsdóo hm `åqudoes pere fe aefsdadcecdóo, fe
èodamstecdóo hm fe vkfuoteh d`puteohk uo hmfdtk e ktrk k fe skfe gure`motecdóo
mo aefsk, sdo qum
q um sme omcmserde fe prkhuccdóo hm uo rmsuftehk.
Mo fks hmfdtks akrèfms ge`ås sm he fe tmotetdve, mstm sófk sm he mo fks hmfdtks

ètmrdefms.
Diuef`motm mo fks hmfdtks arustrehks ok bey rmsuftehk. ^kr msk mf rmsuftehk ok
sdm`prm ms uo mfm`motk msmocdef pere qum uo hmfdtk sm pmramccdkom.
MFM@MOXKS HMF HMFDXK
• Fe hkctrdoe oks he fks sdiudmotms mfm`motks hmf hmfdtk7
5. Ckohucte. Fks bmcbks puodjfms ok pumhmo smr ktre ckse qum ckohuctes
buèoes.

:. Xdpdcdheh.- Ms fe vmrdadcecdóo hm sd fe ckohucte ckdocdhm cko fk hmscrdtk mo

fe fmy (tdpk) ms uoe auocdóo qum sm fm hmok`doe tdpdcdheh.
Mstm prkcmsk hm d`putecdóo d`pfdce hks espmctks7

5. Fe d`putecdóo kjgmtdve, ósme dhmotdadcer fks espmctks hm d`putecdóo
e fe ckohucte y ef rmsuftehk (sugmtk ectdvk, pesdvk, y fks bmcbks
ètmrdefms y guràhdcks).
:. Fe d`putecdóo sujgmtdve, qum ms fe vmrdadcecdóo hm fks espmctks
espmctks
sujgmtdvks hmf tdpk (hkfk y cufpe)
Mf hmfdtk skfk pumhm smr uoe ckohucte qum sm ckrrmspkohm cko uo tdpk
pmoef cfere`motm akrùfehk. Fk hmadodtdvk ms smõefer qum ok bey hmfdtk sdo
tdpk fmief7 ms hmcdr, qum jegk fe cko`doecdóo pmoef skfk cemo equmffes
eccdkoms akrùfehes cfere`motm mo mspmcdms hm hmfdtks hmadodhks pkr mf
hmrmcbk pksdtdvk ck`k mf bk`dcdhdk, mf rkjk k fe msteae.
3. Eotdgurdcdheh.- Sdiodadce ckotrehdccdóo cko mf hmrmcbk y mf krhmoe`dmotk

guràhdck.
]oe ckohucte tàpdce smrå eotdguràhdce cueohk ok ckocurre odoiuoe ceuse
hm gustdadcecdóo. Sd ckocurrm uoe ceuse hm gustdadcecdóo fe ckohucte ok ms
eotdguràhdce. Fes ceuses hm gustdadcecdóo sko hdspksdcdkoms pmr`dsdves
mspmcdefms qum kpmreo skjrm cuefqudmr akrè jåsdce hm bmcbk puodjfm.
Ert. :>¾ C^7 Fe fmiàtdè hmamose, mf mstehk hm omcmsdheh y mf mgmrcdcdk
fmiàtd`k hm uo hmrmcbk. Fe eotdgurdhdcdheh d`pfdce uoe ckostetecdóo
omietdve hm fe `dsè.
8. Cufpejdfdheh (d`putecdóo pmrskoef).- Fe ckohucte sm hmjm rmprkcber

guràhdce`motm ef sugmtk pkr ok bejmr bmcbk fk qum hmjàe becmr, cueohk
sejàe qum msteje becdmohk efik hdstdotk hm fk kjfdiehk pkr mf èohetk k
fk prkbdjdhk pkr äf. Fes ckohdcdkoms hmotrk hm fes qum ectuó u k`dtdó sko

ckosdhmrehes pkr mf hmrmcbk suadcdmotm pere pmr`dtdrfm kpter motrm cu`pfdr

mf èohetk k vdkferfk.
Sm rmefdze uo eoåfdsds hmf dohdvdhuk e ado hm hmtmr`doer sd pumhm k hmjm

rmspkohmr pmoef`motm pkr su eccdkoer. Sm hmjm vmrdadcer fe7
5. D`putejdfdheh (qum ok tmoie odoiuoe eokèfàe psàqudce, irevm

eftmrecdóo hm fe ckocdmocde k hm fe pmrcmpcdóo).
:. Ckocdmocde hm fe Eotdgurdhdcdheh (ckokcmr mf ceråctmr eotdguràhdck hm
su ckohucte).
3. Mxdidjdfdheh hm ktre ckohucte (qum ok sm fm pumhe mxdidr ktre
ckohucte).
• Fe hkctrdoe ectuef`motm e fe ckohucte hmadom ck`k uo mfm`motk `ås hm fe

Xdpdcdheh, pkr msk sm hdcm qum mf hmfdtk ms trdpertdtk (tdpdcdheh, eotdgurdcdheh y
cufpejdfdheh).
BMCBK ^]ODJFM (HKFK T C]FÊ)
HKFK7
Mf Cóhdik pmoef ok fk hmadom, pmrk fe hkctrdoe èykrdterde smõefe qum mxdstm hkfk
cueohk mf sugmtk rmefdze mf ectk cko ckocdmocde y vkfuoteh hm rmefdzer mf tdpk kjgmtdvk,
ms hmcdr, mf sugmtk sejm fk qum becm y fk qudmrm becmr. Fe ckocdmocde ms mf
ckokcd`dmotk hm mster rmefdzeohk mf tdpk kjgmtdvk, hmjm smr ectuef, ms hmcdr mf `ds`k
`k`motk mo qum sm rmefdze mf bmcbk.
Hkfk ms fe ckocdmocde (sejmr fe eccdóo u k`dsdóo qum sm mstå rmefdzeohk) y vkfuoteh

(qumrmr rmefdzer fe eccdóo) hm rmefdzer mf tdpk kjgmtdvk (hmfdtk k ckohucte puodjfm).
Cfesms7

• Hkfk hdrmctk k hm prd`mr irehk, k hkfk do`mhdetk7 Cueohk fe eimotm jusce

rmefdzer uo bmcbk y fk becm. Bey ckdocdhmocde motrm fk qum qudmrm y fk qum becm.
 Mg.7 E qudmrm èter J, y fk becm, bey uoe ckdocdhmocde motrm fk qum be
qumrdhk E y mf rmsuftehk.
• Hkfk hm ckosmcumocde
ckosmcumocdess omcmserdes k hkfk hm smiuohk irehk, k hkfk `mhdetk7
Cueohk mf sugmtk ectdvk sejm qum pere rmefdzer uo bmcbk omcmserde`motm
tmohrå qum prkhucdr uoe ckosmcumocde ehdcdkoef qum sm mocumotre fdiehe ef
rmsuftehk. Mf sugmtk esu`m fes ckosmcumocdes imomrehes pkr mf bmcbk qum
ck`mtm.
 Mg.7 E qudmrm èter J, qum mstå mo uo amrrkcerrdf y fk hmscerrdfe `kvdmohk
fes eiuges hm fe fàome aärrme. E ect÷e cko hkfk hdrmctk hm èter e J y hkfk
hm smiuohk irehk rmspmctk e fks hm`ås pesegmrks.
 Hkfk mvmotuef7 Cueohk mf sugmtk ok qudmrm prkhucdr uo rmsuftehk pmrk, ckosdhmre

qum mstm ms hm prkjejfm prkhuccdóo, ms hmcdr prmvä mf rmsuftehk. Mf sugmtk ok
qudmrm mf rmsuftehk pmrk cumote cko äf, esu`m mf rdmsik.
 Mg.7 ]o hmfdocumotm be hmcdhdhk esefter uo jeock y sejm qum bey uo
vdidfeotm hm 2> eõks, sejm te`jdäo qum, hm e`krhezerfk mstm pumhm `krdr
pkr esadxde, pmsm e tkhk fk becm y ef hàe sdiudmotm mo fks pmrdóhdcks
epermcmo fe oktdcde hm qum vdidfeotm ùrdó hm fe akrè hmscrdte.
C]FÊ7
Mf eoåfdsds hm fks hmfdtks cufpksks ms hdamrmotm mo fe tmkràe hmf hmfdtk, hehk qum sm
tdmomo qum kjsmrver hdvmrsks crdtmrdks pere cefdadcer uo hmfdtk cufpksk. Mo prd`mr fuier
hmjm`ks hmcdr qum, mf Cóhdik ^moef tdmom uo sdstmè hm o÷`mrks cfeusus rmspmctk
hm fks hmfdtks cufpksks7 hm ckoakr`dheh cko mf ert. 5:, mf eimotm hm doareccdóo cufpkse
ms puodjfm mo fks cesks mxprmse`motm mstejfmcdhks pkr fe fmy.
êre ckosdhmrer uo bmcbk ck`k cufpksk, sm hmjm hm kjsmrver fks sdiudmotms
crdtmrdks7

Hmjmr kjgmtdvk hm cudhehk7 sm eoefdze hmshm crdtmrdks kjgmtdvks7 sm hmjm vefkrer fe

ckohucte rmefdzehe pkr mf sugmtk hmshm mf puotk hm vdste hm uo kjsmrvehkr d`percdef.
Mf cudhehk ms kjgmtdvk, ms hmcdr, sm vm sd mf sugmtk ectuó mo mf cesk ckocrmtk cko mf
cudhehk rmqumrdhk pkr fe skcdmheh (bk`jrm `mhdk).
Mf cudhehk ms okrètdvk k vefkretdvk, ms hmcdr sm vm sd mf ck`pkrte`dmotk rmefdzehk
sm ehmcue e fk mstejfmcdhk pkr fe skcdmheh, sm ck`pere fk rmefdzehk pkr mf sugmtk y
fk qum bujdmsm bmcbk mf bk`jrm `mhdk pere vmr sd ckdocdhm7 hm ckdocdhdr, ok sm pumhm
cestdier pkrqum cuefqudmre bujdmsm rmeccdkoehk hm fe `dsè èomre< sd ectuó cko
uoe hdfdimocde `mokr, ästm ms cufpksk.
Mo ckocfusdóo, sm vm sd sm aum mo ckotre hm fes rmifes hm cudhehk okrèf qum sm fm

pumhm mxdidr e uoe pmrskoe mo mse sdtuecdóo.
^rmvdsdjdfdheh7 Zmamrdhe ef rmsuftehk prkhucdhk< sm eoefdze sd cko fe eccdóo rmefdzehe

mre prmvdsdjfm qum sm kcesdkoere mf rmsuftehk. Ms msmocdef qum sm beye prkhucdhk uo
rmsuftehk7 ok bey tmotetdve cufpkse. Fe prmvdsdjdfdheh hmjm mstejfmcmrsm mo jesm e fe
mxpmrdmocde krhdoerde y ckosteotm hm fks dohdvdhuks mo cueotk e fes ckosmcumocdes
ceusefms hm fks ectks buèoks y, ehm`ås, fe sdtuecdóo pertdcufer hmf qum be kjrehk,
mo rmfecdóo cko mf ckokcd`dmotk hm fes cdrcuosteocdes hm bmcbk qum rkhmeo ef ectk.
Mf rmsuftehk.- Ok hmjm smr prmvdstk od ecmptehk< fe akrè msmocdef hm fe cufpe ms

equäffe mo fe cuef ok sm prmvä mf rmsuftehk (cufpe dockoscdmotm k sdo rmprmsmotecdóo)<
pmrk te`jdäo ms cufpe fe rmprmsmotecdóo hmf rmsuftehk cko uo rmcbezk hm ästm, ms fe
sdtuecdóo mo fe qum uok prmvä uo rmsuftehk ck`k pksdjfm pmrk ckosdhmre qum ms
cepez hm mvdterfk, ms hmcdr crmm pkhmr ffmier e mvdter qum mf rmsuftehk sm prkhuzce
(cufpe ckoscdmotm k cko rmprmsmotecdóo).
Hmjm bejmr uo vàocufk motrm fe eccdóo y mf rmsuftehk, uoe rmfecdóo hm ceusefdheh< mo

mf cesk hm fks hmfdtks cufpksks sm epfdce fe mqudvefmocde hm ckohdcdkoms (tkhe ceuse
ms ckohdcdóo hm uo rmsuftehk) y sm hmjm vmr te`jdäo fe d`putecdóo kjgmtdve.

êrtm sujgmtdve hm fe cufpe7 mo cdmrtks cesks sm hmjm vmr sd mf sugmtk tdmom uo

ckokcd`dmotk mspmcdef skjrm fes cdrcuosteocdes, mf cuef fk becm rmspkosejfm hm su
ectuer.
 ]o mgm
mgm`pfk
`pfk ccferk
ferk h
hm
m mstk
mstk sm
sm prmsmote
prmsmote mo mf cesk
cesk hmf `ähdck qum sk`mtm e u
uo
o
pecdmotm e uoe kpmrecdóo, y mf pecdmotm ùmrm< mstk euoqum sme prmvdsdjfm ok
ms suadcdmotm, sm hmjm vmr sd mf `ähdck ectuó cu`pfdmohk tkhes fes rmifes hm
ckohucte qum fm d`pkom rmefdzer uoe kpmrecdóo. Adoef`motm, mxdstm uo hmfdtk
cufpksk cueohk sm be hehk uoe aefte ef hmjmr kjgmtdvk hm cudhehk, fk qum be
prkhucdhk uo rmsuftehk qum mre prmvdsdjfm.
Mo ckocfusdóo pkhm`ks hmadodr qum fe cufpe sm cerectmrdze pkr d`pfdcer uoe ectdtuh
ckotrerde e fe fmy, ceuser k smr cepez hm ceuser uo heõk y rmsufter kjgmtdve`motm
d`putejfm ef eutkr ck`k ckosmcumocde hm su fdjrm hmtmr`doecdóo. Mf ectk hm fe cufpe
idre mo tkrok e fe dhme hm prmvdsdjdfdheh y hmf hmjdhk cudhehk. Fe cufpe ms uoe k`dsdóo
hm fe ckohucte hmjdhe, hmstdoehe e prmvmr y mvdter uo heõk. Sm èodadmste pkr fe
d`pruhmocde, omifdimocde, d`pmrdcde k dokjsmrveocde hm rmife`motks k hmjmrms.
@khefdhehms hm fe Cufpe, fe D`pmrdcde, Omifdimocde, D`pruhmocde y fe

dokjsmrveocde hm rmife`motks k hmjmrms hmf cerik.
D`pmrdcde7
Fe d`pmrdcde mo uo ertm, prkamsdóo u kadcdk vdmom hmtmr`doehe pkr fe cermocde hm fks

ckokcd`dmotks, hm fe mxpmrdmocde k hm fe hmstrmze mxdidjfm pere mgmrcmr uok u ktre
ectdvdheh.
Fe d`pmrdcde dotmire uoe hm fes akrès hm fe cufpe, guotk cko fe d`pruhmocde y
omifdimocde. Esà, smi÷o uo eakrds`k fetdok7 ‖D`pmrdtde cufpem ehou`mreotur‐ (Fe
d`pmrdcde sm ckosdhmre ck`k cufpe).
Ebkre jdmo,
jdmo, qudmo rmefdcm uoe terme qum ok ckrrmspkohe
ckrrmspkohe e su qum
qumbecmr,
becmr, kc
kcesdkoeohk
esdkoeohk
uo rmsuftehk docrd`doejfm ck`k hmfdtk cufpksk, ok pkhrå smr ecusehk hm d`pmrdtk,
sdok e tàtufk hm d`pruhmocde k hm omifdimocde.

Fe d`pmrdcde domxcusejfm, ehm`ås hmf rmsercd`dmotk hm heõks qum sdm`prm d`pfdce,

pksmm trescmohmocde pmoef sdo pmrgudcdk hm su ckosdhmrecdóo cdvdf, qum mståo `ås
hehks ef tär`dok hm omifdimocde.
Omifdimocde
Sd oks etmom`ks e su ecmpcdóo uodterde, fe omifdimocde sdiodadce hmscudhk mo fes
termes u kcupecdkoms, k`dsdóo k aefte hm prmkcupecdóo k hm epfdcecdóo mo fk qum sm
becm k hmjm becmrsm.
Euoqum mxdstmo hks crdtmrdks ùy hdstdotks mo fks krhmoe`dmotks pmoefms, mo rmfecdóo
cko fe omifdimocde, prmhk`doe mf moakqum hm dotmirer uoe rmspkosejdfdheh etmouehe
cko rmfecdóo e fks `ds`ks bmcbks hmfdctdvks pkr hkfk< y, sdiudmohk fe mqudperecdóo
hmf krhmo cdvdf, te`jdäo dotmire cufpe mo mf smotdhk mspmcàadck hm hmfdtk cufpksk.
CEZFKS AKOXÅO JEFMSXZE, mxprmsåohksm cko cferdheh pefèrde, eokte qum

‖fe omifdimocde ms fe aefte hm prmceucdóo k dohdamrmocde pkr mf ectk qum sm rmefdze‐.
‖Mo mste bdpótmsds -eõehm- teotk èykr smrå fe omifdimocde cueotk `ås prmceucdóo
rmqudmrm fe oeturefmze hm hdcbk ectk< ok ms fóidck mxdidr fes `dsès prmceucdkoms e
qudmo treospkrte aerhks hm pestk, qum ef qum hmjm mamctuer mf tresfehk hm uoe ètmrde
mxpfksdve‐.
Mo su mstrdctk sdiodadcehk mstrdje fe omifdimocde ‖mo ok tkèr fes hmjdhes

prmceucdkoms, sme mo ectks mxcmpcdkoefms k mo fks hm fe vdhe krhdoerde‐. GD@ÄOMW
HM ES×E skstdmom qum fe omifdimocde ms mf mfm`motk psdckfóidck hm fe cufpe, aumrmo
cuefms aumrmo fes verdmhehms hm äste, y qum, pkr fk teotk, sm beffe àosdtk mo fe
d`pruhmocde, fe d`pmrdcde y fe dokjsmrveocde hm rmife`motks k hmjmrms.
D`pruhmocde
Imoärdce`motm, fe aefte hm pruhmocde, hm prmceucdóo. // K`dsdóo hm fe hdfdimocde
hmjdhe. // Hmamctk hm ehvmrtmocde k prmvdsdóo mo efiuoe ckse.
Mf d`pruhmotm errkstre rdmsiks doomcmserdks k prmscdohm hm ehkpter fes `mhdhes
` mhdhes hm
smiurdheh pere d`pmhdrfks k e`dokrerfks, sdo qumrmr, pmrk sdo rmcbezer fe

ckotdoimocde hmf èf k hmf heõk, qum pumhm efceozerfm k efceozer e ktrk, pmrguhdcer
sus dotmrmsms k fks egmoks, k doamrdr kamose e hmrmcbks hmf prógd`k k hm uok `ds`k.
Mo fk cdvdf, mocuehre mo uoe u ktre hm fes `khefdhehms hm fe cufpe tkhe d`pruhmocde
qum fmsdkoe fe pmrskoe, fks hmrmcbks y fks jdmoms qum ok sko prkpdks, cko fe
ckosdiudmotm rmspkosejdfdheh cdvdf.
^moef`motm, ehm`ås hm errestrer fes ckosmcumocdes hm fks rmsercd`dmotks pkr fks
heõks y pmrgudcdks smõefehks mo mf mpàiream eotmrdkr, fe ckohucte d`pruhmotm
mocumotre tdpdadcecdóo puodjfm. Mo fe d`pruhmocde ok bey od fe dotmocdóo pfmoe od mf
prkpósdtk hmadodhk hm hmfdoqudr< pmrk sm krdidoeo ckosmcumocdes tdpdadcehes mo fe fmy
pmoef mo hmtmr`doehks cesks, pkr ok bejmr prkcmhdhk cko fe hdfdimocde ehmcuehe
pere fe mvdtecdóo hm fmsdkoms, pmrgudcdks k heõks.
Ckovdmom hdstdoiudr motrm fe d`pruhmocde y mf cesk akrtudtk. Mo fe prd`mre bey
cufpe, pumstk qum fes ckosmcumocdes hmf ectk pkhàeo prmvmrsm< `dmotres qum mo mf
cesk akrtudtk oehdm rmspkohm y, ck`k mxprmse mf Cóhdik ^moef Mspeõkf, ok hmfdoqum,
y pkr teotk mstå mxmotk hm rmspkosejdfdheh crd`doef, mf qum, cko kcesdóo hm mgmcuter
uo ectk fàcdtk cko fe hmjdhe hdfdimocde, ceuse uo èf pkr `mrk eccdhmotm, sdo cufpe od
dotmocdóo hm ceuserfk.
Fe d`pruhmocde d`pfdce uo kjrer qum ffmve ckosdik uo pmfdirk. Ireètdcef y
guràhdce`motm ‖d`pruhmocde‐ sdiodadce aefte hm mgmrcdcdk hm fe ckohdcdóo hm prmvmr y
mvdter fks pmfdirks< ckosdstm mo kjrer, mo m`prmohmr ectks dousdtehks, aumre hm fk
ckrrdmotm y qum, pkr mffk, pumhmo ceuser mamctks heõksks.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ >9
DXMZ CZD@DODS
Dtmr Crd`dods, sdiodadce7 ce`dok k hmserrkffk hmf hmfdtk.

Ms d`pkrteotm sejmr cuåohk m`pdmze y cueohk tmr`doe mf hmfdtk y fes adiures qum sm
pumhmo prmsmoter hureotm mstm fepsk hm tdm`pk, tmotetdve, hmsdstd`dmotk,
errmpmotd`dmotk, mtc.
Ms uo prkcmsk qum tdmom uoe pertm `motef k dotmroe y uoe pertm aàsdce k mxtmroe. Mstk
ms hm suè d`pkrteocde pkrqum uo ck`pkrte`dmotk `mrmcm `ås pmoe mo cueotk
`ås sm eprkxd`m e heõer ef jdmo guràhdck (mf èykr heõk sm prkhucm cko fe
ckosuècdóo hmf hmfdtk).
AESMS HMF HMSEZZKFFK HMF HMFDXK
Aesm dotmroe.- Mste aesm ok sm cestdie ye qum sm mocumotre hmotrk hmf pmose`dmotk
hm fe pmrskoe, rmsufteràe pums d`pksdjfm prkjerfe.
Mste aesm tdmom trms `k`motks7
• Dhmecdóo7 Dèidoersm mf hmfdtk. Kjgmtdve`motm ok ms kamosdvk, ok sm èodadmste

uo pkhmr hmfdctdvk rmef hm fe vkfuoteh. ^kr mgm`pfk7 E qudmrm èter e J.
• Hmfdjmrecdóo7 Ms fe mfejkrecdóo y hmserrkffk hmf pfeo, vdmohk fks hmteffms y akrè

mo qum sm ve e rmefdzer. ^kr mgm`pfk7 "E" vm fe akrè `ås mamctdve hm èter e
"J", pumhm smr7 hureotm fe okcbm y cko erè hm aumik u ktrks mfm`motks.
• Hmcdsdóo7 Xkèr fe hmcdsdóo hm pkomr mo pråctdce mf pfeo. ^kr mgm`pfk7 "E"

hmcdhm èter e "J" `mhdeotm uo erè y hureotm fe okcbm.
Aesm mxtmroe.- Mste aesm ckosdstm mo mxtmrdkrdzer fe aesm dotmroe, ms hmcdr, fks ectks
pfeomehks hmotrk hm fe pmrskoe sm rmefdzeo mo mf ùohk mxtmrdkr cko mf prkpósdtk hm
ck`mtmr uo hmfdtk. Mste aesm sm hdvdhm mo Ectks ^rmperetkrdks, Xmotetdve,
Ckosuècdóo y Eikte`dmotk.

• Fks ectks prmperetkrdks7 Sko equmffks qum sm prmsmoteo cko eotmrdkrdheh e fe

mgmcucdóo hmf hmfdtk y mståo hdrdidhks e aecdfdterfk. Fks ectks prmperetkrdks
èodadmsteo uo dosuadcdmotm ckotmodhk hmfdctdvk y su pkce dotmfdidjdfdheh rmef
qumhe, pkr prdocdpdk, d`puom.
Fks ectks prmperetkrdks ok sm cestdieo. Sefvk cueohk mf Cóhdik ^moef
mstejfmcm su seocdóo mo akrè mxprmse, mo cuyk cesk, mo rmefdheh, ye ok smràe
uo ectk prmperetkrdk sdok uo hmfdtk pmramcte`motm hmadodhk. ^kr mgm`pfk7 fe
tmomocde dfmief hm erès.
• Mgmcucdóo (Xmotetdve – Ert. 51¾ C^.).
• Ckosuècdóo7 Fe ckosuècdóo surim hmf vmrjk rmctkr hmf tdpk pmoef, pkr
mgm`pfk èter, epkhmrersm, mtc. Zmefdzer mf vmrjk rmctkr d`pfdce fmsdkoer k
pkomr mo pmfdirk mf jdmo guràhdck prktmidhk ert. DQ hmf Xàtufk
Xàtu fk ^rmfd`doer hmf Cóhdik
^moef. Cueohk ok sm be cuf`doehk fe eccdóo hmscrdte pkr mf vmrjk rmctkr oks
mockotrerm`ks euo mo fe aesm hm tmotetdve.
t motetdve.
Ckosuècdóo Akrèf7 Smi÷o mf tdpk pmoef mste sm hmtmr`doe cueohk uo hmfdtk

mstå akrèf`motm ckosuèhk. Mf hmfdtk sm ckosuè cko mf tktef cu`pfd`dmotk
hmf tdpk.
Ckosuècdóo @etmrdef7 Surim fumik hm fe ckosuècdóo akrèf, cueohk mf sugmtk

fkire mf ado ÷ftd`k pkr mf qum ck`mtdó mf hmfdtk (eikte`dmotk hmf hmfdtk). Mste
ckosuècdóo ms drrmfmveotm pere mf hmrmcbk pmoef, sd mf sugmtk kjtuvk k fkirk fe
adoefdheh qum `ktdvk su ckohucte ms drrmfmveotm.
• Eikte`dmotk7 Ms uoe aesm pkstmrdkr e fe ckosuècdóo akrèf, ms hmcdr mf hmfdtk

ye sm be rmefdzehk. Mf sugmtk ectdvk ye ok cu`pfm cko fks mfm`motks tàpdcks,
sdok qum ckosdium setdsaecmr fe dotmocdóo qum pmrsmiuàe. Mf eikte`dmotk
vmohràe becmr fe hdspksdcdóo y/k mf hdsarutm hmf jdmo.

XMOXEXDQE
Ok tkhe mgmcucdóo dodcdef hm hmfdtk – k aefte mo efiuoks cesks – ffmie e fe
ckosuècdóo. Ms pksdjfm qum mf mgmcutkr, jdmo pkr ceuses egmoes e su vkfuoteh , jdmo
pkr prkpde vkfuoteh , ok sm efceoze mf rmsuftehk tàpdck. Mo mf prd`mr cesk sm msteràe
bejfeohk hm hm tmotetdve (ert. 51 C^) C^),, `dmotres qum mo mf smiuohk,
hm hmsdstd`dmotk (ert. 52 C^ – ÷odck sugmtk – y ert.
hm y ert. 54 C^ – verdks sugmtks).
Cfesms hm tmotetdve7
• Doecejehe7 Surim cueohk mf eutkr ok rmefdze tkhks fks ectks omcmserdks pere
fe ckosuècdóo hmf hmfdtk. Ms hmcdr, ms fe eccdóo tàpdce sm dotmrru`pm pkr uo
aectkr mxtreõk ef qumrmr hmf eimotm qum fm d`pdhm fe ckosuècdóo hm fe
ckohucte.
Mf sugmtk rmefdze skfk efiuoks ectks hm mgmcucdóo.
Mg7 Mf eutkr hdspere skjrm fe vàctdè y ok fm efceoze.
• Ecejehe7 Surim cueohk mf eutkr be rmefdzehk tkhks< fks ectks omcmserdks pere
fe ckosuècdóo, pmrk mste ok sm rmefdze. Mf sugmtk rmefdzó tkhks fks ectks hm
mgmcucdóo, ok ckosdiudmohk –pmsm e mffk- su prkpósdtk. (Hmfdtk arustrehk).
Mg7 Efceozåohkfm mf hdsperk, fe vàctdè ok ùmrm irecdes e fe dotmrvmocdóo hm uo
tmrcmrk.
• Ok sm cestdieo ck`k tmotetdve7
- X. Dodhóome7 Mf sugmtk tdmom ùcbe dotmocdóo hm ck`mtmr mf hmfdtk pmrk ok

ve e fkirer ckosuèrfk pkrqum fks `mhdks k mf kjgmtk sko doehmcuehks k
dodhóomks (hmfdtk d`pksdjfm – Ert. 59¾ C^.). Mf pmose`dmotk ok hmfdoqum, od
te`pkck mf pmose`dmotk eck`peõehk hm ectks ejskfute`motm dodhóomks.
m f jdmo guràhdck.
Ok mxdstm prkjejdfdheh hm pmfdirk pere mf
- Hmsdstd`dmotk 7 (Ert. 52¾ y 54¾ C.^.)

Mf hmsdstd`dmotk sm prmsmote mo fe tmotetdve doecejehe y mf errmpmotd`dmotk
k hmsdstd`dmotk-ectdvk mo tmotetdve ecejehe.

Mf hmsdstd`dmotk mo fe tmotetdve doecejehe hmjm rmuodr fks sdiudmotms

rmqudsdtks7
S]JGMXDQK7 Mf eimotm mo akrè vkfuoterde hmjm hmcdhdr ok prksmiudr cko

fe mgmcucdóo hmf hmfdtk.
KJGMXDQK7 Mf eimotm ok hmjm ckotdouer fe mgmcucdóo hmf hmfdtk. Ms hmcdr,
mf eimotm hmjm hmtmomr su ck`pkrte`dmotk tàpdck.
FMIDXD@E HMAMOSE
Ms fe sdtuecdóo hm mstehk hm omcmsdheh qum ckosdstm mo fe rmpufse (rmpmfmr) hm fe

eirmsdóo dfmiàtdè, ectuef k do`domotm, pkr mf etecehk k tmrcmre pmrskoe, ckotre mf
eirmskr, sdo trespeser fe omcmsdheh hm fe hmamose y hmotrk hm fe recdkoef prkpkrcdóo
hm fks `mhdks m`pfmehks pere d`pmhdrfe k rmpmfmrfe.
Zmqudsdtks hm fe fmiàtdè hmamose
e. Eirmsdóo dfmiàtdè
Fe eirmsdóo hmjm smr ectuef, do`domotm,
d o`domotm, rmef, hkfkse k cufpkse y jeste cko qum
sm pkoie mo rdmsik mf jdmo guràhdck. Mo ktres pefejres fe eirmsdóo hmjm smr
ckotrerde ef hmrmcbk.
 Mg. Bejràe eirmsdóo dfmiàtdè cueohk uo sugmtk tkè mf erè y sm hdspkom

e hdsperer skjrm ktre pmrskoe sdo `ktdvk efiuok, pmrk ok mxdstdràe sd fe
vdctdè skspmcbe qum mf sugmtk sm be dhk e su cese e juscer mf erè cko
mf cuef pdmose èterfk.
 Mg. Ok sm pumhm hmcdr qum uoe pmrskoe ect÷e mo fmiàtdè hmamose hm su

bmrèok sd e ästm fk èterko becm uo eõk.

Mo fe eirmsdóo dfmiàtdè ms omcmserdk qum mxdste uo jdmo guràhdck e`moezehk,

cuefqudmr jdmo guràhdck pumhm smr hmamohdhk< hm ecumrhk e fks tär`doks hm fmy
sm pumhm hmamohmr e fe pmrskoe k e sus hmrmcbks.
j. Omcmsdheh recdkoef hmf `mhdk m`pfmehk

Equà sm eoefdze fe eccdóo hmf sugmtk qum sm hmadmohm. Fe hmamose hmjm smr
omcmserde y recdkoef< ms omcmserde, sd mre fe ÷odce akrè cko fe cuef mvdteràe fe
fmsdóo ef jdmo guràhdck, y ms recdkoef, sd fe eccdóo hmfe eirmhdhk ms fe `moks
heõkse hm cueotes mstejeo e su hdspksdcdóo pere rmcbezer fe eirmsdóo mo fe
sdtuecdóo ckocrmte. êre mffk hmjmrå tmomrsm mo cumote fk sdiudmotm7
• Fe oeturefmze hmf etequm –sd mf eirmskr mstå erèhk k ok-.
• Fe oeturefmze hmf jdmo guràhdck etecehk.
• ^ksdjdfdhehms hm sefvecdóo hmf jdmo etecehk.
 Mg. Sd efiudmo ms etecehk cko ikfpms, ok pumhm rmeccdkoer cko uo rmvófvmr<

pmrk sd mf eirmskr ms uo jkxmehkr, sà pumhm becmrfk.
c. Aefte hm prkvkcecdóo suadcdmotm

Ms cferk qum mf eirmhdhk ok hmjm prkvkcer fe eirmsdóo. Sm hmjm tmomr mo cumote
fe oeturefmze hm fe prkvkcecdóo.
pr kvkcecdóo.
 Mg. Sd uoe pmrskoe sejdmohk qum aàsdce`motm ms supmrdkr e su mom`dik fk

prkvkce cko mf ado hm qum fk etequm pere esà pkhmr festdèrfk cko sus
puõks< pmrk fumik hm fe prkvkcecdóo mf dohdvdhuk ok rmeccdkoe
hmamohdäohksm cko fks puõks, sdok qum, sece uo erè hm aumik.
a umik.
Sd mffk ms mxe`doehk supmradcdef`motm, sm pkhràe bejfer hm uoe fmiàtdè

hmamose, fk qum sm hmjm tmomr mo cumote ms sd fe prkvkcecdóo tdmom fe suadcdmotm
dotmosdheh pere smr ckosdhmrehe ck`k uoe eirmsdóo dfmidtdè, mo mf mgm`pfk, mf
prmsuotk eirmhdhk sm ckovdmrtm mo eirmskr armotm ef cuef mf prkvkcehk pumhm

ectuer mo fmiàtdè hmamose (sm dovdmrtm fks pepmfms hm eirmhdhk e eirmskr y hm

prkvkcehkr e vdctdè).
ECXDQDHEH O¾ >2
E]XKZDE T ÊZXDCDÊCDÓO
Eutkràe
Eutkr ms equmf e qudmo sm pumhm d`puter ck`k prkpdk fe pmrpmtrecdóo hm uo hmfdtk,

ms hmcdr, equmf qum becm suyk mf mvmotk crd`doef.
Hmshm mf prdsè hm uo ckocmptk uodterdk hm eutkr cuefqudmr dotmrvmocdóo mo mf
bmcbk puodjfm ckotrdjuym ceusef`motm ef rmsuftehk. Hm ebà qum ok sm hdamrmocdm motrm
eutkrms y pertdcdpms.
Ok kjsteotm, bky mo hàe prmhk`doeo fes sdiudmotms tm

tmkràes hdamrmocdehkress , qum
kràes hdamrmocdehkre
sko equmffes qum ckocmhmo uo hdstdotk trete`dmotk e eutkrms y pertdcdpms7
 Fes tmkràes sujgmtdves tkèo ck`k puotk hm pertdhe fe ok hdstdocdóo motrm

eutkrms y pertdcdpms, pmrk esu`dmohk qum fe fmy sd fms he uo hdstdotk trete`dmotk,
ckosdhmreo qum fe hdamrmocdecdóo sm he mo mf pfeok sujgmtdvk. Hm mstm `khk,
smrå eutkr qudmo ectuä cko åod`k hm eutkr ( eodùs euctkrds), y smrå pertdcdpm
qudmo kjrm cko åod`k hm pertdcdpm (eodùs skcdd ).
). Mste tmkràe ms ùy crdtdcehe,
pums becm hmpmohmr mf irehk hm rmspkosejdfdheh pmoef hm fe mxcfusdve vkfuoteh
hmf eimotm.
 Fes tmkràes rmstrdctdves pertmo hm fe hdamrmocdecdóo motrm eutkrms y pertdcdpms.
]oe hm mffes ms fe tmkràe kjgmtdvk akrè
akr èff, smi÷o fe cuef smrå eutkr qudmo rmefdcm
fe ckohucte prmvdste mo mf tdpk pmoef, y pertdcdpm qudmo ok rmefdzeohk hdcbe
ckohucte, ckotrdjuym e su rmefdzecdóo. Mf prkjfmè hm mste tmkràe ms qum ok he
cejdhe e fe eutkràe `mhdete (pums mf bk`jrm hm etrås ok rmefdze hdrmcte`motm

fe ckohucte prmvdste mo mf tdpk). Fe tmkràe hmf hk`dodk hmf bmcbk,

prmhk`doeotm mo fe ectuefdheh, rmsumfvm mstm prkjfmè.
Xmkràe hmf hk`dodk hmf bmcbk
Sd fe tmkràe kjgmtdvk akrèf auoheje fe hdstdocdóo motrm eutkrms y pertdcdpms mo fe

rmefdzecdóo pmrskoef hm fe eccdóo tàpdce, fe tmkràe ebkre mxe`doehe mstejfmcm mse
hdamrmocde mo uo crdtmrdk ètmrdef7 mf hk`dodk hmf bmcbk. Hk`doe mf bmcbk qudmo hmcdhm
mf có`k y cuåohk hm fe mgmcucdóo hmf bmcbk, qudmo ckotrkfe sus espmctks msmocdefms,
ms fe adiure cmotref k smõkr hmf bmcbk puodjfm.
Mf hk`dodk hmf bmcbk sm pumhm ffmver e cejk7
 E treväs hm uo hk`dodk hm fe eccdóo (eutkràe hdrmcte k do`mhdete). Mf sugmtk

rmefdze pmrskoef`motm fe eccdóo prmvdste mo mf tdpk pmoef.
 E treväs hm uo hk`dodk hm fe vkfuoteh (eutkràe `mhdete). Mf eutkr `mhdetk
(bk`jrm hm etrås) rmefdze mf bmcbk puodjfm e treväs hm ktrk qum fm sdrvm hm
dostru`motk.
 E treväs hm uo hk`dodk auocdkoef (ckeutkràe). Supkom uo cesk hm rmefdzecdóo
ckoguote hmf ck`pkrte`dmotk puodjfm.
Hm ebà qum, e odvmf hm eutkràe, sm eoefdcmo fks cesks hm eutkràe hdrmcte k do`mhdete<
eutkràe `mhdete y ckeutkràe.
5. Eutkràe hdrmcte. Mf eutkr hdrmctk hk`doe fe eccdóo ”tdmom uo ckotrkf skjrm mf

eckotmcmr crd`doef”, pums rmefdze pmrskoef`motm fe ckohucte pr mvdste
mvdste mo mf
tdpk pmoef. Mf fmidsfehkr (ert. :3 C^) sm rmadmrm e äf ck`k equmf qum rmefdze pkr
s à mf bmcbk puodjfm. Fe gurdspruhmocde sumfm smõefer qum ms eutkr qudmo rmefdze
hm prkpde èok tkhks fks mfm`motks kjgmtdvks y sujgmtdvks qum ckoadiureo mf
tdpk.
Mg`7

 Uudmo etrkpmffe e ktrk kcesdkoåohkfm fe ùmrtm.

 Uudmo eprkvmcbeohk fe eusmocde hm fe èhrm, vdkfe e uo `mokr hm mheh.
:. Eutkràe `mhdete. Mf eutkr `mhdetk (bk`jrm hm etrås) rmefdze mf bmcbk puodjfm

`mhd k hm ktrk (ert. :3 C^) qum fm sdrvm hm dostru`motk. Bey hk`dodk hm fe
pkr `mhdk
vkfuoteh, pums mf dostru`motk ‖ect÷e sdo fdjmrteh k sdo ckokcd`dmotk, mstk ms,
vàctdè hm uo moieõk (mrrkr), jegk ckeccdóo pkr mf m`pfmk hm vdkfmocde (`dmhk
dosupmrejfm) k pehmcdmohk uoe sdtuecdóo hm docufpejdfdheh‐.
Mg`.
 Equmf qum utdfdze e uo `mokr hm mheh k e uo moamr`k `motef pere ckfkcer
uo mxpfksdvk.
 Mscrdtkr qum becm rmhecter e su esdstmotm uoe certe dogurdkse becdäohkfm
crmmr qum sm trete hm su ÷ftdè ck`pksdcdóo mpdstkfer, pdhdäohkfm qum sm
fe movdä e uoe cràtdce fdtmrer de
de ”su ecärrdè hmtrectkre” pere sus
rmspmctdvks ‖ck`moterdks‐.
 Mf `ähdck qum prmpere uoe doymccdóo `krtef y becm qum fe moamr`mre,
qudmo hmsckokcm mf vmrhehmrk ckotmodhk, fe epfdqum e fe vàctdè.
3. Ckeutkràe. Mf fmidsfehkr sm rmadmrm e fks ckeutkrms ck`k fks qum ck`mtmo

ckoguote`motm mf bmcbk puodjfm (ert. :3 C^). Sm trete, pums, hm uo supumstk
hm rmefdzecdóo ckoguote. Zmqudmrm uo ecumrhk prmvdk y hdvdsdóo hm auocdkoms.
a uocdkoms. Mf
epkrtm hm cehe ckeutkr hmjm smr msmocdef. ^kr mf pr
prdo
docd
cdpd
pdk
k hm d`putecd
d`putecdóo
óo
rmcàprkce, fk qum beie uo ckeutkr sm d`pute e fks hm`ås< mstk ms esà, pkrqum
cehe ckotrdjucdóo akrè pertm hmf pfeo crd`doef
crd`d oef ifkjef.
Ok permcmràe ecmrtehk qum prkhucdhk mf eseftk e uo jeock pkr uoe jeohe skfk
sm bdcdmre rmspkohmr pmoef`motm ef qum pmrskoef`motm sustregk mf hdomrk hm fe
cege aumrtm, ès ok ef qum mspmreje eaumre mo mf eutk cko mf `ktkr mocmohdhk.
Xkhks fks ckeutkrms rmspkohmo pkr mf hmfdtk hm rkjk, y sd hmotrk hmf pfeo msteje
èter ef vdidfeotm k pkfdcàe sd kpkoàe rmsdstmocde, hdcbe ckohucte sm d`pute k
etrdjuym e fks ckeutkrms y ok skfk ef qum mamctuó mf hdsperk. Fks ckeutkrms ok
rmspkohmråo pkr mf mxcmsk hm uo ckeutkr, ms hmcdr, sd ect÷e aumre hmf pfeo

crd`doef k fe hmcdsdóo ck`÷o. Mo cueotk e fe hdamrmocde cko mf có`pfdcm prdèrdk,

cejm hmcdr qum mstm te`jdäo pumhm rmefdzer uo epkrtm msmocdef, ès cermcm hm
ckhk`dodk hmf bmcbk, ok akr`k pertm hm fe hmcdsdóo ck`÷o.
êrtdcdpecdóo
Fe pertdcdpecdóo efuhm e fe dotmrvmocdóo
d otmrvmocdóo hkfkse mo uo bmcbk puodjfm egmok.
e) Fe pertdcdpecdóo ms hkfkse, pkr cueotk oumstrk fmidsfehkr fk be mstejfmcdhk esà. ^kr

teotk, mo oumstrk sdstmè guràhdck fe pertdcdpecdóo cufpkse ok ms pmoef`motm
rmfmveotm (euo cueohk hmshm mf puotk hm vdste tmórdck sme eh`dsdjfm).
j) Sm hdcm qum fe pertdcdpecdóo ms uoe dotmrvmocdóo mo uo bmcbk puodjfm egmok, pkr

cueotk mf hmfdtk ‖pmrtmomcm‐ k ms kjre hmf eutkr. Esà, mf pertdcdpm (dostdiehkr k
có`pfdcm) hm uo bk`dcdhdk ok ète, sdok qum dostdie k ckfejkre pere qum ktrk (mf
eutkr) ètm.
Fe pertdcdpecdóo ck`prmohm ectks hm dostdiecdóo y ck`pfdcdheh.

Mf pertdcdpm ok tdmom hk`dodk hm fe eccdóo, pmrk ckotrdjuym e fe pmrpmtrecdóo mf bmcbk
puodjfm.
êre qum fe pertdcdpecdóo sme puodjfm sm rmqudmrm qum mf bmcbk puodjfm (mf bmcbk
prdocdpef, mf qum ms ck`mtdhk pkr mf eutkr) beye ck`mozehk e mgmcutersm.
Akrès hm pertdcdpecdóo
5. Dostdiecdóo7 Fe dostdiecdóo k dohuccdóo ms uoe akrè hm pertdcdpecdóo qum

ckosdstm mo hmtmr`doer hkfkse`motm e ktrk e ck`mtmr uo hmfdtk (ert. :8 C^).
Mo mstm smotdhk, hmtmr`doer ms becmr oecmr mo ktrk uoe vkfuoteh crd`doef qum
ok tmoàe prmvde`motm. Cko fk cuef, ok sm pumhm ‖dohucdr‐ e ktre pmrskoe e
ck`mtmr uo bmcbk puodjfm, cueohk mstm ye msteje hmcdhdhk e pmrpmtrerfk.

Fe dostdiecdóo, ck`k doafumocde psàqudce hm hmtmr`doecdóo e fe ck`dsdóo hm uo

bmcbk hmfdctdvk, hmjm hdrdidrsm e uoe pmrskoe hmtmr`doehe, y mster rmfecdkoehe
cko uo hmfdtk mo ckocrmtk.
Fe doafumocde psàqudce pumhm rmefdzersm e treväs hm ckosmgks, prk`mses,
epumstes, prkvkcecdkoms, prmcdk, rmck`pmoses, mtc. ^kr mgm`pfk, equmf qum
ckotrete uo sdcerdk pere qum ètm e su ecrmmhkr.
Ef dostdiehkr sm mxdim uo hkjfm hkfk7
e) Hmjm kjrer cko fe adoefdheh hm crmer fe hmcdsdóo crd`doef mo ktre pmrskoe.
j) Hmjm juscer qum mf dostdiehk rmefdcm mf ck`pkrte`dmotk puodjfm.
:. Ck`pfdcdheh7 Xe`jdäo ffeèhe ckkpmrecdóo, ms uo ectk hm ckfejkrecdóo mo

uo bmcbk puodjfm egmok (ert. := C^). Fe ckotrdjucdóo e fe pmrpmtrecdóo hmf bmcbk
puodjfm pumhm rmefdzersm eotms k hureotm fe mgmcucdóo.
Akrès hm ck`pfdcdheh
e. Fe ck`pfdcdheh prdèrde k omcmserde supkom uo epkrtm auohe`motef k

omcmserdk pere fe rmefdzecdóo hmf bmcbk puodjfm. Mf fmidsfehkr fk ckocdjm
ck`k uo epkrtm ‖sdo mf cuef \mf bmcbk puodjfmP ok sm bujdmrm pmrpmtrehk‐.
Hm mstk qum efiuoks motdmoheo qum mf `k`motk hmf epkrtm ms mo mtepe
prmperetkrde, pums sd mf epkrtm omcmserdk sm he mo aesm hm mgmcucdóo sm
treteràe hm uo supumstk hm ckeutkràe. Fe ck`pfdcdheh prdèrde sm rmprd`m
cko mf èrck pmoef prmvdstk pere mf eutkr (fe pmoe ckocrmte, ms hmcdr, fe
d`pumste mamctdve`motm pkr mf Gumz pmoef, pumhm hdamrdr motrm eutkrms,
ckeutkrms y pertdcdpms, pums ms rmsuftehk hm fe hmtmr`doecdóo guhdcdef hm
fe pmoe, vdh. ert. 81 C^).
j) Fe ck`pfdcdheh smcuoherde k ok omcmserde supkom uo epkrtm ok

msmocdef k pkck rmfmveotm mo mf bmcbk puodjfm hm ktrk. ûmhm smr prmstehk
mo cuefqudmr `k`motk eotms hm fe ckosuècdóo. Ef có`pfdcm smcuoherdk
sm fm hds`doudrå pruhmocdef`motm fe pmoe.

ECXDQDHEH O¾ >4
D@^]XECDKO
D`putecdóo kjgmtdve. Sm hmok`doe d`putetdko kjgmtdve e equmffe qum hmfd`dte fe

rmspkosejdfdheh pmoef pkr uo rmsuftehk ck`mtdhk mo mf tdpk kjgmtdvk. Fe aórùfe
jåsdce qum utdfdze fe d`putecdóo kjgmtdve ms fe sdiudmotm7
"]o rmsuftehk ms kjgmtdve`motm d`putejfm, cueohk mf eutkr be crmehk uo rdmsik ok
pmr`dtdhk, mf cuef sm rmefdze mo mf rmsuftehk tàpdck mo su ckoadiurecdóo ckocrmte y sm
mocumotre hmotrk hmf å`jdtk hm prktmccdóo hm fe okrè".
Mf prdocdpdk smi÷o mf cuef e tkhe ceuse fm sdium uo rmsuftehk sm ffeè prdocdpdk

ffeè prdocdpdk hm
ceusefdheh y ef omxk qum uom hdcbe ceuse cko mf rmsuftehk sm ffeè rmfecdóo
ffeè rmfecdóo hm
ceusefdheh.
ceusefdheh.
êre pkhmr etrdjudr uo rmsuftehk e uoe hmtmr`doehe ckohucte, sm rmqudmrm mstejfmcmr
sd motrm mse eccdóo y msm rmsuftehk mxdstm uoe rmfecdóo hm ceusefdheh hmshm uoe
pmrspmctdve oeturef. Ehm`ås, ms omcmserdk hmtmr`doer qum msm vàocufk oeturef
dotmrmsm ef Hmrmcbk
ef Hmrmcbk ^moef.
^moef. Mstm
Mstm ÷ftd`k cesk ckosdstm mo akrùfer uo gudcdk okrètdvk,
te`jdäo ckokcdhk cko mf ok`jrm hm gudcdk hm d`putecdóo kjgmtdve. Ck`prkjer fe
mxdstmocde hm fe rmfecdóo hm ceusefdheh ms mf prd`mr pesk hm ffe
e d`putecdóo kjgmtdve.
Sm hmadom fe ceusefdheh ck`k mf prkcmsk pkr mf cuef sm ffmie ef rmprkcbm, mf cuef
ckosdstm mo hmtmr`doer7 Mf omxk ceusef motrm fe ckohucte y mf rmsuftehk, fe dotmocdóo
hmf eutkr, su irehk hm d`putejdfdheh ef `k`motk hm ck`mtmr mf bmcbk, fes mxd`motms
hm rmspkosejdfdheh, mtc< tkhk mstk hmotrk hm uoe "d`putecdóo sujgmtdve" hmf rmsuftehk.
Bey qum tmomr prmsmotm qum ceusefdheh ms sófk fe ckohdcdóo `àodè hm fe d`putecdóo
kjgmtdve hmf rmsuftehk< hmjm eõehdrsm e÷o fe rmfmveocde
r mfmveocde guràhdce hm fe rmfecdóo ceusef
motrm fe eccdóo y mf rmsuftehk. Fe rmfmveocde hm fks cursks ceusefms ok sm fd`dte sófk

kjgmtdve`motm, sdok qum te`jdäo fe mxdimocde hm uo espmctk sujgmtdvk hmf bmcbk,

ckoirumotm, tdmom uo mamctk fd`dtehkr.
Zmsufte mvdhmotm fe d`pkrteocde hm fe ceusefdheh hmotrk hm fe tmkràe hm fe d`putecdóo

kjgmtdve< tkhk ck`pkrte`dmotk hmfdctdvk tdmom sdm`prm uo rmsuftehk y hm ebà ms
d`putejfm, esà ck`k amoó`mok aàsdck, sdm`prm fe ckohucte ve e prkhucdr uo rmsuftehk.
Xdpks hm Ceusefdheh.
Mo fe èykràe hm fks cesks fe mxdstmocde hm fe rmfecdóo hm ceusefdheh ok ms
prkjfm`åtdce. Sd E tdre uoe pdmhre hkfkse`motm ckotre mf gerróo hm J y fk hmstruym,
ok bey huhe efiuoe hm qum motrm fe eccdóo hm E (tdrer fe pdmhre) y mf rmsuftehk tàpdck
(hmstruccdóo hkfkse hmf gerróo hm J), bey uoe rmfecdóo hm ceusefdheh.
Ok kjsteotm, mxdstmo verdks tdpks hm ceusefdheh qum pumhmo prmsmoter prkjfmès7
Ceusefdheh eftmroetdve.- Qerdes ckohdcdkoms dohmpmohdmotms ect÷e ckoguote`motm,

sdmohk cehe uoe hm mffes suadcdmotm pere fe prkhuccdóo hmf rmsuftehk. Xkhes mffes sko
mamctdves ef `ds`k tdm`pk pere mf rmsuftehk. ^kr mgm`pfk7 E y J fm heo hm èomre
dohmpmohdmotm motrm sà, uoe hksds hm vmomok e C qum ect÷e `krtef`motm ef `ds`k
tdm`pk.
Ceusefdheh Ecuùfetdve. - Mo mstm cesk verdes ckohdcdkoms mstejfmcdhes hm
èomre dohmpmohdmotm ect÷eo pkr `mhdk hm fe eccdóo ckoguote mo mf rmsuftehk. ^kr
mgm`pfk7 E y J heo, hm èomre dohmpmohdmotm motrm sà uo vmomok e C, mf cuef ect÷e
`krtef`motm skjrm äf e ceuse hm fe eccdóo ckoguote hm e`jes hksds.

Cursks ceusefms etàpdcks. - Sm prkhucm uo rmsuftehk pkr uoe ceuse qum sm ehguote
e fe eccdóo. ^kr mgm`pfk7 E fmsdkoe e J. Mf `ähdck C, qum etdmohm e J, ck`mtm uo
mrrkr `ähdck (èfe prexds), pkr mf cuef J ùmrm.
Ceusefdheh bdpktätdce. - Ktre ceuse pkhràe bejmr ceusehk ef `ds`k tdm`pk mf
rmsuftehk. ^kr mgm`pfk7 E fm he e J uoe hksds `krtef hm vmomok. J bejràe ùmrtk e÷o
sdo fe hksds hm vmomok mo mf `ds`k puotk tm`pkref.
Cesks hm ceusefdheh dotmrru`pdhe k rkte .-Mo mstks cesks mxdstm uo
eckotmcd`dmotk dotmrvdodmotm dohmpmohdmotm y mxcfuym fe mxdstmocde hm fe eotmrdkr

ceusefdheh, hm tef `khk qum äste ye ok ms kpmretdve. ^kr mgm`pfk7 E movmomoe fe

ck`dhe hm J. Eotms qum mf vmomok beie mamctk, C ète hm uo jefezk e J.
Dotmrvmocdóo mo uo prkcmsk ceusef ye pumstk mo èrcbe.- Mo mstm cesk, uo
rdmsik, ye mxdstmotm. ^kr mgm`pfk7 E, eotm fe do`domocde hm uo cbkqum hmf trmo mo mf
cerrdf mo qum sm mockotreje, qum prkhucdràe fmsdkoehks, fk hmsvàe becde ktrk cerrdf, mo
mf cuef diuef`motm cbkce y mf cbkqum prkhucm fmsdkoehks.
Ceusefdheh ehmfeotehe.-Kpmre mo fks cesks hóohm hks k `ås ckohuctes sko
hdrdidhes ef `ds`k ado, pmrk uoe hm mffes sm ehmfeote e fes ktres y prkhucm prd`mrk mf
rmsuftehk. Fks prkjfmès hm fe ceusefdheh ehmfeotehe sm rmsumfvmo mo akrè
smocdffe, cko fóidce oeturef7 "uoe skfe hm fe ckohucte hm hmspfmiehe prkhugk mf
rmsuftehk hm akrè tef qum, equmffes eccdkoms qum "cesd" fk kcesdkoerko y sko
ejskfute`motm drrmfmveotms hmshm mf puotk hm vdste ceusef y fm sko diuef`motm, hmshm
mf puotk hm vdste pmoef pere fe rmspkosejdfdheh hmf rmsuftehk, ye qum sd sm hmtmr`doe
cko cferdheh mf omxk ceusef cko uoe hm mffes, fes ktres peseo e smiuohk pfeok. Mo
cesk hm qum ok sm fkirm hmtmr`doer mf eimotm prkhuctkr hmf rmsuftehk, hmjm epfdcersm
mf prdocdpdkdo hujdk prk rmk.
rmk.
Omxk ceusef motrm eccdóo y rmsuftehk.- Fe mxdstmocde hmf omxk sm hmtmr`doe `mhdeotm
fe `dsè aórùfe pfeotmehe pkr fe tmkràe hm fe mqudvefmocde. Fe eccdóo hmf eutkr hmjm
smr ckohdtdk sdom que oko hmf rmsuftehk. Hmjm mxdstdr mstm prd`mr supumstk hm fe
d`putecdóo kjgmtdve, sm pese e eoefdzer mf smiuohk.
Zmfmveocde hmf omxk ceusef.- Xef rmfmveocde sm hmtmr`doe hmshm mf pfeok hm fe

tdpdcdheh. Sm rmqudmrm qum fe eccdóo hmf sugmtk qum kpmró ck`k ckohdtdk sdom que oko
y mf rmsuftehk prkhucdhk
pr khucdhk smeo tàpdcks, ck`k ehm`ås qum mf cursk ceusef hehk motrm
uok y ktrk sme "rmfmveotm" ckoakr`m ef tdpk. êre hdcte`doer mf ceråctmr rmfmveotm sm
esu`m mf crdtmrdk hm fe ehmcuecdóo prkpdk hm fe tmkràe hm fe ceuse ehmcuehe. Mf
ceråctmr hm fe ehmcuecdóo sm hmtmr`doe hmshm mf tdpk pmoef, mf cuef oks smõefe fks
cursks ceusefms rmfmveotms k eprkpdehks.

Zdmsik ^mr`dtdhk. - Ectuef`motm mstå

mstå rmckokcdhk hm èomre imomref qu
qum,
m, mo mf
Hmrmcbk pmoef, mf ‖rdmsik pmr`dtdhk‐ –cuefqudmre qum sme su akrè- cu`pfm mf pepmf
hm mxcfudr fe puodjdfdheh. Bey cesks mo fks cuefms ms fàcdtk pkomr mo pmfdirk uo jdmo
guràhdck, cueohk mståo
mståo mo gumik hmtmr`doehks
hmtmr`doehks vefk
vefkrms
rms cuyk prmcdk ms, guste`motm, fe
pumste mo pmfdirk hm uo jdmo guràhdck. T sd, mo uo cesk hm mse àohkfm, fe pumste mo
pmfdirk fàcdte hm uo jdmo guràhdck, hmsm`jkce mo uoe fmsdóo, motkocms, mf eutkr ok
pumhm smr pmoehk mo rezóo hm fe f dcdtuh hm su ckohucte‐.
Euo cueohk mf eutkr beye crmehk uo rdmsik guràhdce`motm rmfmveotm, tkhevàe sm

mxcfuym fe d`putecdóo cueohk sm tretm hm uo rdmsik pmr`dtdhk. Equà hmjm motmohmrsm
jegk rdmsik pmr`dtdhk uoe ckohucte qum crme uo rdmsik guràhdce`motm rmfmveotm, pmrk
qum imomref`motm ms pmr`dtdhe, y pkr mffk, e hdamrmocde hm fes
f es ceuses hm gustdadcecdóo,
mxcfuym fe d`putecdóo ef tdpk kjgmtdvk.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ 5>
D@^]XECDÓO KJGMXDQE - ADO HM ^ZKXMCCDÓO HM FE OKZ@E ^MOEF
êre fe d`putecdóo kjgmtdve ms prmcdsk ehm`ås qum mf rmsuftehk ckocrmte`motm

ceusehk mocegm mo mf ado hm prktmccdóo k mvdtecdóo hm fe okrè, ms hmcdr qum ckdocdhe
cko mf tdpk hm ceusecdóo qum prmcdse`motm prmtmohm mvdter fe okrè prkbdjdtdve
hdrmcte k fe okrè hm cudhehk doardoidhe< sm trete, pums, hm uo crdtmrdk hm
dotmrprmtecdóo tmfmkfóidce.
Ef ado hm prktmccdóo hm fe okrè sm fm

f m be etrdjudhk `÷ftdpfms auocdkoms. ]oe hm mffes
ckosdstm mo smr uo crdtmrdk eutóok`k hm fe tmkràe hm fe d`putecdóo
d `putecdóo kjgmtdve. Qdstk esà,
mf ado hm prktmccdóo hm fe okrè sm be hmtmr`doehk ck`k uo crdtmrdk dotmrprmtetdvk, mf
cuef pumhm mxcfudr fe d`putecdóo kjgmtdve hm ktrk rmsuftehk ok ckdocdhmotm cko tef ado.
Su ckotmodhk jåsdck ms hmtmr`doer beste hóohm sm ckotm`pfe mf rmsuftehk heõksk

ceusehk hmotrk hm fe okrè qum mstejfmcm fe ckohucte ck`k tàpdce. ^kr mgm`pfk, sm
mxcfuymo hm fe d`putecdóo kjgmtdve fks ffeèhks rmsuftehks smcuoherdks (ùmrtms k

heõks pkstmrdkrms e uo bmcbk qum ceuse ktrk), ye qum fe okrè sófk prktmim mo mstks
cesks, mf heõk do`mhdetk, y ok fk qum kcurre mo hàes, `msms k eõks pfezk.
Mo ckosmcumocde, sd fe vàctdè hmf etrkpmffk aeffmcm hks eõks hmspuäs hmf eccdhmotm,
pkr hmadcdmocdes hm su cumrpk ceusehks pkr mf `ds`k, mf ckohuctkr rmspkohmrå sófk

pkr fes fmsdkoms prkpdes hmf etrkpmffk y ok pkr fe ùmrtm pkstmrdkr.
Mf ado hm prktmccdóo hm fe okrès ms epfdcejfm teotk e fks hmfdtks hkfksks ck`k

cufpksks. Hmotrk hm fe msamre hm prktmccdóo hm fe okrè, sm tdmomo fks sdiudmotms
cesks7
e) Equmffks cesks mo fks qum mf rmsufteh

rmsuftehk
k ok ms uoe p
pfesècdóo
fesècdóo hmf rdmsi
rdmsik
k
crmehk. Mo ästks sup
supumstks
umstks sm eadrè qum m
mff rmsuftehk eckotmcdhk ok
ms uoe pfesècdóo hmf rdmsik crmehk, sdok qum prkcmhm hm aumotms
hdvmrses. Fe okrè qum prkbàjm èter ok e`pere fes ùmrtms
prkhucdhes pkr uo docmohdk hm bkspdtef, rmsuftehk ästm qum pumhm
sucmhmr dohmpmohdmotm`motm hmf `ktdvk pkr mf cuef mf sugmtk sm
mocumotre mo mf bkspdtef.
j) Smiuohk tdpk hm cesks tretehks ef e`perk hm mstm crdtmrdk equmffks
d`pumstks mo fks qum sà jdmo fks rmsuftehks ms uoe pfesècdóo hmf
rdmsik crmehk, sm eadrè qum äste cem aumre hmf å`jdtk hm prktmccdóo
hm fe okrè.
Mste prkjfm`åtdce ms fk qum ckokcm`ks cko mf ok`jrm hm ckosmcumocdes

smcuoherdes y pumhm epfdcersm mo mf å`jdtk hm fks hmfdtks hkfksks y cufpksks.
Mgm`pfk hm hkfk7 E docmohde uoe prkpdmheh< mffk hmsmocehmoe mo mf

prkpdmterdk hm äste uoe crdsds omrvdkse k sbkcl qum fm prkhucm fe ùmrtm k uoes
fmsdkoms.
Mgm`pfk hm d`pruhmocde7 E etrkpmffe d`pruhmotm`motm e J, pkstmrdkr`motm ef

ckùodcerfm fe oktdcde e fe èhrm hm J, äste suarm uo scbkl omrvdksk, hmf qum sm
hmrdve uo rmsuftehk hm fmsdkoms k hm ùmrtm.

Ck`k vm`ks, mo e`jks cesks hm fk qum sm tretm ms hm ckotmster sd mstks

heõks smcuoherdks, sko esd`ds`k d`putejfms ef ceuseotm hmf prd`mr heõk. Fe
rmspumste hmjm smr, mo kpdodóo hm Zkxdo, omietdve, ye qum mstks heõks ssmcuoherdks
mcuoherdks
mståo aumre hmf efceocm hmf å`jdtk hm prkbdjdcdóo hm fe okrè.
Fe d`putecdóo kjgmtdve pumhm aefter, ehm`ås, cueohk mf rmsuftehk qumhe aumre

hmf å`jdtk hm prktmccdóo hm fe okrè qum mf eutkr be vufomrehk `mhdeotm su eccdóo,
ye qum mo tef cesk ok sm rmefdze mo mf rmsuftehk mf rdmsik guràhdce`motm hmseprkjehk
qum be crmehk mf eutkr, sdo ktre cfesm hm rdmsik. Mf bmrdhk mo uo dotmotk hm esmsdoetk,
ok pumhm `kvmrsm hmf fuier hmf bmcbk ms efceozehk pkr uo reyk, pmrmcm mo
eccdhmotm suardhk hureotm su tresfehk ef bkspdtef k aeffmcm pkr mamctk hm uo mrrkr
`ähdck.
Mstm crdtmrdk sdrvm pere skfucdkoer cesks mo fks qum, euoqum mf eutkr be crmehk
k docrm`motehk uo rdmsik qum sm treos`dtm mo uo rmsuftehk fmsdvk, ok prkcmhm
d`puter mstm rmsuftehk sd ok sm prkhucm hmotrk hmf å`jdtk hm prktmccdóo hm fe okrè.
Fks cesks e fks qum eamcte mstks prkjfmès sko ùy hdvmrsks y ck`pfmgks y veo
hmshm fe prkvkcecdóo d`pruhmotm hm sudcdhdks (sm hmgó uoe pdstkfe ef efceocm hm uo
hmprmsdvk sudcdhe cko mffe) y fe pumste mo pmfdirk hm uo tmrcmrk ecmpteohk pkr mstm
(ùmrtm hmf ckpdfktk mo uoe cerrmre hm eutk`óvdfms) beste fks heõks skjrmvmodhks
pkstmrdkr`motm e ckosmcumocde hmf rmsuftehk heõksk prdocdpef prkhucdhk (fe èhrm
hm fe vàctdè hmf eccdhmotm ùmrm hm fe d`prmsdóo ef sejmr fk kcurrdhk e su bdgk).
Xkhks mstks cesks cemo aumre hmf å`jdtk hm prktmccdóo okrèf qum sm prmvdó ef hdcter
fe okrè pmoef y hmjmo smr mxcfudhks hmf å`jdtk guràhdck pmoef`motm rmfmveotm. ).
).
Fe d`putecdóo kjgmtdve pumhm aefter sd mf rmsuftehk qumhe aumre hmf å`jdtk hm

fe msamre hm prktmccdóo hm fe okrè. ^kr mgm`pfk7 fe èhrm hmf pmetóo etrkpmffehk
d`pruhmotm`motm suarm uo sàockpm ef motmrersm hm fe oktdcde hm su ùmrtm. Mo mstm
cesk »fe fmsdóo smrå d`putejfm e fe ckohucte d`pruhmotm prmvde; »mf ckohuctkr
hmjmrå te`jdäo rmspkohmr pkr fe fmsdkoms; Mo mste y ktrks supumstks eoåfkiks, fk
msmocdef ms hmtmr`doer sd mf ado prktmctkr hmf prmcmptk doardoidhk mstå hmstdoehk e
d`pmhdr fe prkhuccdóo hm fes ckosmcumocdes hdrmctes fmsdves pere mf jdmo guràhdck k

te`jdäo mvdter heõks smcuoherdks hmsmocehmoehks pkr equmffes. Mo mf cesk

prkpumstk, permcmràe qum mf ado prktmctkr hm fe prkbdjdcdóo pmoef hmf bk`dcdhdk k
fmsdkoms ok docfuym prmsmrver e pmrskoes hdstdotes hmf eamctehk hm fes rmpmrcusdkoms
psàqudces hmf sucmsk y ckse hdstdote, smråo fes pksdjfms rmspkosejdfdhehms cdvdfms pkr
fks heõks dohdrmctks qum hmrdvmo hm fe prkhuccdóo hmf hmfdtk k aefte.
Ckosmotd`dmotk.- Mo prd`mr fuier, ckrrmspkohm eadrèr qum CKOSMOXD@DMOXK

sdiodadce pmr`dtdr efik k ckohmscmohmr qum sm beie efik. Ok sm trete hm uo ecumrhk
hm vkfuotehms tef ck`k fk ms mo mf ce`pk hmf Hmrmcbk Cdvdf cueohk sm cmfmjre uo
ckotretk, pums mo mf å`jdtk hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef, ckjre su d`pkrteocde mo
hmtmr`doehks hmfdtks y su mxdstmocde pumhm her fuier e fe etdpdcdheh.
etdpdcdheh.
Sm he cueohk uo prmcmptk pmr`dsdvk becm suridr uoe ceuse hm gustdadcecdóo qum

e`pere fe ckohucte hm uo tmrcmrk mo fe `mhdhe mo qum kjrm cko mf ckosmotd`dmotk
hmf tdtufer hmf jdmo guràhdck. ^kr su oeturefmze, mf ckosmotd`dmotk ms m`domotm`motm
rmvkcejfm, ms hmcdr, qum mf tdtufer pumhm rmvkcerfk mo cuefqudmr `k`motk.
Mvmotuef`motm ok sm rmqudmrm mf ckosmotd`dmotk mxprmsk, sdok qum jeste uo
ckosmotd`dmotk prmsuotk, ms hmcdr, uo ckosmotd`dmotk qum hmjm prmsu`drsm cueohk
efiudmo ect÷e mo jmomadcdk egmok, beste qum mf tdtufer hmf dotmräs ok mxprmse su
vkfuoteh mo ckotrerdk.
MF CKOSMOXD@DMOXK HMOXZK HM FE XMKZÀE HMF HMFDXK.- Mf ckosmotd`dmotk

hmf kamohdhk pumhm epermcmr ck`k7
e) Ceuse hm etdpdcdheh7 ^krqum su prmsmocde momrve k becm rmfmveotm fe

fmsdóo pumste mo pmfdirk hmf jdmo guràhdck.
j) Ceuse hm gustdadcecdóo7 Hkohm sujsdstdmohk fe fmsdóo, rmcem sdo m`jerik,

skjrm uo jdmo qum mf tdtufer pumhm hdspkomr mamctdve`motm e aevkr hmf eutkr.
Ef `k`motk hm dotmoter ujdcer ef ckosmotd`dmo

ckosmotd`dmotk
tk mo fe tmkrà
tmkràe
e hmf hmfdtk mockotre`ks
e fe hkctrdoe hdvdhdhe, ùcbks eutkrms fk beo ujdcehk ck`k mxcfuymotm hm fe
eotdgurdhdcdheh, ès prmcdse`motm hmotrk hm fes ceuses hm gustdadcecdóo, ye qum hmshm

mf puotk hm vdste hm fe eotdgurdhdcdheh, sd ok bey dotmräs hmf sugmtk pesdvk ck`k tdtufer
hmf jdmo guràhdck prktmidhk pkr mf C.^. , ok mxdstm ckoafdctk hm dotmrmsms (`ktdvk
prdocdpef hm fes ceuses hm gustdadcecdóo), ye ]F^DEOK hmcàe qum fk qum sm rmefdze cko
fe vkfuoteh hmf fmsdkoehk, ok ckostdtuym dogustk.
]oe smiuohe pksdcdóo, ms equmffe qum fk ujdce ck`k mfm`motk mxcfuymotm hm fe

tdpdcdheh. Sd fk ujdce`ks
ujdce`ks equà d`pfdce skst
skstmomr
momr fe ckosmcumoc
ckosmcumocde
de qum fe ckohuc
ckohucte
te hm
uo tmrcmrk ckosmotdhe pkr mf kamohdhk od sdqudmre ms tàpdce`motm rmfmveotm. ^kr fk qum
pkhm`ks eadrèr qum ckosmotdr uoe eccdóo ckovdmrtm ef bmcbk mo etàpdck.
Smi÷o ZKRDO, sd fks jdmoms guràhdcks sdrvmo pere mf fdjrm hmserrkffk hmf dohdvdhuk, ok
pumhm mxdstdr fmsdóo efiuoe hmf jdmo guràhdck cueohk uoe eccdóo sm jese mo uoe
hdspksdcdóo hmf pkrtehkr hmf jdmo guràhdck qum ok `moksceje
` moksceje su hmserrkffk, sdok qum,
pkr mf ckotrerdk, ckostdtuym su mxprmsdóo.
MF CKOSMOXD@DMOXK HMSDOCZD@DOEHKZ.- Mxdstmo hmfdtks qum sm ckosuèo

cko mf ckosmotd`dmotk hm fe prkpde vàctdè, pkr mgm`pfk fe usure, ckoakrèohk uo
mfm`motk hmf tdpk hmotrk hm fe tmkràe hmf hmfdtk.
Sdo m`jerik, mxdstmo ktrks hmfdtks mo fks cuefms fe mxdstmocde hmf ckosmotd`dmotk
becm hmsepermcmr mf hmfdtk, pkr mgm`pfk, ckosmotdr èotmomr rmfecdkoms smxuefms
motrm èykrms hm mheh.
Ktrk mgm`pfk pumhm hersm mo fks cesks mo dotmrvmocdkoms qudr÷ridces hkohm mf prkpdk
`ähdck skfdcdte mf ckosmotd`dmotk prmvdk k ckosmotd`dmotk doakrèhk prmvdk e fe
dotmrvmocdóo pkr mf cuef prmste su ckoakr`dheh y mf prkamsdkoef hmjm doakrèr skjrm
su hdeioóstdck hm fe hkfmocde y trete`dmotk ehmcuehk.
ZMFMQEOCDE HMF CKOSMOXD@DMOXK HM HMFDXKS CKOXZE FES ^MZSKOES..-

Fe eusmocde k prmsmocde hmf ckosmotd`dmotk ms hmtmr`doeotm mo efiuoks hmfdtks, pkr
mgm`pfk mo fe adiure rmiufehe pkr mf ert. 2= hmf Cóhdik ^moef (ejkrtk), pums sd sm kjre
cko ckosmotd`dmotk hm fe ùgmr fe pmoe ms oktejfm`motm `mokr ef supumstk hm kjrer
sdo su ckosmotd`dmotk.

Mo ktrks, ck`k mo mf bk`dcdhdk, euoqum mxdste ckosmotd`dmotk hm fe vàctdè sm

ckoadiure diuef`motm, pums euoqum
euoqum uoe pmrskoe pdhe
pdhe qum sm fm hä ùmrtm smrå
rmspkosejfm pmoef`motm qudmo mgmcutm mf bmcbk mo cumstdóo. Mffk sm hmjm e qum fe
vdhe ms uo jdmo guràhdck drrmouocdejfm, qum ve ès effå hmf prkpdk dotmräs pertdcufer hm
su tdtufer. ^kr fk cuef euoqum fe vàctdè sme qudmo pdhm qum ktrk mgmcutm su ùmrtm,
bk`dcdhdk e pmhdhk, ckosmotdhk k muteoåsdck, ok mfd`doe ef bmcbk motdheh hmfdctdve.
Oumstrk Cóhdik ^moef ok be docfudhk mf bk`dcdhdk pkr pdmheh, cueohk ùcbk, mf `óvdf
pdehksk pkhrå smr vefkrehk ck`k aefte hm pmfdirksdheh pere mf sugmtk ectdvk, pums mf
bmcbk hm èter e ktrk pkr pdmheh ok ckostdtuym gustdadcetdvk y hmge dotecte fe
eotdgurdhdcdheh y cufpejdfdheh.
Mo mf cesk hm fmsdkoms pkr èfe prexds hm cdruiàes mstätdces, mf pecdmotm prmste su

ckosmotd`dmotk ef `ähdck eotms hm rmefdzer fe dotmrvmocdóo qudr÷ridce pkr `mhdk hm
akrùferdks y ckoakrè fk qum sm ckokcm ck`k ‖ckosmotd`dmotk doakrèhk‐ pmrk eotm
mf cesk hm fmsdkoms k ùmrtm hmf pecdmotm, mstm ckosmotd`dmotk cermcm hm rmfmveocde
pums ok becm hmsepermcmr fe fmsdvdheh hmf jdmo guràhdck tufmfehk pkr fe okrè,
Xe`jdäo cejm ckosdhmrer fks cesks mo qum mf ckosmotd`dmotk sm ktkrie hm èomre

prmsuote, uo mgm`pfk tàpdck hm mffk smràe mf cesk mo qum uo `ähdck hmjm prectdcer
uoe kpmrecdóo e uo pecdmotm qum sm mocumotre mo mstehk hm dockoscdmocde, ok
puhdmohk ästm, kjvde`motm, prmster su ckoakr`dheh y eutkrdzer uoe dotmrvmocdóo
qudr÷ridce, sdtuecdóo qum pkhràe hmsmocehmoer mo fe ùmrtm hmf pecdmotm. Mo mstm
cesk, mf `ähdck bejràe kjrehk pkr mstehk hm omcmsdheh, pums tk`ó fe hmcdsdóo hm
dotmrvmodr e su pecdmotm pere sefver mf jdmo, y sm supkom qum mf tdtufer hmf hmrmcbk hm
ok mster dockoscdmotm bujdmrm prmstehk
pr mstehk su ckosmotd`dmotk mxprmse`motm.
Cu`pfd`dmotk hm uo hmjmr .-
.- Mf ertàcufk :>.9 hmf Cóhdik ^moef ckotm`pfe uoe
cdrcuosteocde mxd`motm mo mf sdiudmotm supumstk7 "mf qum kjrm mo cu`pfd`dmotk hm uo
hmjmr k mo mf mgmrcdcdk fmiàtd`k hm uo hmrmcbk, kadcdk k cerik".
Cmotråohkoks mo mf cu`pfd`dmotk hm uo hmjmr, su auohe`motk rehdce mo qum ok

pumhm smr kjgmtk hm pmoe equmffe pmrskoe qum rmefdze uoe eccdóo u k`dsdóo mo

cu`pfd`dmotk hm uo hmjmr mspmcàadck qum fm vdmom d`pumstk pkr mf krhmoe`dmotk

guràhdck. Fe hkctrdoe vdmom eadrèohk qum mo mstks cesks rmef`motm ckocurrm uoe
ckfdsdóo hm hmjmrms, e`jks d`pumstks pkr mf krhmoe`dmotk.
krhmoe`dmotk.
Mste mxd`motm smrå epfdcejfm cueohk uoe okrè guràhdce d`pkom ef sugmtk mf
mspmcàadck hmjmr hm fmsdkoer k pkomr mo pmfdirk mf jdmo guràhdck hm qum sm tretm.
Cueohk fe pmrskoe ect÷m mo cu`pfd`dmotk hm uo hmjmr imoärdck, pkhrå pfeotmersm
fe ckocurrmocde hm fe mxd`motm hm mstehk hm omcmsdheh, pmrk ok fe epfdcecdóo hm fe
cdrcuosteocde hm cu`pfd`dmotk hm uo hmjmr.
Ejkrheohk su oe
oeturefmze
turefmze guràhdce,
guràhdce, fe hkctrdoe y fe gurdspruhmocde mstdèo qum
qum sm trete
hm uoe ceuse hm gustdadcecdóo, hm tef èomre qum mf sugmtk ect÷e hm akrè fàcdte.
Mo fe èykr pertm hm fks cesks, mste mxd`motm ckocurrdrå mo fks supumstks hm

ectuecdkoms hm auocdkoerdks, eimotms hm fe Eutkrdheh y ceriks p÷jfdcks. Sdo
m`jerik, ckocmptuef`motm, fks `mrks cduheheoks te`jdäo pumhmo smr e`perehks
pkr mste cdrcuosteocde, mspmcdef`motm mo fks cesks mo fks qum ckocurre mf hmjmr hm
hmcferer ck`k tmstdiks k hm hmouocder fks hmfdtks.
Mste cdrcuosteocde rmsufte epfdcejfm skjrm tkhk mo equmffks supumstks mo fks qum fe
Eutkrdheh k sus eimotms mgmrcdteo ffe
e ckeccdóo qum ms `kokpkfdk hmf Mstehk, fk qum
ffmve ckosdik fe rmefdzecdóo hm ectuecdkoms qum fmsdkoeo jdmoms guràhdcks hm fks
cduheheoks (fe fdjmrteh, fe dotmirdheh aàsdce, mf smcrmtk hm fes ckùodcecdkoms).
^däosmsm, e tàtufk hm mgm`pfk, mo uo feoze`dmotk rmefdzehk mo mf smok hm fe mgmcucdóo

akrzkse hm uoe smotmocde guhdcdef< k mo mf pkfdcàe qum fmsdkoe mf hmrmcbk e fe fdjmrteh
fd jmrteh
ef rmefdzer uoe hmtmocdóo.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ 55
CKOC]ZSK HM HMFDXKS.
Xkèohk mo cumote qum mf ejeodck hm pksdjdfdhehms hmfdctdves docfuym mf

ck`mtd`dmotk hm verdes doareccdkoms pmoefms, fe hki`åtdce be mstdpufehk uoe smrdm

hm crdtmrdks pere vefkrer, ckoguote`motm mo uo `ds`k prkcmsk pmoef, cesks mo fks

qum cko uoe k verdes eccdkoms sm ck`mtmo hks k `ås hmfdtks.
Mf supumstk jåsdck hm fe tmkràe hmf hmfdtk docfuym uo sugmtk qum `mhdeotm uo bmcbk
fmsdkoe uo tdpk hmfdctdvk ckoakr`m e cuyk èrck hm pmoe sm hmtmr`doe fe epfdcejfm.
Sdo m`jerik, pumhm kcurrdr qum ef bmcbk rmefdzehk fm smeo epfdcejfms, mo prdocdpdk,
verdks tdpks hmfdctdvks, mo cuyk cesk bejrå qum hdfucdher cuåf (k cuåfms) hm mffks sm
epfdqum y mo qum èrck hm pmoe. T pumhm kcurrdr esd`ds`k qum mf sugmtk beye
rmefdzehk uoe pfurefdheh hm bmcbks pkr fk qum ms guziehk uodterde`motm, bejdäohksm
hm hdfucdher sd msks bmcbks akrèo uoe uodheh sujsu`djfm uoe ÷odce vmz mo uo ÷odck
tdpk hmfdctdvk cuyk èrck hm pmoe sm epfdqum (dotectk k `khdadcehk) k sko
sujsu`djfms cehe uok hm mffks mo su rmspmctdvk tdpk hmfdctdvk pkr smperehk (docfusdóo
bmcbe hmf `ds`k tdpk hmfdctdvk qum sm fmsdkoe y epfdce verdes vmcms).
Mo msm smotdhk sm bejfe hm Hmrmcbk ^moef hm ckocursk, hdstdoiudäohksm motrm

uo ckocursk hm fmyms, k ckocursk epermotm, pkrqum mo äf, mo rmefdheh, fk qum sm
hdscutm ms mo quä tdpk hmfdctdvk (uok skfk) sm sujsu`m mf bmcbk hmfdctdvk ÷odck pkr mf
qum sm ve cestdier< y fks ckocursks dhmef y rmef hm hmfdtks, k eutäotdck, mo fks qum
skjrm fe jesm hm qum mf bmcbk k fks bmcbks rmefdzehks heo fuier e uoe pfurefdheh hm
bmcbks, epfdcer pfmoe`motm fks èrcks pmoefms ckrrmspkohdmotms e fks tdpks
hmfdctdvks rmefdzehks (k mf `ds`k verdes vmcms), pums sm vufomreràe mf prdocdpdk hm om
jds do àhm`.
Mf ckocursk hm hmfdtks rmvdstm hm hks cuefdhehms, 5) uodheh hm eccdóo y pfurefdheh hm

hmfdtks, :) pfurefdheh hm eccdkoms y pfurefdheh hm hmfdtks. Ms hmcdr, uoe skfe ckohucte
doardoim verdks tdpks pmoefms (ckocursk dhmef), ck`k verdes ckohuctes doardoimo verdks
tdpks pmoefms (ckocursk rmef). Euoehk e mffk, mxdstmo adiures eadoms ef ckocursk, ck`k
pkr mgm`pfk< mf hmfdtk ckotdouehk, mf ckocursk `mhdef y ckocursk epermotm hm fmyms,
mtc. Ck`k rmadmrm mf prkamskr B]ZXEHK ^KWK, fe `mre ck`pfmge ck`k tdmomo fuier
fks ck`pkrte`dmotks y fe prkpde àohkfm hm fe fejkr fmidsfetdve, becm qum mf gumz, cko
armcumocde, moarmotm mf hdfmè hm sd mf eimotm be ck`mtdhk uoe k verdes eccdkoms y,
mo ckosmcumocde, sd bey qum epfdcerfm uoe hdvmrses hdspksdcdkoms.

Armotm e mstm mscmoerdk, mf Cóhdik ^moef pmrueok mstejfmcm cdmrtks prkcmhd`dmotks

e epfdcersm, fe `dsè qum mstå rmiufehe mo fks epertehks
epert ehks 82 ef =5 hmf Cóhdik ^moef.
Ertàcufk 84.- Hmfdtk ckotdouehk
Cueohk verdes vdkfecdkoms hm fe `dsè fmy pmoef k uoe hm diuef k sm`mgeotm

oeturefmze bujdmreo sdhk ck`mtdhes mo mf `k`motk hm fe eccdóo k mo `k`motks
hdvmrsks, cko ectks mgmcutdvks hm fe `dsè rmskfucdóo crd`doef, smråo ckosdhmrehks
ck`k uo sófk hmfdtk ckotdouehk y sm seocdkoeråo cko fe pmoe ckrrmspkohdmotm ef `ås
irevm. Sd cko hdcbes vdkfecdkoms, mf eimotm bujdmre pmrguhdcehk e uoe pfurefdheh hm
pmrskoes, fe pmoe smrå eu`motehe mo uo tmrcdk hm fe
f e `åxdè prmvdste pere mf hmfdtk
`ås irevm.
Fe epfdcecdóo hm fes eotmrdkrms hdspksdcdkoms qumherå mxcfudhe cueohk rmsuftmo

eamctehks jdmoms guràhdcks hm oeturefmze m`domotm`motm pmrskoef pmrtmomcdmotms e
sugmtks hdstdotks.
Ertàcufk =>.- Ckocursk rmef hm hmfdtks
Cueohk ckocurreo verdks bmcbks puodjfms qum hmjeo ckosdhmrersm ck`k ktrks
teotks hmfdtks dohmpmohdmotms, sm suèråo fes pmoes prdvetdves hm fdjmrteh qum adgm mf
gumz pere cehe uok hm mffks beste uo `åxd`k hmf hkjfm hm fe pmoe hmf hmfdtk `ås
irevm, ok puhdmohk mxcmhmr hm 3= eõks. Sd efiuok hm mstks hmfdtks sm mocumotre

rmprd`dhk cko cehmoe pmrpmtue sm epfdcerå ÷odce`motm äste.
Ertàcufk =>-E.- Ckocursk rmef hm aeftes
Cueohk sm rmefdze uoe pfurefdheh hm eccdkoms qum hmjeo ckosdhmrersm ck`k aeftes
dohmpmohdmotms qum pmrguhdceo e verdes pmrskoes m doardoimo mf `ds`k prmcmptk
pmoef k prmcmptks hm diuef k sm`mgeotm oeturefmze, smrå seocdkoehk ck`k eutkr hmf
hmfdtk ckrrmspkohdmotm y sm fm d`pkom fe pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh prmvdste pere
pe re mstm,
tmodmohk mo cumote mf pmrgudcdk tktef ceusehk.

Ertàcufk =5.- Ckocursk rmef rmtrkspmctdv

rmtrkspmctdvk
k
Sd hmspuäs hm fe smotmocde ckohmoetkrde sm hmscujrdmrm ktrk bmcbk puodjfm ck`mtdhk

eotms hm mffe pkr mf `ds`k ckohmoehk, smrå sk`mtdhk e prkcmsk pmoef y fe pmoe qum
adgm mf gumz sm suèrå e fe eotmrdkr beste uo `åxd`k hmf hkjfm hm fe pmoe hmf hmfdtk
`ås irevm, ok puhdmohk mxcmhmr hm 3= eõks. Sd efiuok hm mstks hmfdtks sm mocumotre
rmprd`dhk cko cehmoe pmrpmtue, sm epfdcerå ÷odce`motm äste, sdo pmrgudcdk hm adgersm
fe rmperecdóo cdvdf pere mf oumvk hmfdtk.
Cko fe rmiufecdóo okrètdve, sm ffmie e hmtmr`doer mo quä cesks k sdtuecdkoms, y

cueohk sm he mf ckocursk dhmef y rmef hm hmfdtks rmspmctdve`motm, y rmsuftehk hm mffk,
sm adge fe hmtmr`doecdóo guhdcdef hm fe pmoe, ms hmcdr, fe ckosmcumocde guràhdck-pmoef
qum fm esdstm.
Motkocms, mf ckocursk hm hmfdtks ms fe ckocurrmocde hm bmcbks pmoefms y fe

ckocurrmocde hm dfàcdtks pmoefms qum rmcem mo fe rmspkosejdfdheh hmf sugmtk ectdvk. Fk
qum d`pfdce qum, cueohk ckocurrm uo bmcbk y cueohk ckocurrmo verdks, sm hmtmr`doe
fe ckocurrmocde hm hmfdtks rmspmctdve`motm.
]odheh y pfurefdheh hm ck`pkrte`dmotks.- Mo rmfecdóo ef krdimo hm fe uodheh y

pfurefdheh hm ck`pkrte`dmotks, sm pumhm hmcdr qum fe mstructurecdóo hm fe tmkràe
t mkràe hmf
ckocursk hm ecumrhk cko fks hks ckocmptks jåsdcks hm uodheh hm eccdóo y pfurefdheh
hm eccdkoms sm rm`kote e fe Cdmocde guràhdck-pmoef hmf Hmrmcbk ck`÷o. Equà be sm

be smotehk fes jesms pere mf hmserrkffk pkstmrdkr pkr `mhdk hm fe hdstdocdóo
motrm ckocursus sdùfteomus (uodheh hm eccdóo), ckocursus succmsdvks (pfurefdheh
hm eccdkoms) y ckocursks ckotdouetus (hmfdtk ckotdouehk), y hm fe skfucdóo hm mstks
cesks hm ecumrhk, rmspmctdve`motm, cko fks prdocdpdks hm ejskrcdóo, hm
mxespmrecdóo y hm uodheh.
Motkocms, uoe uodheh hm ck`pkrte`dmotk cko pfurefdheh hm hmfdtks, sm he cueohk mf

eimotm k sugmtk ectdvk ck`mtm uo skfk ck`pkrte`dmotk tdpdadcehk mo mf C^, y rmvdstm
e uoe ckosmcumocde hm pfurefdheh hm dfàcdtks pmoefms ckotm`pfehks mo fe `dsè.

Ebkre, bejrå pfurefdheh hm ck`pkrte`dmotks y pfurefdheh hm hmfdtks, cueohk mf

eimotm k sugmtk ectdvk rmefdze verdks bmcbks tdpdadcehks mo mf C^, y prmsmote uoe
ckosmcumocde hm pfurefdheh hm dfàcdtks pmoefms rmiufehks mo fe `dsè.
Mgm`pfk (5)7 sm he cueohk ‖E‐ doirmse cko uo ertmaectk mxpfksdvk e uo cmotrk

ck`mrcdef y, msteohk effà, becm msteffer k mxpfksdkoer fe `dsè y, prkhuctk hm mste,
ùmrmo hks k `ås pmrskoes y hmshm fumik kcesdkoe heõks e fe prkpdmheh prdvehe.
Mgm`pfk (:)7 sm he cueohk ‖E‐ rkje uo vmbàcufk y cko mste sm hdrdim e uo cmotrk

ck`mrcdef pere rkjer mf hdomrk hm fe cege hm uo mståo y, mo msm treymctk, heõe
hdvmrsks jdmoms hmf cmotrk ck`mrcdef y fe `dsè qum etrkpmffe e fes pmrskoes.
^furefdheh hm hmfdtks.- Mo mstm mscmoerdk, mf eimotm k sugmtk ectdvk hmf

hm f hmfdtk doardoim
verdks tdpks pmoefms rmiufehks mo mf C^, ms hmcdr, cko fe rmefdzecdóo hm uoe ckohucte
imomre fe eamctecdóo k vufomrecdóo hm jdmoms guràhdcks tutmfehks, fk qum ckoffmve hm
pkr sà, ef qumjreote`dmotk hm verdks dfàcdtks pmoefms.
Ckocursk dhmef k ètmrdef hm hmfdtks.- Mf ckocursk

ckocursk dhmef pksdjdfdte fe ehmcuehe
ckosdhmrecdóo ‖pfurdhd`mosdkoef‐, esà ck`k fe eprmcdecdóo mxbeustdve ‖hm uoe‐
eccdóo, pkr sdùftåome epfdcecdóo hm hdvmrsks tdpks7 ÷odce`motm mf ckoguotk hm msks
tdpks pmr`dtdràe karmcmr mf ehmcuehk pmradf hm fe eccdóo. Mf ckocursk dhmef rmprmsmote
pums uoe adiure omcmserde pere mf eikte`dmotk (vefkrecdóo mxbeustdve) hmf prkcmsk
ifkjef. Hm tef sumrtm, mf ckocursk dhmef sm prmsmote ck`k uoe `khefdheh hm fe uodheh
hm eccdóo. Ckostdtuym uoe ‖uodheh hm eccdóo cko pfurefdheh hm tdpks7 uoe omcmserde
ckosdhmrecdóo ck`jdoetkrde hmf `ds`k prkcmsk jegk hdvmrsks espmctks vefkretdvks‐.
Bejrå ckocursk dhmef cueohk «uo skfk bmcbk ckostdtuye hks k `ås doareccdkoms¼. Fe
hkctrdoe hdstdoium mf ckocursk dhmef bmtmrkiäomk hmf ckocursk dhmef bk`kiäomk. Mf
prd`mrk sm prkhucm cueohk mf bmcbk rmefdze hmfdtks hdstdotks, `dmotres qum mf
smiuohk sm herå cueohk fks hmfdtks ck`mtdhks sko diuefms. Mgm`pfks7 ceuser
fmsdkoms e uo eimotm hm fe eutkrdheh ckostdtuym uo ckocursk dhmef bmtmrkiäomk
(ckocurrmo mf hmfdtk hm fmsdkoms y mf hm etmotehk, hmfdtks hdstdotks), `dmotres qum mf

èter e verdes pmrskoes cko uoe skfe jk`je krdidoerå uo ckocursk dhmef bk`kiäomk
(ckocurrmo verdks esmsdoetks, qum sko hmfdtks diuefms).
Mo rmsu`mo, mf ckocursk dhmef hm hmfdtks sm prkhucm cueohk uoe skfe eccdóo

ckostdtuym hks k `ås hmfdtks, ms hmcdr, fe ckohucte hmf eimotm k sugmtk ectdvk doardoim
verdks tdpks pmoefms okrèhks mo mf C^, fk qum hm pkr sà, ckoffmve e fe eamctecdóo k
pumste mo pmfdirk hm jdmoms guràhdcks tutmfehks, y qum rmvdstm mo fe uodheh hm eccdóo
y pfurefdheh hm hmfdtks.
Bmtmrkiäomk.- Smrå bmtmrkiäomk cueohk uoe skfe ckohucte ckoadiure verdks hmfdtks
hdamrmotms, ms hmcdr, sm fmsdkoeo hdamrmotms prmcmptks pmoefms. Mgm`pfk (5)7 fe
vdkfecdóo smxuef e uoe `mokr hm mheh qum kcesdkoe fmsdkoms mo mf cumrpk y/k imomre
heõk mo fe sefuh `motef hm fe vàctdè. Mgm`pfk (:)7 cueohk uo sugmtk mgmcute uo
ckcbm jk`je mo uo cmotrk ck`mrcdef, qum kcesdkoe ùmrtms e pmrskoes y heõks e
fe prkpdmheh.
Bk`kiäomk.- Smrå bk`kiäomk cueohk uoe skfe ckohucte ckoadiure verdks hmfdtks
diuefms, ms hmcdr, rmsufte epfdcejfm e uo bmcbk verdks tdpks pmoefms. Mgm`pfk (5)7
cueohk uo bk`jrm feoze uoe ireoehe hm iumrre mo ce`pk ejdmrtk y e ckosmcumocde
ùmrmo hks k `ås pmrskoes. Mgm`pfk (:)7 cueohk uoe pmrskoe cko uo rmvófvmr
esmsdoe e hks k `ås pmrskoes.
Ckocursk rmef k ètmrdef hm hmfdtks.- Mxdstm ckocursk rmef cueohk mf eutkr be

ck`mtdhk verdks hmfdtks eutóok`ks qum sko mogudcdehks mo mf `ds`k prkcmsk pmoef.
^rmsupumstk hm mste cdrcuosteocde ms, pkr uo fehk, fe mxdstmocde hm verdes eccdkoms
y, pkr ktrk, fe pksdjdfdheh hm su mogudcde`dmotk ckoguotk. Sdo m`jerik, ok cuefqudmr
cfesm hm pfurefdheh hm eccdkoms ckohucm e fe epfdcecdóo hm fes rmifes hm fe
hmtmr`doecdóo hm fe pmoe, prkpdes hmf ckocursk rmef. Fes hdspksdcdkoms rmfetdves ef
ckocursk rmef ok skfk pmrtmomcmo ef hmrmcbk ètmrdef, sdok te`jdäo ef hmrmcbk
prkcmsef, pums fe pksdjdfdheh hm mogudcde`dmotk ifkjef pere uoe hdvmrsdheh hm
eccdkoms puodjfms hmpmohm hmf hmrmcbk prkcmsef. Mo pefejres hm QDFFE SXMDO, mf
ckocursk rmef ok suidmrm èykrms hdadcuftehms tmórdces, pums mste`ks eotm verdks

bmcbks k eccdkoms, cehe uok hm fks cuefms ckostdtuymo uo hmfdtk pertdcufer m

dohmpmohdmotm, euoqum pumheo `mrmcmr uo skfk prkcmhdmohk pmoef.
Mo rmsu`mo, bejrå ckocursk rmef hm hmfdtks, cueohk mf eimotm k sugmtk ectdvk rmefdze
verdes eccdkoms y ecerrme uoe pfurefdheh hm hmfdtks dohmpmohdmotms, ms hmcdr, fe

mgmcucdóo hm verdes ckohuctes ckoffmve e fe doareccdóo hm verdks tdpks pmoefms
eutóok`ks, fk qum pmr`dtm d`pkomr pmoes hdstdotes e cehe doareccdóo.
Ckocursk hm aeftes.- Jdmo be smõefehk fe hkctrdoe pmoef, mf ckocursk rmef hm aeftes

be imomrehk cdmrtks prkjfmès ok skfk mo su rmheccdóo okrètdve, sdok te`jdäo e fe
bkre hm su epfdcecdóo e hmtmr`doehks bmcbks. Fk qum mo pefejres hm CEFHMZÓO,
oumstrk fmidsfehkr kptó pkr etrdjudr e mstm cesk uoe ckosmcumocde qum ok msteje
eckrhm cko fe sdstm`åtdce hmf Cóhdik ^moef, pumstk qum bejàe prmvdstk fe d`pksdcdóo
hm pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh, seocdóo qum ok sm ckotm`pfe pere odoiuoe aefte.

Hmjdhk e mffk, fe Ckrtm Suprmè, mo mf Ecumrhk ^fmoerdk 8-:>>4, mstejfmcdó qum
hmjàe tmomr fe `dsè ckosmcumocde hmf ckocursk rmef hm hmfdtks, mstk ms, fe suètkrde
hm fes pmoes ckocrmtes percdefms d`pumstes, ckosdhmreohk fks fd`dtms imomrefms
prmvdstks pere equmffes, mstk ms, tretåohksm hm gkroehes hm prmstecdóo hm smrvdcdks
e fe ckùodheh, ok `ås hm 5=1 (ertàcufk 38 hmf Cóhdik ^moef)< y tretåohksm hm fe
pmoe hm ùfte, ok `ås hm 52> hàes (ertàcufk 88>.8 hmf Cóhdik ^moef).
Ckocursk rmef rmtrkspmctdvk.-Mf ckocursk rmef rmtrkspmctdvk hdadmrm hmf ckocursk

rmef okrèf ye qum mo ästm cesk ok sm he fe sdùfteomdheh mo mf guzie`dmotk, pkrqum
sófk hmspuäs qum mf sugmtk ectdvk be sdhk smotmocdehk sm hmscujrm qum bejàe
ck`mtdhk ktrk hmfdtk. Oks mockotre`ks motkocms eotm uoe rmife prkcmsef jåsdce mo
ètmrde hm ckocursks rmef hm hmfdtks, mstm ok hmsepermcm e÷o mo mf cesk hm qum,
hmspuäs hm uoe smotmocde adr`m beye qum guzier e mse `dsè pmrskoe pkr ktrk hmfdtk
ck`mtdhk eotms hm mse `dsè ckohmoe.
Motrm fks prmsupumstks smõefehks pkr fe Ckrtm Suprmè, e reàz hmf Ecumrhk ^fmoerdk
O¾ >8-:>>4CG-551, smõefe fk sdiudmotm7 ‖…mo fe d`pksdcdóo hm fe pmoe ckocrmte pere
mste `khefdheh mspmcdef hm ckocursk rmef fe hkctrdoe mxdim qum sm adgm ck`k crdtmrdk
rmctkr qum mf eutkr ok hmjm rmsufter cko uoe pmoe ckocrmte adoef y tktef, fumik hm sus

sucmsdvks guzie`dmotks y ckohmoes, qum sme `ås smvmre qum equmffe qum sm fm
bejràe epfdcehk sd bujdmsm sdhk guziehk sdùftåome`motm, mo uo sófk prkcmsk, pkr
tkhks fks hmfdtks qum ck`mtdó y qum hdmrko fuier ef ckocursk rmef‐.
Ckocfusdóo.-Mo fàomes imomrefms, mf ckocursk dhmef y rmef hm hmfdtks, ms uo

prkcmhd`dmotk fmidsfetdvk qum pmr`dtm hmtmr`doer mo quä cesks sm he uo skfk bmcbk,
y mo quä cesks sm heo verdks bmcbks k ckohuctes, hm fe `dsè èomre, pmr`dtm
hmtmr`doer fe ckocurrmocde hm fe pfurefdheh hm hmfdtks k dfàcdtks pmoefms
rmspmctdve`motm.
CKOC]ZSK EÊZMOXM HM FMTMS ^MOEFMS
Ckocmptk..-Mf ckocursk epermotm hm fmyms pmoefms, sm prmsmote cueohk7
e.- sm rmefdzó uoe ÷odce ckohucte vkfuoterde<
j.- ef permcmr, mste ÷odce ckohucte skcdef, sm ehmcue ef tdpk pmoef hm verdes fmyms
pmoefms qum tdpdadceo ktrks teotks hmfdtks<
c.- pmrk, mste ckohucte sófk sm ehmcue e uo tdpk pmoef, qumheohk hmspfezehes fes
hm`ås fmyms pmoefms< y
h.- mste eperdmocde hm ckocurrmocde hm verdks tdpks pmoefms, sm mxcfuym cko fks
crdtmrdks hm mspmcdefdheh, ckosuocdóo, sujsdhderdheh y eftmroetdvdheh.
eftmr oetdvdheh.
Mf ckocursk epermotm hm fmyms pmoefms, ckosdstm mo qum uoe ckohucte qum ef permcmr
permc mr
sm ehmcue e verdks tdpks pmoefms, mo rmefdheh, sófk sm ehmcue e uo tdpk pmoef,
qumheohk hmspfezehe fes hm`ås fmyms pmoefms mo su epfdcecdóo< mste mxcfusdóo hm
epfdcecdóo hm fmyms pmoefms epermotm`motm ckocurrmotms, sm rmefdze, epfdceohk fks
crdtmrdks hm mspmcdefdheh, ckosuocdó
ckosuocdóo,
o, sujsdhderdheh y eftmroetdvdheh.
eft mroetdvdheh.
Mo fe hkctrdoe, mf ckocmptk
mf ckocmptk hm ckocursk epermotm hm fmyms pmoefms, be sdhk
hmserrkffehk mo akrè cfere, ms esà, sm smõefe qum mf ckocursk epermotm hm fmyms
pmoefms sm prmsmote cueohk mf ckotmodhk dfàcdtk hm uo bmcbk puodjfm ye mstå
ck`prmohdhe mo ktrk , y pkr mffk, sófk sm ck`mtdó uoe ÷odce fmsdóo hm fe fmy pmoef< mo

uo smotdhk sd`dfer, sm mxprmse, prmcdseohk qum verdes fmyms pmoefms ckocurrmo mo fe

hmtmr`doecdóo hm uo dogustk, pmrk, uoe hm mses akrùfecdkoms hm hmfdtk eikte fe
hmtmr`doecdóo hmf hmfdtk< y pkr su pertm sm dohdce qum mf ckocursk epermotm hm fmyms
pmoefms, sm he cueohk uo bmcbk epermcm ckotmodhk mo verdks tdpks pmoefms,
pmoef ms, pmrk su
ckotmodhk ms hmtmr`doehk ck`pfmte`motm, sófk pkr uok hm mffks.
Crdtmrdks hm mxcfusdóo hm fmyms pmoefms ckocurrmotms.
Mspmcdefdheh.
Mstm crdtmrdk hm mxcfusdóo hm fmyms pmoefms ckocurrmotms, pere fe epfdcecdóo skjrm

uoe ckohucte rmefdzehe, sm prmsmote cueohk uok hm fks tdpks
td pks pmoefms ckotdmom tkhes
fes cerectmràstdces hm ktrk tdpk pmoef ckocurrmotm y ehm`ås, ckotdmom ktre u ktres
cerectmràstdces ehdcdkoefms qum fm he auohe`motk hm su mspmcdefdheh, pkr teotk, mste
fmy mspmcdef sm epfdce prmamrmotm`motm mo rmfecdóo e fks tdpks pmoefms imomrefms.
Fe oeturefmze mspmcdef hm uo tdpk pmoef, sm prmsmote cueohk mf tdpk pmoef ck`prmohm
Fe oeturefmze
tkhes fes cerectmràstdces kjgmtdves y sujgmtdves hmf tdpk hm fe fmy imomref, pmrk
ehm`ås, tdmom uok k `ås cerectmràstdces ehdcdkoefms qum aauohe`moteo
uohe`moteo su
mspmcdefdheh< pkr mgm`pfk7 motrm mf tdpk pmoef prmvdstk mo mf ertàcufk 5>1 hmf Cóhdik
pmoef, qum tdpdadce mf bk`dcdhdk
mf bk`dcdhdk sd`pfm y mf tdpk pmoef hmf ertàcufk 5>9 hmf `ds`k
cumrpk okrètdvk susteotdvk, qum tdpdadce mf hmfdtk hm perrdcdhdk< mo mf mgm`pfk
akrùfehk, mf perrdcdhdk ms fe fmy pmoef mspmcdef, pkrqum, ck`prmohm tkhks fks
mfm`motks hmf bk`dcdhdk sd`pfm qum sko7 e.- mf sugmtk ectdvk ms uoe pmrskoe oeturef
d`putejfm< j.- fe eccdóo ckosdstm mo èter e ktre pmrskoe< y c.- sejàe qum èteje e
ktre pmrskoe< pmrk, ehm`ås tdmom uoe cerectmràstdces ehdcdkoef7 fe pmrskoe e qudmo
èteje mre su escmohdmotm u ktrk tdpk hm permotmsck smõefehk pkr fe okrè pmoef<
pkr teotk, mxcfuym mo fe epfdcecdóo ef cesk ckocrmtk, e fe fmy pmoef hmf ertàcufk 5>1
hmf Cóhdik pmoef qum tdpdadce mf bk`dcdhdk sd`pfm.
Sujsdhderdheh.
Mf crdtmrdk hm mxcfusdóo hm tdpks pmoefms ckocurrmotms e fe epfdcecdóo hm uo cesk, sm

he cueohk uo tdpk pmoef ms epfdcejfm, sófk cueohk ok rmsufte epfdcejfm mf tdpk pmoef
qum prmscrdjm fe rmefdzecdóo hm fe `dsè ckohucte, pmrk cko èykr dotmosdheh,

rmspmctk hm uok k `ås hm sus cerectmràstdces< mste sujsdhderdheh pumhm smr mxprmse
k pumhm smr tåcdte.
Fe sujsdhderdheh mxprmse, sm prmsmote cueohk fe `dsè fmy pmoef, mo akrè

a krè mxprmse
hmtmr`doe fe epfdcecdóo sujsdhderde hmf tdpk pmoef. Euoqum sm prmsmotm hm èomre
ùy mxcmpcdkoef mstm tdpk hm sujsdhderdheh, hmjm rmspkohmr e fe oeturefmze hm fe
sujsdhderdheh hm fe ckocurrmocde hm tdpks pmoefms< fe sujsdhderdheh, sófk sm prmsmote
cueohk fe fmy pmoef qum tdpdadce fe ckohucte cko èykr dotmosdheh, mo cueotk e uok
k `ås cerectmràstdces, ok pumhm epfdcersm e fe ckohucte hmfdctuef hmf cesk ckocrmtk,
motkocms, sm epfdce fe fmy pmoef, qum tdpdadce hdcbe ckohucte, cko `mokr dotmosdheh
mo fe cerectmràstdce rmspmctdve hm fe ckohucte. Fe sujsdhderdheh, ckosdstm mo fe
epfdcecdóo hm fe fmy pmoef, qum tdpdadce uoe ckohucte, cko `mokr dotmosdheh mo uoe k
`ås hm sus cerectmràstdces, cueohk ok pumhm epfdcersm fe fmy pmoef qum tdpdadce hdcbe
ckohucte, cko èykr dotmosdheh mo cueotk e uok k `ås cerectmràstdces rmamrdhes.
Fe sujsdhderdheh tåcdte, sm prmsmote, cueohk fe fmy pmoef, ok fe prmcdse

mxprmse`motm, pmrk, hm fe dotmrprmtecdóo
fe dotmrprmtecdóo hm fe fmy pmoef y su epfdcecdóo ef cesk
ckocrmtk, sm hmhucm fe oeturefmze sujsdhderde hmf tdpk pmoef, ms esà, qum fe
sujsdhderdheh, mo akrè ejstrecte, sm prmsmote7 mo cueotk e fe dotmosdheh hm fe
eamctecdóo hmf jdmo guràhdck –mf hmfdtk fmvm ms sujsdhderdk hmf hmfdtk `ås irevm-< mo
cueotk e fe dotmosdheh hm pertdcdpecdóo mo fe mgmcucdóo hmf ectk hmfdctuef, -fe
pertdcdpecdóo mo cefdheh
mo cefdheh hm có`pfdcm k dostdiehkr, ms sujsdhderdk hm fe eutkràe-< mo
cueotk e fe dotmosdheh hmf hmserrkffk
hmf hmserrkffk hm fe ckohucte hmfdctuef –fe tmotetdve mo fe
mgmcucdóo hmf hmfdtk, ms sujsdhderdk hm fe ckosuècdóo hmf hmfdtk< mo cueotk e fe

dotmosdheh hmf ckokcd`dmotk
hmf ckokcd`dmotk hm fks mfm`motks hmf tdpk pmoef kjgmtdvk –fe ckohucte
d`pruhmotm, ms sujsdhderdk hm fe ckohucte hkfkse-< mtc.
Mo mf smotdhk mxpumstk, fe sujsdhderdheh sm prmsmote cueohk mf tdpk pmoef hm uoe

eamctecdóo `ås dotmose hmf jdmo guràhdck, ok ms epfdcejfm e fe ckohucte, pkr teotk, fk
ms mf tdpk pmoef hm eamctecdóo hm `mokr dotmosdheh hmf jdmo guràhdck< mo diuef smotdhk
fe sujsdhderdheh sdiodadce qum uo prmcmptk pmoef sófk ms epfdcejfm, mo cesk ok sm
epfdqum ktrk prmcmptk pmoef qum tdmom uo mstehdk hm etequm `ås irevm, y hmserrkffe
fks tdpks hm dotmosdheh `ås irevm hm fes cerectmràstdces hm fe ckohucte< ck`k sko

fks cesks fks pertàcdpms rmspmctk hmf eutkr< hmf hmfdtk fmvm rmspmctk hmf hmfdtk irevm<
hmf hmfdtk tmotehk, rmspmctk hmf ckosuèhk< mf hmfdtk d`pruhmotm rmspmctk hmf hkfksk.
Fe sujsdhderdheh sm prmsmote cueohk uo tdpk ms epfdcejfm sd mf ktrk ok rmsufte

epfdcejfm, qum pumhm smr mxprmse –prmvdste pkr fe fmy- k tåcdte qum hmjm hmhucdrsm
`mhdeotm dotmrprmtecdóo, ck`k mf cesk hm fmsdkoms `moks irevms rmspmctk hm
fmsdkoms irevms.
Ckosuocdóo.
Mstm crdtmrdk hm mxcfusdóo hm fmyms pmoefms qum epermotm`motm ckocurrmo, mo fe

epfdcecdóo e uoe ckohucte hmfdctuef, sm he cueohk uo tdpk pmoef (hmfdtk), ckostdtuym
uoe hm fes cerectmràstdces hm ktre ckohucte tàpdce mspmcàadce dohmpmohdmotm, qum
te`jdäo docfuym su hmsvefkrecdóo, qum pkr mffk, ms ckosu`dhe mo ästm ÷ftd`k tdpk
pmoef. Fe ckosuocdóo sm he cueohk uo tdpk pmoef (hmfdtk), ckostdtuym uoe hm fes
cerectmràstdces hm ktre ckohucte tàpdce mspmcàadce, docfuymohk su hmsvefkrecdóo< pkr
mffk, ms hmspfezehk mo su epfdcecdóo pkr ästm ÷ftd`k tdpk pmoef mspmcàadck.
5.- ]o mgm`pfk hm mstm crdtmrdk hm ckosuocdóo, sm mocumotre mo mf ÷ftd`k pårreak hmf

ertàcufk 524 hmf Cóhdik pmoef, qum tdpdadce mf hmfdtk hm rkjk eirevehk, qum
mxprmse`motm prmscrdjm7
"Fe pmoe smrå hm cehmoe pmrpmtue cueohk mf eimotm ect÷m mo cefdheh hm dotmireotm
d otmireotm
hm uoe krieodzecdóo
uoe krieodzecdóo crd`doef, k sd, ck`k ckosmcumocde hmf bmcbk, sm prkhucm
fe ùmrtm hm fe vàctdè k sm fm ceuse fmsdkoms irevms e su dotmirdheh aàsdce
dotmirdheh aàsdce k
`motef.".
Mstm tdpk pmoef, ms uo tdpk pmoef ck`pfmgk, qum ckotdmom verdks tdpks pmoefms
mspmcàadcks dohmpmohdmotms, motrm mffks, fks sdiudmotms7
5.5.- «Ck`k ckosmcumocde hmf bmcbk, sm prkhucm fe

prkhucm fe ùmrtm hm fe vàctdè¼. ]oe hm
fes cerectmràstdces hm fe ckohucte hm rkjk eirevehk, prmscrdte mo mstm tdpk pmoef, ms
prmcdse`motm, qum mf sugmtk ectdvk ètm e ktre pmrskoe (vàctdè) mo fe ckosuècdóo
hmf rkjk eirevehk< pkr teotk, mf hmfdtk hm bk`dcdhdk cufpksk, sm mocumotre ckosu`dhk
pkr mstm tdpk pmoef mspmcdadck dohmpmohdmotm< y

5.:.- «Ck`k ckosmcumocde hmf bmcbk, sm fm ceuse fmsdkoms irevms e su dotmirdheh

aàsdce k `motef. ]oe hm fes cerectmràstdces hm fe ckohucte hm rkjk eirevehk, prmscrdte
mo mstm tdpk pmoef mspmcàadck dohmpmohdmotm, ms prmcdse`motm fes fmsdkoms irevms
ceusehes e fe vàctdè, mo fe ckosuècdóo hmf hmfdtk rkjk eirevehk, mo ckosmcumocde,
mf hmfdtk hm fmsdkoms
f msdkoms irevms, sm mocumotre ckosu`dhk pkr mf hmfdtk hm rrkjk
kjk eirevehk.
E mste cfesm hm supumstks hm ckosuocdóo hm tdpks pmoefms, sm fms ffeè mo fe

hkctrdoe, ectks tàpdcks eck`peõeotms ckpmoehks.
:.- Ktrk mgm`pfk hm mstm crdtmrdk, sm mocumotre mo mf tdpk pmoef hm aefsdadcecdóo

hm hkcu`motks,
hm hkcu`motks, prmscrdte
prmscrdte mo mf prd`mr pårreak hmf ertàcufk 8:9 hmf Cóhdik ^moef, qum
prmscrdjm7
«Mf qum becm, mo tkhk k mo pertm, uo hkcu`motk aefsk k ehuftmre uok vmrhehmrk qum
pumhe her krdimo e hmrmcbk u kjfdiecdóo k smrvdr pere prkjer uo bmcbk, cko mf
prkpósdtk hm utdfdzer mf hkcu`motk, smrå rmprd`dhk, sd hm su usk pumhm rmsufter efi÷o
pmrgudcdk, cko pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh
hm fdjmrteh ok `mokr hm hks od èykr hm hdmz eõks y
cko trmdote e okvmote hàes-ùfte sd sm trete hm uo hkcu`motk
p÷jfdck, rmidstrk
p÷jfdck, rmidstrk p÷jfdck, tàtufk eutäotdck k cuefqudmr ktrk tres`dsdjfm pkr mohksk k ef
pkrtehkr y cko pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh
fdjmrt eh ok `mokr hm hks od èykr hm cuetrk eõks,
y cko cdmotk kcbmote e trmscdmotks smsmotdcdock hàes-ùfte, sd sm trete hm uo
hkcu`motk prdvehk¼.
Mstm tdpk pmoef, te`jdäo ms uok hm oeturefmze ck`pfmgk, pkr teotk ck`prmohm. verdks
tdpks pmoefms mspmcàadcks dohmpmohdmotms, motrm mffks, pere adoms hmf mgm`pfk, sm tdmom
fks sdiudmotms 7
5.- "Mf qum becm, mo tkhk uo hkcu`motk p÷jfdck aefsk qum pumhe her krdimo
e hmrmcbk, cko mf prkpósdtk hm utdfdzer mf hkcu`motk". Fe ckohucte hmscrdte mo mstm
tdpk pmoef mspmcàadck dohmpmohdmotm, tdmom, motrm ktres cerectmràstdces, mf prkpósdtk hm
utdfdzer mf hkcu`motk p÷jfdck aefsk, qum ckostdtuym mf tdpk pmoef hm usk hm hkcu`motk
p÷jfdck aefsk prmvdstk mo mf smiuohk pårreak hmf ertàcufk 8:9 hmf Cóhdik pmoef, pkr
teotk, mo cesk hm qum mf sugmtk ectdvk hm fe aefsdadcecdóo, bdcdmre usk hmf hkcu`motk
p÷jfdck aefsk, motkocms, mf tdpk pmoef hm usk hm hkcu`motk p÷jfdck aefsk, sm

mocumotre ckosu`dhk pkr mstm tdpk pmoef mspmcàadck dohmpmohdmotm hm becmr uo

hkcu`motk p÷jfdck aefsk< y
:.- "Mf qum ehuftmre uo hkcu`motk prdvehk vmrhehmrk qum pumhe smrvdr pere prkjer
uo bmcbk, cko mf prkpósdtk hm utdfdzer mf hkcu`motk". Sófk pere adoms hdhåctdcks, mo
mstm mgm`pfk, sm prmcdse fes cerectmràstdces hm fe ckohucte hmscrdte pkr mstm tdpk
pmoef mspmcàadck dohmpmohdmotm qum sko7 e.- Fe mxdstmocde hm hkcu`motk prdvehk
vmrhehmrk< j.- mf sugmtk ectdvk ms pmrskoe oeturef d`putejfm< c.- ehuftmre mf
hkcu`motk eutäotdck< h.- sm ehuftmre pere prkjer uo bmcbk< m.- mf prkpósdtk hm
ehuftmrer, ms user mf hkcu`motk pere prkjer uo bmcbk< mtc. Hm fe dhmotdadcecdóo hm
fes cerectmràstdces hm fe ckohucte hmfdctuef, sm tdmom qum uoe hm fes cerectmràstdces,
sm rmadmrm ef prkpósdtk hm user mf hkcu`motk prdvehk ehuftmrehk, qum ckostdtuym tdpk
pmoef hm usk hm hkcu`motk ehuftmrehk, prmvdstk mo mf smiuohk pårreak hmf ertàcufk
8:9 hmf Cóhdik pmoef< mo ckosmcumocde, mo cesk hm qum mf sugmtk ectdvk hm fe
ehuftmrecdóo, ffmium e user mf hkcu`motk prdvehk ehuftmrehk, mstm tdpk pmoef, sm
ckosu`drå mo mf tdpk pmoef hm aefsdadcecdóo hm hkcu`motks dohdcehk mo mstm mgm`pfk.
E mste cfesm hm crdtmrdks

crdtmrdks hm mxcfusdóo hm fe epermotm ckocurrmocde
ckocurrmocde hm fmyms pmoefms,
pere epfdcer e uo cesk ckocrmtk, sm fm ffeè mo fe hkctrdoe, ck`k tdpks pmoefms
pkstmrdkrms ckpmoehks.
^rdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh
eft mroetdvdheh..- Mstm prdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh pere hmtmr`doer fe fmy
pmoef epfdcejfm e uo cesk, mo mf cesk hm ckocursk hm verdes fmyms pmoefms rmspmctk
hm uoe ckohucte, ok ms rmckokcdhe ck`k tef pkr ùcbks eutkrms, qudmoms
ckosdhmreo qum fe ckdocdhmocde hm fmyms rmspmctk hm uoe ckohucte, ms uo ejsurhk,
qum sófk sm prmsmote pkr mrrkr k hmscudhk hmf fmidsfehkr, ms pkr mffk, qum smõefeo
qum ok sm gustdadce su mxdstmocde eutóokè, sdmohk fks ÷odcks fks prdocdpdks hm
mspmcdefdheh, sujsdhderdheh y ckosuocdóo.
Mf prdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh sm prmsmote7 e.- cueohk uoe ckohucte, sm sujsu`m hm

èomre ck`pfmte, dohdstdote`motm, e hks k `ås prmcmptks pmoefms, ms hmcdr, fes hks
k `ås okrès
`ås okrès pmoefms, hmscrdjmo mf `ds`k supumstk guràhdck sdo odoiuoe hdamrmocde.
Fe mxdstmocde hm mstes okrès pmoefms, mvdhmotm`motm ms uo mrrkr k hmscudhk hmf
fmidsfehkr, hmjdmohk epfdcersm fe okrè guràhdck pmoef qum prmvä `mokr pmoe y ok

ck`k fe hkctrdoe hk`doeotm be smõefehk, qum sm hmjm epfdcer fe okrè pmoef qum
prmvä uoe pmoe irevm< fe auohe`motecdóo hm mste pksdcdóo, sm mxpfdcerå
pkstmrdkr`motm, ehmfeoteohk ÷odce`motm, qum mste cfesm hmf prdocdpdk hm
eftmroetdvdheh, mo rmefdheh ok ms uo prdocdpdk hmf ckocursk epermotm hm fmyms pmoefms,
sdok, ms uo ckoafdctk hm fmyms pmoefms mo fe epfdcecdóo e uoe ckohucte, y ck`k tef,
hm ecumrhk ef prdocdpdk hm aevkrejdfdheh, fe okrè epfdcejfm ms fe okrè pmoef qum
aevkrmcm ef d`putehk< y j.- cueohk hks tdpks pmoefms, ckdocdhmo percdef`motm mo sus
mfm`motks tàpdcks, ms hmcdr, motrm mstks tdpks, mxdstm uoe zkoe ck`÷o y ktre
mxcfusdve< sdmohk fe okrè pmoef epfdcejfm, equmf ef cuef fe ckohucte sm ehmcue hm
èomre ck`pfmte, ck`k mf cesk hm fks tdpks pmoefms hm burtk y eprkpdecdóo dfàcdte,
qum tdmom ck`k mfm`motk ck`÷o, fe eprkpdecdóo dfmiàtdè hmf jdmo, mo teotk qum fks
mfm`motks mxcfusdvks sko hdstdotks, ck`k ms mf cesk hm motrmie fmief hmf jdmo mo fe
eprkpdecdóo dfàcdte y fe sustreccdóo hm jdmo egmok mo mf tdpk pmoef hm burtk< fe fmy pmoef
epfdcejfm, smrå equmf e cuyk supumstk guràhdck sm ehmcue fe ckohucte hm fe rmefdheh
guràhdck skcdef.
Hmf ckocmptk hmf prdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh hmserrkffehk, sm hmsprmohm qum mxdstmo

hks tdpks hm prdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh, qum sko7 5.- ^rdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh
ejskfute y :.- prdocdpdk
prdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh rmfetd
rmfetdve<
ve< mstm prdocdpdk sm prmsmotm hm hks
akrès, ck`k rmfecdóo hm dhmotdheh
hm dhmotdheh k ck`k rmfecdóo hm dotmramrmocde, sdmohk qum mf
prd`mrk ok ms ckocurrmocde hm fmyms, ye qum, fe fmy pkstmrdkr, ms sófk fe rmpmtdcdóo hm
fe fmy eotmrdkr, pkr mffk sm epfdce fe fmy pkstmrdkr< mo ce`jdk
mo ce`jdk mo mf smiuohk cesk, sm
prmsmote, cueohk fks tdpks pmoefms ok sm sustmote mo hdstdotks jdmoms
hdstdotks jdmoms guràhdcks.
guràhdcks.
^rdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh ejskfute.-Mstm prdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh sm prmsmote,

cueohk uoe ckohucte, sm sujsu`m hm èomre ck`pfmte, dohdstdote`motm, e hks k
`ås prmcmptks pmoefms, ms hmcdr, fes hks k `ås okrès pmoefms, hmscrdjmo mf `ds`k
supumstk guràhdck, sdo odoiuoe hdamrmocde< mo mstm cesk, fe fmy pmoef epfdcejfm, hmjm
smr equmf qum prmvä uoe pmoe hm `mokr irevmheh, hm ecumrhk ef prdocdpdk hm
aevkrejdfdheh< mstm prdocdpdk sm prmsmote cueohk mf bmcbk, mo tkhes sus hd`mosdkoms
eotdguràhdces pumhm smr dohdstdote`motm sujsu`dhks mo uoe u ktre okrè< mo cuyk
cesk, fe fmy pmoef epfdcejfm, ms fe qum prmscrdjm fe pmoe `ås irevm, pmrk, mo cueotk
e mstm ÷ftd`k, ok mxprmse su auohe`motk.

Mo mste cfesm hm ckocursk epermotm hm fmyms, fe fmy epfdcejfm ms equmffe `ås

aevkrejfm ef d`putehk, hm ecumrhk ef prdocdpdk hm aevkrejdfdheh, prmvdste mo mf ertàcufk
534 hm fe Ckostdtucdóo
fe Ckostdtucdóo ^kfàtdce
^kfàtdce hmf mstehk< qum mxprmse`motm prmscrdjm7
«Ertàcufk 534.- Sko prdocdpdks y hmrmcbks

y hmrmcbks hm fe
fe auocdóo
auocdóo gurdshdccdkoef7
gurdshdccdkoef7
(…)
55. Fe epfdcecdóo hm fe fmy `ås aevkrejfm ef prkcmsehk mo cesk hm huhe k hm ckoafdctk

motrm fmyms pmoefms".
Sm epfdce fe fmy `ås aevkrejfm, hmjdhk e qum, ok sm trete hm ckocursk epermotm hm

okrès guràhdck pmoefms mo mstrdctk, sdok hm uo ckoafdctk hm fmyms pmoefms, prmvdstes
mo mf ertàcufk `mocdkoehk –ertàcufk 534 docdsk 55 hm fe Ckostdtucdóo-, mo
ckockrheocde cko mf prdocdpdk hm fmiefdheh,
hm fmiefdheh, prmvdste
prmvdste mo mf fdtmref «h¼ hmf docdsk :8 hmf
ertàcufk : hm fe Ckostdtucdóo qum mxprmse`motm prmvä7
«Ertàcufk :.:8 fdtmref "h "Oehdm

" Oehdm smrå prkcmsehk od ckohmoehk pkr ectk u k`dsdóo qum
ef tdm`pk hm ck`mtmrsm ok mstä prmvde`motm cefdadcehk mo fe fmy, hm èomre mxprmse
m domquàvkce, ck`k doareccdóo puodjfm< od seocdkoehk cko pmoe ok prmvdste mo fe fmy".
^rdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh rmfetdve..-Mf prdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh rmfetdve, sm

prmsmote cueohk hks tdpks pmoefms, ckdocdhmo percdef`motm mo sus mfm`motks
tàpdcks, ms hmcdr, motrm mstks tdpks,
t dpks, mxdstm uoe zkoe ck`÷o y ktre mxcfusdve< sdmohk fe
okrè pmoef epfdcejfm, equmf ef cuef fe ckohucte sm ehmcue hm èomre ck`pfmte<
ck`k ms mf cesk hm fks tdpks pmoefms hm burtk y eprkpdecdóo dfàcdte, qum tdmom ck`k
mfm`motk ck`÷o, fe eprkpdecdóo dfmiàtdè hmf jdmo, mo teotk qum fks mfm`motks
mxcfusdvks sko hdstdotks, ck`k ms mf cesk hm motrmie fmief hmf jdmo mo fe eprkpdecdóo
dfàcdte y fe sustreccdóo hm jdmo egmok mo mf tdpk pmoef hm burtk< fe fmy pmoef epfdcejfm,
smrå equmf e cuyk supumstk guràhdck sm ehmcue fe ckohucte hm fe rmefdheh guràhdck
skcdef.
Mste cfesm hm prdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh, ms prkpdk hmf ckocursk epermotm hm fmyms,

qum tdmom ùcbe utdfdheh
ùcbe utdfdheh mo fe cefdadcecdóo guràhdce, hmotrk hm uoe dovmstdiecdóo hmf
hmfdtk, mspmcdef`motm, mo equmffes dovmstdiecdkoms
equmffes dovmstdiecdkoms e dosteocde hm uo sugmtk prkcmsef,
qum prkùmvmo mf dodcdk hm fe dovmstdiecdóo hmf hmfdtk, cefdadceohk hdcbe ckohucte mo

uoe smrdm hm fmyms pmoefms, e`peråohksm mo mf prdocdpdk hm dure okvdt curde, ms hmcdr,
fks gumcms-adscefms-, tdmom fe kjfdiecdóo hm epfdcer fe okrè guràhdce ckrrmspkohdmotm,
Mo mf smotdhk sm be prmcdsehk qum mstm prdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh rmfetdve ms epfdcejfm

mo fks supumstks mo fks qum fks tdpks sm ck`pkrteo ck`k càrcufks smceotms, pkr
teotk, motrm fes okrès mo ckocursk, tdmomo uoe zkoe ck`÷o y ktre mxcfusdve,
eirmieohk qum fe fmy epfdcejfm ms fe qum prmvä fe pmoe `ås irevm, mstm prdocdpdk sm
prmsmote cueohk hks tdpks rmcàprkce`motm sm mxcfuymo pkr su `khefdheh ck`dsdve,
ye qum sko teo hdamrmotms qum sófk pumhm cu`pfdrsm uok hm fks tdpks, ck`k ms mf
cesk hmf burtk y fe eprkpdecdóo dohmjdhe< mstm cfesm hm prdocdpdk, sm prmsmote cueohk
hks tdpks ckotdmomo mfm`motks dock`petdjfms motrm sà, pmrk rmqudmrm pkr fk `moks,
uoe ckdocdhmocde percdef hm fks tdpks, mxcfuyäohksm pkr mffk ùtue`motm, ck`k
kcurrm cko mf burtk y fe eprkpdecdóo dohmjdhe.
Fe fmy pmoef epfdcejfm, mo mste cfesm hmf prdocdpdk hm eftmroetdvdheh, ms equmffe fmy
pmoef k tdpk pmoef, ef cuef sm ehmcue fe ckohucte hm èomre ck`pfmte y sm hmspfeze
ef ktrk tdpk pmoef, ef qum sófk sm ehmcue hm èomre percdef.
^rdocdpdk hm om jds do dhm`
Hmok`doecdóo.
Skjrm fe hmok`doecdóo hmf prdocdpdk hm fe prkbdjdcdóo hm hkjfm k `÷ftdpfm

docrd`doecdóo pkr fe `dsè ckohucte d`putehe y auohe`motk, e fe `dsè pmrskoe<
mo fe hkctrdoe oecdkoef y mxtreogmre, sm utdfdzeo, cko armcumocde, hks hmok`doecdkoms7
5.- "oko jds do àhm`, y :.- "om jds do àhm`< mo su imomrefdheh, sdo her èykrms
mxpfdcecdkoms skjrm hdcbe akrè hm hmok`doer ef prdocdpdk ètmrde hm ck`motk.
Ebkre jdmo, »mstes hmok`doecdkoms, hmjmo smr utdfdzehes
utdfdzehes hm èomre ddohdstdote,
ohdstdote, k pkr
mf ckotrerdk, sm hmjm msckimr uok hm mffks, ck`k fe ckrrmcte
ckrr mcte hmok`doecdóo;.
Ckocmptk.
Mf prdocdpdk hm om jds do àhm`, ms uoe iereotàe ckostdtucdkoef, rmckokcdhe hm èomre

d`pfàcdte hmotrk hmf ckotmodhk msmocdef ckostdtucdkoef`motm prktmidhk hmf hmrmcbk
hmf hmrmcbk
ckostdtucdkoef hmf hmjdhk prkcmsk, ck`prmohdhk mo fe prmscrdpcdóo ckostdtucdkoef hmf

docdsk 53 hmf ertàcufk 534 hm fe Ckostdtucdóo ^kfàtdce hmf Mstehk, dotmrprmtehk mo

ckockrheocde cko mf docdsk : hm fe `dsè okrè ckostdtucdkoef, ckoakr`m ef prdocdpdk
hm uodheh ckostdtucdkoef< smotdhk mo qum aum hmserrkffehk pkr mf Xrdjuoef
Ckostdtucdkoef, motrm ktrks, mo fe Smotmocde hdctehe mo mf mxpmhdmotm O¾ 25:3-:>>=-
^BC/XC\:=P
Fe iereotàe ckostdtucdkoef hmf prdocdpdk hm om jds do àhm`, ckostdtuym fe prkbdjdcdóo

qum tdmom mf
tdmom mf Mstehk, hm
Mstehk, hm seocdkoer y/k guzier – pmrsmiudr- e uoe pmrskoe, hks k `ås
vmcms pkr uoe `dsè ckohucte, sustmotehe mo fe `dsè ceuse hm pmrsmcucdóo k
seocdóo< ms hmcdr, mo uo Mstehk
uo Mstehk hm Hmrmcbk,
Hmrmcbk, odoiuoe
odoiuoe pmrskoe pumhm smr kjgmtk hm
uoe pmrsmcucdóo y/k seocdóo `÷ftdpfm, pkr uoe `dsè ckohucte, sustmotehk mo uoe
`dsè ceuse hm pmrsmcucdóo.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ 5:
ZMS^KOSEJDFDHEH ^MOEF< MRD@MOXMS, EXMO]EOXMS T EIZEQE

EIZEQEOXMS.
OXMS.
êrtdmohk hm fe jesm hm qum fe pmoe hmjm smr ckrrmfetdve ef hmfdtk ck`mtdhk y e fes
cdrcuosteocdes qum fk rkhmmo, ästes pkhråo ckosdstdr mo etmoueotms k eireveotms
5. fes etmoueotms sko fes qum ckoffmveo uoe hds`doucdóo hm fe rmspkosejdfdheh.
:. fes eireveotms sko fes qum ckoffmveo uo eu`motk hm fe rmspkosejdfdheh hmf eutkr,
y mo ùcbes kcesdkoms pkhm`ks mockotreroks cdrcuosteocdes `dxtes.
Bey qum rmckrher equà qum, fks hmfdtks mstejfmcmo uoks `årimoms hm èodkjre motrm
fks qum, mf gumz mo mf `k`motk hm hdcter smotmocde hmjmrå mstejfdsbmr fe ckohmoe.
Xe`jdäo sm cfesdadceo mo cdrcuosteocdes kjgmtdves y sujgmtdves. Fes kjgmtdves sko

cdrcuosteocdes qum rkhmeo ef dogustk, `dmotres qum fes sujgmtdves sko fes qum rkhmeo
fe cufpejdfdheh.
Etmoueotms

Mo mf Ert.
mf Ert. :5 ,Cóhdik ^moef sm mstejfmcmo mamctks pere hmtmr`doehes mxd`motms qum
sm rmckimo mo mf Ert.
mf Ert. :> ,Cóhdik ^moef, cueohk
^moef, cueohk ok ckocurrdmrmo tkhks fks rmqudsdtks
omcmserdks pere mxd`dr hm rmspkosejdfdheh pfmoe`motm mo sus rmspmctdvks
cesks7 mxd`motms dock`pfmtes
Mo mf Ert.
mf Ert. :> ,Cóhdik ^moef sm rmckimo fes sdiudmotms ceuses qum mxd`mo hm fe
rmspkosejdfdheh crd`doef7
- Fe eftmrecdóo k eokèfàe psàqudce hmf eutkr hm fe doareccdóo pmoef, sdm`prm qum fe

tmoie mo mf `k`motk hm ck`mtmr fe doareccdóo, y qum fm d`pdhe ck`prmohmr fe dfdcdtuh
hmf bmcbk.
- Uum mf ceuseotm hmf bmcbk dfàcdtk mstä mo uo `k`motk hm dotkxdcecdóo pfmoe pkr

efckbkf, hrkies, mstupmaecdmotms u ktres
kt res susteocdes qum prkhuzceo mamctks eoåfkiks,
sdm`prm qum ok fes beye ckosu`dhk prmcdse`motm pere fe ck`dsdóo hmf hmfdtk.
- Sd mf eutkr ms uoe pmrskoe qum tdmom eftmrehe su pmrcmpcdóo hm fe rmefdheh hmshm

hmshm mf
oecd`dmotk.
- Mf qum kjrm pkr hmamose prkpde hm su pmrskoe k hm sus prkpdks hmrmcbks, te`jdäo
msterå mxd`dhk hm rmspkosejdfdheh.
- Mf qum fmsdkom uo jdmo guràhdck hm ktre pmrskoe k doardoge uo hmjmr pere mvdter uo
èf egmok k prkpdk.
- Sd sm kjre d`pufsehk pkr uo `dmhk dosupmrejfm.
- T mf qum kjre mo cu`pfd`dmotk hm uo hmjmr, kadcdk, cerik k hmrmcbk.

êre qum sm ckosdhmrm uoe mxd`motm ck`k uoe etmoueotm, ok ms omcmserdk qum
cu`pfe tkhks fks rmqudsdtks, sdok qum cueohk ok ckocurrdmsm hm akrè ckrrmcte pere
smr mxd`motm ck`pfmte, sm utdfdzerå ck`k mxd`motm dock`pfmte.
Efiuoks cesks ck`k mf hm fe `dokràe hm mheh qum sm prmvä mo mf

mf Ert.
Ert. 54 ,Cóhdik
^moef, ok
^moef, ok ms irehuejfm, k sm ms èykr k `mokr hm mheh.
Fe gurdspruhmocde mxdim qum pere qum sm ckosdhmrmo fes mxd`motms, qum mo ästes
mstäo prmsmotms ef `moks fks rmqudsdtks msmocdefms hm fe `dsè. Ms hmcdr, mo mf cesk

hm qum beye uoe mxd`motm, sd fm aefte uo rmqudsdtk, ästm ok pumhm smr uok msmocdef
pere qum sm pumhe ckosdhmrer
ckosdhmrer fe mxdstmocde hm fe mxd`motm ck`k tef.
mxd`motm
^kr mgm`pfk, fks cesks mo fks qum sm eoufe fe d`putejdfdheh, pkr mgm`pfk, pkr uoe
eokèfàe psàqudce, pere qum sm ckosdhmrm äste uoe mxd`motm dock`pfmte, ms

omcmserdk qum beye uoe sdtuecdóo hm hds`doucdóo hm fe cepecdheh dotmfmctdve y
vkfdtdve, pmrk qum ok ffmium e eouferfe ck`pfmte`motm, esà sm userå ck`k mxd`motm
dock`pfmte.
Etmoueotms krhdoerdes
Sm hdvdhmo mo cdrcuosteocdes qum hds`douymo fe cufpejdfdheh, ck`pkrte`dmotks

pkstmrdkrms ef bmcbk hmfdctdvk, hdfecdkoms dohmjdhes y etmoueotms eoåfkies. Sm
rmckimo mo mf Ert.
mf Ert. :5 ,Cóhdik ^moef. Smi÷o
^moef. Smi÷o ästm, sko etmoueotms7
Fes ceuses mxprmsehes mo mf Ert.

mf Ert. :> ,Cóhdik ^moef cueohk ok ckocurreo tkhks fks
rmqudsdtks pere qum sm mxdè fe rmspkosejdfdheh (5.ª)
susteocdes tóxdces y fks mstehks pesdkoefms (:.ª y 3.ª)

Fe irevm ehdccdóo e susteocdes
Mo cueotk e fe irevm ehdccdóo e susteocdes tóxdces, sm prmväo, fes jmjdhes

efckbófdces, hrkies
hrkies tóxdces, mstupmaecdmotms,
mstupmaecdmotms, susteoc
susteocdes
des psdcktrópdces y ktres hm
mamctks eoåfkiks.
Mxdstm uo prkjfmè hm hdstdocdóo motrm fe mxd`motm y fe etmoueotm pkr mf ckosu`k hm

susteocdes tóxdces. Fe hdamrmocde ms qum, fe dotmosdheh hm fks mamctks, mo fe mxd`motm
y mo fe etmoueotm ms hdstdote. Fe `mokr d`putejdfdheh hmf sugmtk sm ckosdhmrerå

etmoueotm, `dmotres qum sd bey uoe èykr dotmosdheh, sm ckosdhmrerå mxd`motm.
Kjrer pkr mstàùfks teo pkhmrksks qum prkhuzceo errmjetk, kjcmcecdóo u ktrk
mstehk pesdkoef sm`mgeotm.
Mste mxd`motm hm dotkxdcecdóo pfmoe, pumhm epfdcersm te`jdäo ck`k mxd`motm

dock`pfmte, fk qum prkhucm uo irehk dotmr`mhdk motrm fe mxmocdóo ck`pfmte y fe
etmoueotm. Ok pumhm juscersm fe dotkxdcecdóo pere hmfdoqudr od pumhm bejmrsm
prmvdstk k hmjdhk prmvmr fe ck`dsdóo hmf hmfdtk, ye qum mstk smràe mxd`motm ck`pfmte
hmf Ert.
hmf Ert. :> ,Cóhdik ^moef.
^moef. Sd
Sd ok ckocurrdmsmo fks rmqudsdtks ok sm pkhràe epfdcer fe

mxd`motm ck`pfmte, pmrk pkhràe epfdcersm fe etmoueotm krhdoerde hmf Ert.

hmf Ert. :5 ,Cóhdik
^moef.
^moef.
Fe gurdspruhmocde, pkr ktre pertm, mxdim qum, mf mstehk pesdkoef ok beye sdhk
prkvkcehk pkr uoe ckohucte dfàcdte hm fe vàctdè, mo cuyk cesk ok ectueràe ck`k
etmoueotm. Ms uo cesk hm hds`doucdóo hm fe d`putejdfdheh prkhucdhk pkr mstàùfks
mxtmroks, pmrk qum ok efceoze mf cesk hmf trestkrok `motef treosdtkrdk.
Ck`pkrte`dmotks pkstmrdkrms ef bmcbk hmfdctdvk (8.ª y =.ª)
Mf Ert.
Mf Ert. :5 ,Cóhdik ^moef ckotm`pfe fes cdrcuosteocdes hm ckoamser e fes eutkrdhehms
fe doareccdóo y rmperecdóo k hds`doucdóo hm fks mamctks hmf hmfdtk.
Fe ckoamsdóo hmf hmfdtk hmjm rmefdzersm eotms hm qum sm smpe qum sm hdrdim ckotre äf
uo prkcmhd`dmotk guhdcdef. Fe rmperecdóo hm fks mamctks hmf hmfdtk hmjm rmefdzersm mo
cuefqudmr `k`motk hmf prkcmhd`dmotk, sdm`prm qum sme cko eotmrdkrdheh ef gudcdk kref
(Ert. :5 ,Cóhdik ^moef)
^moef)..
Mstes cdrcuosteocdes, ck`k auocdkoeo mo `k`motks pkstmrdkrms e fe ck`dsdóo hmf

hmfdtk, ok pumhmo supkomr uoe hds`doucdóo hm fe cufpejdfdheh, sdok qum, fk qum
jusceo ms aevkrmcmr mf jumo ck`pkrte`dmotk hm fks hmf rmspkosejfm hmf hmfdtk. êre
qum sm pumhe tmomr mo cumote mstm errmpmotd`dmotk, hmjmo ckocurrdr uoes
cdrcuosteocdes. Mf ceuseotm hmf hmfdtk ok pumhm sejmr qum bey uo prkcmsk pmoef qum
sm hdrdim ckotre äf, k eotms hm qum sm cmfmjrm mf gudcdk kref.
Mste cdrcuosteocde ck`k etmoueotm fk qum becm ms, ckocmhmr uo prm`dk e fks
ceuseotms hm fks hmfdtks qum rmefdzeo ectks aevkrejfms pkstmrdkr`motm.
Fe etmoueotm dohmjdhes. (1.ª)

etmoueotm hm hdfecdkoms dohmjdhes.
Sm mstejfmcm qum fe hdfecdóo mxtrekrhdoerde m dohmjdhe hmf prkcmhd`dmotk prkhucm

mamctks hm etmoueotm, ye qum, sm jusce ck`pmoser fks mamctks hm fks pmrgudcdks
ceusehks pkr mf rmtresk dohmjdhk mo fe tre`dtecdóo hmf prkcmhd`dmotk. Mste etmoueotm
ms hm krdimo gurdspruhmocdef, ye qum, cko eotmrdkrdheh e mster prmvdste pkr mf Ert.
:5 ,Cóhdik ^moef, mre
^moef, mre utdfdzehe pkr fks trdjuoefms ck`k etmoueotm eoåfkie.
Fes etmoueotms eoåfkies (9.ª)

Mo mf Ert.
mf Ert. :5 ,Cóhdik ^moef sm hmtmr`doe qum, cuefqudmr cdrcuosteocde hm eoåfkie
sdiodadcecdóo e fes hmtmr`doehes mo msm ertàcufk, sm utdfdzeråo ck`k etmoueotms
te`jdäo. ^khråo utdfdzer fes cdrcuosteocdes qum smeo hm permcdhe sdiodadcecdóo e ästes
y qum jusqumo jmomadcder ef rmk.
Eireveotms
Fes cdrcuosteocdes kjgmtdves sm rmckimo mo mf Ert.

mf Ert. :: ,Cóhdik ^moef.
^moef. Sko
Sko equmffes
mo fes qum ms pksdjfm eprmcder
eprmcder uoe èykr irevmheh hmf heõk ceusehk cko mf hmfdtk ,
k mo fes qum ms `ås aåcdf eprmcder uoe èykr hmsprktmccdóo hmf jdmo guràhdck. Fe
prkpkrcdkoefdheh motrm fe pmoe y fe cufpejdfdheh pkr mf bmcbk becm qum sm pumhe
mxpfdcer mf eu`motk hm fe pmoe.
Fes cdrcuosteocdes kjgmtdves sm hdvdhmo mo, mf moseõe`dmotk pkr uo fehk, y fes qum

pmr`dtmo uoe èykr aecdfdheh hm mgmcucdóo hmf hmfdtk k qum aecdfdteo fe d`puodheh hmf
rmspkosejfm.
Mf moseõe`dmotk ms mo mf qum sm docrm`mote mf heõk prkhucdhk e fe vàctdè hm akrè

a krè
hmfdjmrehe k dobuèoe. Mf moseõe`dmotk hmjm rmefdzersm kjfdietkrde`motm eotms hm
fe ùmrtm hm fe vàctdè, mo cesk hm qum äste sm prkhuzce, ye qum e pkstmrdkrd, mf
heõk qum sm fm ceusm ef cehåvmr ye ok sm ckosdhmrerå moseõe`dmotk.
Fe sdtuecdóo hm dohmamosdóo k doamrdkrdheh hm fe vàctdè becm qum sm ckosdhmrm `ås

irevm mf hmfdtk, pkrqum fe vàctdè mstå mo uoe sdtuecdóo hm èykr vufomrejdfdheh. Fe
dohmamosdóo pumhm ckosmiudrsm pkr fe utdfdzecdóo hm `mhdks pere esmiurersm hmf
sk`mtd`dmotk k pkrqum mf eutkr hmf ectk sm eprkvmcbe hm fe sdtuecdóo hm doamrdkrdheh.
Mo fk qum sm rmadmrm e fe utdfdzecdóo hm uo hdsarez, ästm supkom uo `mhdk qum aecdfdte
fe mgmcucdóo hmf hmfdtk, pkr fk qum ms uo `mhdk efmvksk.
Mf eprkvmcbe`dmotk hm uoe sdtuecdóo, ms mf qum ckoffmve qum fe vàctdè tdmom

`mokrms pksdjdfdhehms hm hmamohmrsm, sm dhmotdadce mstm eprkvmcbe`dmotk cko mf
ejusk hm supmrdkrdheh y mf eprkvmcbe`dmotk hm cdrcuosteocdes, pkr mgm`pfk, hm
fuier, tdm`pk k euxdfdk hm ktres pmrskoes.
Fe hdstdocdóo motrm fks `mhdks efmvksks y mf eprkvmcbe`dmotk hm sdtuecdkoms hm

doamrdkrdheh hm fe vàctdè ms d`pkrteotm , pkrqum ùcbes vmcms sm ckoauohmo, esà fe

gurdspruhmocde be hmtmr`doehk qum, fe ùmrtm hm uo odõk pkr esmsdoetk ms sdm`prm

efmvkse, `dmotres qum sd skfe`motm sm ejuse hm fe doamrdkrdheh hm fe mheh, sdo ktrks
`mhdks efmvksks, sm ckosdhmrerå cdrcuosteocde hm ejusk hm supmrdkrdheh.
Fe mgmcucdóo hmf ectk `mhdeotm prmcdk, rmck`pmose k prk`mse, sm ckosdhmre

kjgmtdve pkrqum sm hdcm mo mstm ertàcufk qum ms suadcdmotm mgmcuter uo hmfdtk `mhdeotm
cuefqudmre hm msks mfm`motks pere qum sm ckosdhmrm fe cdrcuosteocde kjgmtdve. Ms
hmcdr ok ms omcmserdk ckocfudr mf hmfdtk, ms suadcdmotm cko qum sm ffmvmo e cejk ectks
hm mgmcucdóo.
Fes cdrcuosteocdes sujgmtdves, sko mo fes qum ms pksdjfm hmtmr`doer qum mf bmcbk

kjgmtdve`motm ckosdhmrehk rmsufte `ås irevm, k fe cufpejdfdheh hmf eutkr èykr.
Fes cdrcuosteocdes sujgmtdves sko7 ck`mtmr mf hmfdtk pkr `ktdvks recdstes

k hdscrd`doetkrdks, y fe rmdocdhmocde, Ert.
rmdocdhmocde, Ert. :: ,Cóhdik ^moef.
^moef.
Ectuer pkr `ktdvks

` ktdvks recdstes k hdscrd`doetkrdks sm ckosdhmre uoe eireveotm, ye qum
fks hmfdtks sm ck`mtmo pkr uoe dhmkfkiàe recdste. Mf eutkr hm mstm hmfdtk okrèf`motm
te`jdäo mstå docursk mo ktres eireveotms, ck`k mf moseõe`dmotk k mf ejusk hm
supmrdkrdheh prdocdpef`motm.
Fe rmdocdhmocde.- ckosdstm mo qum, mf eutkr hmf hmfdtk be sdhk ckohmoehk ye

eotmrdkr`motm pkr uo hmfdtk qum mstå ck`prmohdhk hmotrk hmf `ds`k Xàtufk hmf
hmf cóhdik
cóhdik
pmoef y qum ms hm fe `dsè oeturefmze . Mo ktrk cesk ok sm ckosdhmrerå rmdocdhmocde.
Fe gurdspruhmocde ckosdhmre rmdocdhmocde, sd fks hmfdtks sko hm fe `dsè oeturefmze,
ms hmcdr sd eamcteo ef `ds`k jdmo guràhdck y utdfdzeo mf `ds`k `khk hm etequm.
Fe rmdocdhmocde prkvkce uoe èykr cufpejdfdheh pkrqum fe ectdtuh hmf sugmtk qum
ck`mtm mf hmfdtk be hmskjmhmcdhk fes okrès pmoefms mo verdes kcesdkoms y ms pkr
teotk uoe pmrskoe `ås pmfdirkse.
Fe cdrcuosteocde `dxte
Fe cdrcuosteocde `dxte sm rmckim mo mf Ert.

mf :3 ,Cóhdik ^moef.
^moef. Mste
cdrcuosteocde ckosdstm mo hmtmr`doehks irehks hm permotmsck motrm mf qum
ck`mtm mf hmfdtk y fe vàctdè. Fe cdrcuosteocde `dxte ckosdstm mo qum, pumhm
etmouer k pumhm eirever hmpmohdmohk hm fe oeturefmze, fks `ktdvks y fks

mamctks hmf hmfdtk. Mf

Mf Ert.
Ert. :3 ,Cóhdik ^moef hdcm ckocrmte`motm qum, smr k bejmr
sdhk mf eirevdehk mf cóoyuim k uoe pmrskoe qum mstä k beye mstehk fdiehe hm akrè
mstejfm pkr uoe rmfecdóo hm eamctdvdheh eoåfkie, k pkr smr, escmohdmotm,
hmscmohdmotm k bmrèok hmf kamoskr hm su cóoyuim k ckovdvdmotm, eu`mote fe
rmspkosejdfdheh hmf ceuseotm hmf hmfdtk, hmpmohdmohk hm fe oeturefmze hm ästm.
Bejdtuefdheh ^moef7 Mo mf ce`pk hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef, fe bejdtuefdheh d`pfdce fe

ck`dsdóo rmdtmrehe hm hmfdtks, imomref`motm hmf `ds`k krhmo. Mf hmfdocumotm bejdtuef
ms mf qum docursdkoe rmdtmrehe`motm mo mf ce`pk hm fe hmfdocumocde.
Fe adiure hm fe bejdtuefdheh, mo teotk qum, e su vmz, sdium

sd ium pfeotmeohk efiuoes huhes
mo cueotk e fe `dsè ckocrmcdóo hm su ckocmptk. Fe bejdtuefdheh d`pfdce qum uo
`ds`k sugmtk rmpdtm hmtmr`doehes vmcms mf `ds`k ck`pkrte`dmotk crd`doef mo uo
mspecdk ecktehk tm`pkref`motm. Mo mf Cóhdik ^moef ectuef be sdhk utdfdzehe hm hks
akrès hdamrmotms7 hm uo fehk, mo hmtmr`doehes adiures qum sko cefdadcehes ck`k
hmfdtk prmcdse`motm pkr mf ceråctmr bejdtuef hm fe ckohucte (bejdtuefdheh ck`k
mfm`motk hmf tdpk) y, hm ktrk, sd`pfm`motm pere eirever fe pmoe hm cdmrtks dfàcdtks.
Bejdtuefdheh hmfdctdve. 5. Fe bejdtuefdheh, mo cueotk cdrcuosteocde cuefdadcehe

eireveotm, tdmom ck`k mfm`motk prmcmhmotm ef bmcbk hmfdctdvk guziehk, hks k `ås
bmcbks puodjfms ck`mtdhks cko eotmrdkrdheh -ms, pums, ck`petdjfm cko mf ckocursk
rmef hm hmfdtks- Ok rmqudmrm, e hdamrmocde hm fe rmdocdhmocde, qum mxdste uoe smotmocde
ckohmoetkrde adr`m pkr fe ck`dsdóo hm uo hmfdtk hkfksk cko fe d`pksdcdóo hm uoe pmoe
qum be cu`pfdhk mo tkhk k mo pertm (mx ertàcufk 81-J hmf Cóhdik ^moef).
Fes mxcuses ejskfutkrdes.- Sko equmffes qum kpmreo skjrm uo hmfdtk, mfd`doeohk
su puodjdfdheh ( mfd`doeohk su pmoe), ck`k ckosmcumocde hm rezkoms ok vdocufehes
od e fe eotdgurdhdcdheh od e fe cufpejdfdheh, sdok qum sko rezkoms vdocufehes e fe utdfdheh
k gustdcde ètmrdef.
Jegk fe hmok`doecdóo hm mxcuses ejskfutkrdes sm mocuehreo fes cdrcuosteocdes

pkstmrdkrms e fe ck`dsdóo hmf bmcbk hmfdctdvk qum, hm èomre mxprmse smõefehes pkr
mf fmidsfehkr, tdmomo mamctks hm mxmocdóo k fmveote`dmotk hm fe pmoe. Ok kjsteotm,

pere efiuoks eutkrms, fes vmrhehmres mxcuses ejskfutkrdes sko skfk fes ckocurrmotms
mo mf `k`motk hm fe mgmcucdóo, y, mo ce`jdk, pere ktrks eutkrms, fes vmrhehmres
mxcuses ejskfutkrdes sko fes qum sm heo hmspuäs hm fe ck`dsdóo hmf bmcbk, esà ck`k
fes ceuses pmrskoefms hm mxcfusdóo hm fe pmoe.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ 53
XMKZDE HM FE ^MOE
Mf prdocdpef `mhdk hm qum hdspkom mf Mstehk ck`k rmeccdóo armotm ef hmfdtk ms fe pmoe
mo mf smotdhk hm "rmstrdccdóo hm hmrmcbks hmf rmspkosejfm".
Hm èomre qum mf sdstmè hm rmeccdkoms pmoefms sm dotmire cko hks cfesms hm
dostru`motks< pmoes y `mhdhes hm smiurdheh, mo mf mgmrcdcdk hmf "dus puodmohd" y fe
adoefdheh pmrsmiudhe pkr mf Mstehk cko fe docrd`doecdóo pmoef.
Fe pmoe ms mf rmcursk qum utdfdze mf Mstehk pere rmeccdkoer armotm ef hmfdtk,
mxprmsåohksm ck`k fe "rmstrdccdóo hm hmrmcbks hmf rmspkosejfm"
Fe pmoe te`jdäo sm hmadom ck`k uoe seocdóo qum prkhucm fe pärhdhe k rmstrdccdóo
hm hmrmcbks pmrskoefms hm uo sugmtk beffehk rmspkosejfm hm fe ck`dsdóo hm uoe
ckohucte puodjfm.
Xmkràes ejskfutes hm fe pmoe7
Sko equmffes qum skstdmomo qum fe pmoe beffe su gustdadcecdóo mo sà `dsè, sdo qum
pumhe smr ckosdhmrehe ck`k uo `mhdk pere adoms uftmrdkrms. "Ejskfute" pkrqum mo
äste tmkràe
äste tmkràe mf smotdhk hm fe pmoe ms dohmpmohdmotm hm su mamctk skcdef, sm "sumfte" hm
äf. Mf prd`mr puotk hm vdste ms7 Fe tmkrde hm fe guste rmtrdjucdóo7
Hmserrkffehe pkr Leot,
Leot, pere qudmo ef pmoe "hmjm smr" euo cueohk mf mstehk y
fe
fe skcdmheh
skcdmheh ye ok mxdsteo, yy Bmimf
Bmimf cuye auohe`motecdóo hm fe pmoe p÷jfdce, aum fe
jesm qum pmr`dtdó fe sdstmètdzecdóo hm fe tmkràe hmf hmfdtk.
Mste ckocmpcdóo rmcdjm su cerectmràstdce hm "ejskfute" hmjdhk e qum vm mf smotdhk hm

fe pmoe ok mo fe prksmcucdóo hm efiuoe adoefdheh skcdef ÷tdf, sdok qum skstdmom qum
hdcbk smotdhk rehdce mo qum fe cufpejdfdheh
fe cufpejdfdheh hmf eutkr sme ck`pmosehe `mhdeotm fe

d`pksdcdóo hm uo èf pmoef, k sme qum eikte tkhk mf ado hm fe pmoe mo fe rmtrdjucdóo
`dsè.
Mf èf hm fe pmoe mste gustdadcehk pkr mf èf hmf hmfdtk, ms ckocmjdhe ck`k uo èf
qum hmjm suardr mf hmfdocumotm pere ck`pmoser mf èf ceusehk cko

su
su ck`pkrte`dmotk,
ck`pkrte`dmotk, pmose`dmotk
pmose`dmotk qum rmckokcm ck`k eotmcmhmotm fe
fe Fmy
Fmy hmf
Xefdóo. Mffe odmie k eodqudfe ef hmfdtk, rmstejfmcdmohk mf hmrmcbk fmsdkoehk, be hm
d`pkomrsm pkr mf hmfdtk euoqum rmsuftm doomcmserde pere mf jdmo hm fe skcdmheh,
euoqum ok sm fkirm uo mamctk dotd`dhetkrdk od mxdste rdmsik efiuok hm rmdocdhmocde
hmjm diuef`motm epfdcersm.
Xmkràes Zmfetdves Hm Fe ^moe
Fes tmkràes prmvmotdves rmouocdeo e karmcmr auohe`motks ätdcks e fe pmoe, mffe smrå
motmohdhe ck`k uo `mhdk pere fe kjtmocdóo hm uftmrdkrms kjgmtdvks,
uftmrdkrms kjgmtdvks, ck`k uo
dostru`motk hm `ktdvecdóo,
hm `ktdvecdóo, uo rm`mhdk pere d`pmhdr mf hmfdtk. êre mxpfdcer su
utdfdheh, mo rmfecdóo e fe prmvmocdóo hm fe crd`doefdheh, sm jusce epkyk cdmotàadck.
Ms fe pksdcdóo mxtrmè ckotrerde e fe tmkràe hm fe rmtrdjucdóo. Smi÷o ästm puotk hm

vdste prmvmotdvk-mspmcdef, mf ado hm fe pmoe ms hdsuehdr ef eutkr hm auturks bmcbks
puodjfms, ms hmcdr, mvdter fes rmdocdhmocdes (vmrsdóo `khmroe hm fe tmkràe) y sófk ms
dohdspmosejfm equmffe pmoe qum sm omcmsdtm pere fkirerfk, sm prkcurerå rmehepter ef
eutkr `mhdeotm trete`dmotks hm rmskcdefdzecdóo . Esà, fe omcmsdheh hm prmvmocdóo
mspmcdef ms fe qum fmidtdè fe pmoe, "sófk fe pmoe omcmserde ms guste". Sm bejfe hm
"rmfetdve" pkrqum su adoefdheh mstå rmamrdhe e fe "mvdtecdóo hmf hmfdtk". Fe prmvmocdóo
mspmcdef ok qudmrm rmtrdjudr mf bmcbk pesehk, ok `dre mf pesehk, sdok qum vm fe
gustdadcecdóo hm fe pmoe mo qum
qum hmjm prmvmodr oumvks
oumvks hmfdtks hmf eutkr.
Xmkràes `dxtes k hm fe uodóo 7
Fe pkfä`dce motrm tmkràes ejskfutes y rmfetdves hm fe pmoe mvdhmocde qum mxdstm `ås
hm uo ado hm fe pmoe ye qum odoiuoe hm fes `mocdkoehes ckocmpcdkoms eikte mf
auohe`motk pere su mxpfdcecdóo. Hm effà sm hmrdveo tmkràes hm fe uodóo qum prkcureo
ertdcufer uoe sàotmsds
uoe sàotmsds motrm fes hkctrdoes mo puioe. êrtmo hmf supumstk rmefdste hm
qum ok ms pksdjfm ehkpter uoe auohe`motecdko hmshm fes akrèr pures
pmcmhmotm`motm smõefehes pkrqum mffes karmcmo verdks afeocks e fe cràtdce.
fe cràtdce. Surimo
Surimo

esà tmkràes pfurdhd`mosdkoefms hm fe pmoe qum supkomo uoe ck`jdoecdóo hm adoms

prmvmotdvks y rmtrdjutdvks m dotmoteo ckoadiurer uo sdstmè qum rmckge fks mamctks `ås
pksdtdvks hm cehe uoe hm fes ckocmpcdkoms.
Fks dotmotks pere prmsmoter uoe auohe`motecdóo ckbmrmotm hm fe pmoe, qum

ckotm`pfm ef `ds`k tdm`pk fes tmkràes ejskfutes y fes rmfetdves, sko verdehks.
Ehm`ås, ästes "tmkràes hm fe uodóo" sko hk`doeotms mo mf Hmrmcbk pmoef
ckotm`pkråomk. Efiuoks eutkrms smõefeo qum su mxdstmocde pkom mo mvdhmocde
uoe crdsds
uoe crdsds cuye èodamstecdóo `ås mvdhmotm ms fe eusmocde hm rmspumstes
hkctrdoerdes y fmidsfetdves er`óodces pere gustdadcer mf "dus puodmohd" mstetef, "cko
tkhes fes ckosmcumocdes hm dosmiurdheh qum hm effà sm hmrdveo".
Mo rmsu`mo7 fe tmkràe hm fe pmoe equà skstmodhe pumhm smr rmsu`dhe hm fe sdiudmotm

èomre< fe pmoe sdrvm e adoefdhehms
a doefdhehms hm prmvmocdóo mspmcdef y imomref. Ms fd`dtehe mo
su `kotk `mhdeotm fe `mhdhe hm fe cufpejdfdheh.
CFESMS HM ^MOE
Ckoakr`m ef ertàcufk :2¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef hm 5445, fes pmoes epfdcejfms e fks
eutkrms k pertàcdpms hm uo bmcbk puodjfm sko hm cuetrk cfesms7
5. ^moe prdvetdve hm fe fdjmrteh
:. Zmstrdctdves hm fe fdjmrteh
3. Fd`dtetdves hm hmrmcbk
8. @ufte
^moe prdvetdve hm fe fdjmrteh
Mf èrck fmief qum fes rdim ms mf ertàcufk :4¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef.
Ertàcufk :4¾.- Fe pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh pu
pumhm
mhm smr tm`pkref k hm cehmoe pmrpmtue.
Mo mf prd`mr cesk, tmohrå uoe hurecdóo `àodè hm : hàes y uoe `åxdè hm 3= eõks.
Mstes seocdkoms qum eamcteo fe fdjmrteh e`jufetkrde hmf ckohmoehk y hmtmr`doeo su

doirmsk y pmrèomocde mo uo Cmotrk Cercmferdk, pumhmo smr hm hks tdpks. Mo prd`mr

fuier tmom`ks fe ^moe ^rdvetdve hm Fdjmrteh Xm`pkref, cuye hurecdóo sm mxtdmohm

hmshm hks hàes beste uo `åxd`k hm 3= eõks. T, mo smiuohk fuier, ckote`ks
te`jdäo cko uoe pmoe hm ceråctmr etm`pkref y qum ms fe Cehmoe ^mrpmtue, fe cuef
ms hm hurecdóo dohmtmr`doehe.
Fe fmy rmsmrve mf usk hm fes pmoes prdvetdves hm fdjmrteh pere uo o÷`mrk d`pkrteotm
hm hmfdtks ck`k mf bk`dcdhdk (Ertàcufk 5>1¾), mf burtk (Ertàcufk 52=¾), mf rkjk (Ertàcufk
D 22¾), mf tmrrkrds`k k mf tråadck
tr åadck dfàcdtk hm hrkies (Ertàcufk :41¾).
^moes rmstrdctdves hm fe fdjmrteh
Sm mocumotreo rmiufehes pkr mf ertàcufk 3>¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef.

Fes pmoes rmstrdctdves hm fdjmrteh sko7
• Fe mxpetrdecdóo, tretåohksm hm oecdkoefms< y
• Fe mxpufsdóo hmf peàs, tretåohksm hm mxtreogmrks.
E`jes sm epfdceo hmspuäs
hmspuäs hm cu`pfdhe fe pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh.
Fe prd`mre tdmom uoe hurecdóo `åxdè hm hdmz eõks.
Sko pmoes qum rmstrdoimo fks hmrmcbks hm fdjrm tråosdtk y pmrèomocde mo mf tmrrdtkrdk
oecdkoef hm fks ckohmoehks. Fe fmy hdstdoium hks `khefdhehms7 Fe pmoe hm
mxpetrdecdóo qum ms epfdcejfm e fks oecdkoefms y fe pmoe hm mxpufsdóo hmf peàs qum
rmcem ÷odce`motm mo fks mxtreogmrks. E`jes pmoes sm mgmcuteo fumik hm qum mf
ckohmoehk beye cu`pfdhk fe pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh qum te`jdäo fm aum d`pumste
mo fe smotmocde. Sm trete, pkr teotk, hm pmoes ckoguotes y hm cu`pfd`dmotk hdamrdhk.
Ebkre jdmo, ms hm prmcdser qum skfe`motm
skfe`motm fe pmoe hm mxpetrdecdóo tdmom uo fà`dtm hm
mxtmosdóo y qum ms hm 5> eõks, fk cuef pmr`dtm doamrdr qum fe pmoe hm mxpufsdóo hmf
peàs pumhm tmomr fe ckohdcdóo hm pmrèomotm y hmadodtdve, euoqum te`jdäo pumhm
qumher sugmte e uo pfezk hm cu`pfd`dmotk hmtmr`doehk.
Sko pkcks fks hmfdtks qum pksmmo ck`k seocdóo cko`doehe uoe pmoe rmstrdctdve hm
fdjmrteh. Msm ms mf cesk hm fks Etmotehks Ckotre fe Smiurdheh Oecdkoef y Xredcdóo e

fe êtrde (Ertàcufks 3:=¾ y 338¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef) y mf Xråadck Dfàcdtk hm Hrkies
(Ertàcufks :41¾ e 3>3¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef).
^moes fd`dtetdves hm hmrmcbk
Mståo ckosdhmrehes okrètdve`motm

okrètdve`motm motrm fks ertàcufks 35¾ e 8>¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef.
Mstes seocdkoms puodtdves fd`dteo mf mgmrcdcdk hm hmtmr`doehks hmrmcbks mckoó`dcks,
pkfàtdcks y cdvdfms, esà ck`k mf hdsarutm tktef hmf tdm`pk fdjrm. Sko hm trms cfesms7
^rmstecdóo hm smrvdcdks e fe ckùodheh, fd`dtecdóo hm hàes
hà es fdjrms m dobejdfdtecdóo.
• ^MOE HM ^ZMSXECDKO HM SMZQDCDKS E FE CK@]ODHEH (Ert. 38¾ C.^.)7

Ms uoe pmoe qum tdmom mscesks prmcmhmotms mo oumstrk peàs, pums od mf Cóhdik
^moef hm 5213 od mf hm 54:8 fe docfuymrko ck`k seocdóo y ÷odce`motm sm fm
epfdceje ck`k uoe `mhdhe sustdtutdve hm fe prdsdóo qum sm d`pkoàe ef
ckohmoehk qum ok cu`pfàe cko fe pmoe hm ùfte. Ckrrmspkohm e fes ffeèhes
akrès hm trejegk ckrrmccdkoef mo fdjmrteh, y pumhm smr epfdcehe hm `khk
hdrmctk k te`jdäo hm `khk sustdtutdvk. Mo mstm ÷ftd`k cesk, mffe rmm`pfezerå e
uoe pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh ok supmrdkr e cuetrk eõks, mvdteohk esà qum mf
ckohmoehk sme rmcfudhk mo uo mstejfmcd`dmotk pmodtmocderdk.
^MOE HM ^ZMSXECDÓO HM SMZQDCDKS E FE CK@]ODHEH

FE ^ZMSXECDÓO HM SMZQDCDKS E FE CK@]ODHEH MS ]OE AKZ@E HM
XZEJEGK K CKZZMCCDKOEF MO FDJMZXEH T MSXÅ HDZDIDHE E AKZ@ES
HM HMFDOC]MOCDE HM MSCESE ^MFDIZKSDHEH.
MF CKOHMOEHK U]MHE KJFDIEHK E ^ZMSXEZ IZEX]DXE@MOXM, FKS
ADOMS HM SM@EOE, SMZQDCDKS T FEJKZMS E AEQKZ HM FE CK@]ODHEH.
MFFKS ^]MHMO SMZ @EO]EFMS, DOXMFMCX]EFMS K DOCF]SK EZX
ÀSXDCKS.
FE ^MOE ^]MHM MRXMOHMZSM HMSHM 5> E 5=1 GKZOEHES SM@EOEFMS
(EFZMHMHKZ HM 3 EÕKS HM MGMC]CDÓO).

• ^MOE HM FD@DXECDÓO HM HDES FDJZMS (Ert. 3=¾ C.^.)7 Ms uoe pmoe qum
cermcm hm eotmcmhmotms mo oumstrk sdstmè fmief. Ckosdstm mo fe kjfdiecdóo qum
sm d`pkom ef ckohmoehk hm esdstdr fks hàes såjehks, hk`doiks y amrdehks e uo
mstejfmcd`dmotk mspmcdef, cuyes cerectmràstdces hmjmo
hmjmo smr hdstdotes hm fes hm uo
cmotrk pmodtmocderdk y qum hmjm krieodzersm mo auocdóo hm adoms mhucetdvks.
Mf smotmocdehk e mstm tdpk hm seocdóo hmjmrå pmrèomcmr mo mf mstejfmcd`dmotk

smõefehk uo tktef hm 5> e 51 bkres pkr smèoe.
Fe mxtmosdóo hm fe pmoe ck`prmohm uo `àod`k hm D > y uo `åxd`k hm 5=1
gkroehes hm fd`dtecdóo
fd`dtecdóo smèoefms. Hu
Hureotm
reotm su msteocde
msteocde smèoef, mf cckohmoehk
kohmoehk
hmjmrå pertdcdper mo smsdkoms y hdoå`dces hm ceråctmr mhucecdkoef k
psdckfóidck, y qum rmsuftmo dhóomks pere su rmbejdfdtecdóo pmrskoef. Ef diuef qum
fe pmoe hm prmstecdóo hm smrvdcdks e fe ckùodheh, fe hm fd`dtecdóo hm hàes fdjrms
pumhm epfdcersm te`jdäo ck`k pmoe sustdtutdve hm pmoes prdvetdves
pr dvetdves hm fdjmrteh
ok èykr hm cuetrk eõks. Beste mf prmsmotm mf cu`pfd`dmotk hm mstes pmoes ok
sm be ètmrdefdzehk, y su mgmcucdóo sm beye rmiufehe pkr fe Fmy Ok. :9>3>, cko
diuefms crdtmrdks hm krieodzecdóo y supmrvdsdóo qum fks ckotm`pfehks pere mf
cesk hm pmoes hm prmstecdóo hm smrvdcdks e fe ckùodheh.
• ^MOE HM DOBEJDFDXECDÓO (Ertàcufks 31¾ e 8>¾ C.^.)7 Fe pmoe qum ebkre
ck`mote`ks pumhm smr d`pumste ck`k pmoe prdocdpef k eccmskrde. Mstk ms, sm
fm pumhm epfdcer hm `khk mxcfusdvk ef eutkr hm uo hmfdtk< k, te`jdäo ck`k uo
pmoe ck`pfm`moterde e uoe pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh. Ebkre jdmo, sm epfdce
uoe dobejdfdtecdóo eccmskrde sd mf eutkr hmf hmfdtk be doareccdkoehk uo hmjmr
mspmcdef hmrdvehk hm su pksdcdóo auocdkoef, ae`dfder, prkamsdkoef k fejkref< k,
te`jdäo, sd äf be ck`mtdhk uo hmfdtk cufpksk hm tråosdtk (Ertàcufks 34¾ y 8>¾
C.^.). Aumre hm tefms supumstks fe dobejdfdtecdóo sm epfdce ck`k pmoe prdocdpef
euoqum mo verdks hmfdtks ck`k fks ck`mtdhks pkr auocdkoerdks p÷jfdcks ckotre
fe Eh`dodstrecdóo ^÷jfdce (Ertàcufks 391¾ e 8:1¾ C.^.), mffe pumhm epfdcersm
ckoguote`motm cko uoe pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh.

Mf ckohmoehk e uoe pmoe hm dobejdfdtecdóo ok pumhm mgmrcmr fks hmrmcbks k fks

ceriks y aecuftehms qum mf Gumz fm prmcdsm mo fe smotmocde.
Mf ertàcufk 31¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef hmteffe fes hdstdotes fd`dtecdkoms qum imomre fe
dobejdfdtecdóo, y motrm fes qum hmsteceo fe docepecdheh pere hmsm`pmõer
auocdkoms p÷jfdces k hmtmr`doehes prkamsdkoms u kcupecdkoms, esà ck`k fe
suspmosdóo pere pkrter k becmr usk hm erè hm aumik. Fe dobejdfdtecdóo ck`k
pmoe prdocdpef pumhm mxtmohmrsm beste pkr cdock eõks, `dmotres qum mo mf cesk
hm uoe dobejdfdtecdóo eccmskrde su hurecdóo smrå diuef e fe qum ckrrmspkohe e
fe pmoe prdocdpef.
^moes ùftes
Su jesm fmief sm mocumotre motrm fks ertàcufks 85¾ e 88¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef. Ms fe pmoe
pmcuoderde y eamcte ef petrd`kodk mckoó`dck hmf ckohmoehk. Fe ùfte d`pfdce mf peik
hm uoe ceotdheh hm hdomrk qum mf ckohmoehk hmjm rmefdzer e aevkr hmf Mstehk, pkr
bejmr sdhk eutkr k pertàcdpm hm uo bmcbk puodjfm. Ms d`pkrteotm hdstdoiudr qum fe
ùfte ms uoe pmoe hm ckohdcdóo petrd`kodef y ok uoe dohmòdzecdóo pere fe vàctdè
hmf hmfdtk ck`k fk ms fe rmperecdóo cdvdf.
^MOE HM @]FXE
FE ^MOE HM @]FXE SM MRXDMOHM MOXZM 5> T 31= HÀES-@]FXE CK@K @ÀOD@K T
@ÅRD@K IMOÄZDCKS, ZMS^MCXDQE@MOXM.
MF D@^KZXM XKXEF HM FE @]FXE HMJM SMZ ÊIEHK HMOXZK HM 5> HÀES HM

^ZKO]OCDEHE FE SMOXMOCDE.
FE FMT E]XKZDWE U]M, E SKFDCDX]H HMF CKOHMOEHK, MF @KOXK XKXEF HM FE
@]FXE SME EJKOEHK @MHDEOXM ]O ÊIK AZECCDKOEHK.
MF G]WIEHKZ ^KHZÅ KZHMOEZ U]M MF @KOXK HM FE @]FXE SME HMSCKOXEHK
HDZMCXE@MOXM HM FE ZM@]OMZECDÓO HMF CKOHMOEHK, SDO EAMCXEZ FKS
ZMC]ZSKS DOHDS^MOSEJFMS ÊZE S] S]SXMOXK T MF HM S] AE@DFDE.

Mo mf ^mr÷ fe ùfte sm cueotdadce e pertdr hm uoe uodheh hm rmamrmocde ejstrecte qum

sm ckokcm ck`k hàe-ùfte, y ehm`ås mo etmocdóo ef vkfu`mo pmrskoef hm rmotes
r motes qum
pmrcdjm mf ckohmoehk hderde`motm. Ebkre jdmo, fe hmadodcdóo mspmcàadce hmf `kotk hm
hdomrk qum hmjmrå peiersm ck`k d`pkrtm hm fe ùfte, sm kjtdmom e treväs hm uo
prkcmhd`dmotk mspmcdef qum eoefdzerm`ks mo uoe próxdè uodheh fmctdve. Hm
`k`motk sófk ms hm `mocdkoer pere cehe hmfdtk mo pertdcufer sm adge uo hmtmr`doehk
o÷`mrk hm hàes-ùfte, mf cuef smrå èykr k `mokr smi÷o fe irevmheh hmf bmcbk
puodjfm. Mo tkhk cesk, mf `àod`k hm mste pmoe ms hm hdmz hàes-ùfte y mf `åxd`k hm
31= hàes-ùfte.
Cejm eokter qum fe fmy mstejfmcm uo pfezk hm 5> hàes pere qum mf ckohmoehk peium
fe ùfte, euoqum sm prmvä fe pksdjdfdheh hm qum mf d`pkrtm sm ejkom hm `khk
areccdkoehk e treväs hm cuktes `mosuefms k te`jdäo cko uo hmscumotk hdrmctk skjrm
fe rmùomrecdóo hmf smotmocdehk (Ertàcufk 88¾).
Fe pmoe hm ùfte sm epfdce e hmfdtks hm mscese k `mhdeoe irevmheh ck`k fe

cefuòde (Ertàcufk D35¾), fe pujfdcdheh moieõkse (Ertàcufk :32¾), k fe rmcmptecdóo
petrd`kodef (Ertàcufk D48¾).
ECXDQDHEH O¾ 58
MRXDOCDÓO HM FE ^MZSMC]CDÓO ^MOEF T HM FE MGMC]CDÓO HM FE ^MOE.
Fe mxtdocdóo hm fe eccdóo
fe eccdóo pmoef
 Ckocmptk hm Eccdóo pmoef.
Ms fe qum dovkce fe gurdshdccdóo, pkodmohk mo auocdkoe`dmotk fks krieods`ks

hmf pkhmr
hmf pkhmr hmf
hmf mstehk
mstehk hmstdoehks e guzier fks cesks ckocrmtks mo vdrtuh hm fe
epfdcecdóo hm fes okrès
fes okrès (gumcms pmoefms) mgmrcdhe ckotre mf prmsuotk eutkr hm
uo hmfdtk,
uo hmfdtk, cko
cko prmtmosdóo puodtdve.

Ms mf @dodstmrdk ^÷jfdck e treväs hmf Adscef,

hmf Adscef, órieok
órieok p÷jfdck, mf moceriehk hm mgmrcmr
fe eccdóo pmoef mo fks hmfdtks
fks hmfdtks hm eccdóo p÷jfdce, qum sko fe èykràe, y mf kamohdhk, k
sus rmprmsmoteotms fmiefms, mo fks hm eccdóo prdvehe.
Fks hmfdtks hm eccdóo p÷jfdce sko motrm ktrks, mf bk`dcdhdk,

mf bk`dcdhdk, fes
fes fmsdkoms `÷ftdpfms,
irevms k rmdtmrehes y mf rkjk, qum sm hmhucmo e÷o sdo ecusecdóo prdvehe. Fks hm
dosteocde prdvehe sko fks rmamrdhks e hmfdtks ck`k vdkfecdóo k ejusks hmsbkomstks,
hkohm, sd jdmo sm omcmsdte qum fe eccdóo fe prkùmve mf eirevdehk k su rmprmsmoteotm
fmief, fumik
fumik fe dovmstdiecdóo ckotdo÷e hm kadcdk. Fks prdvehks sko fes dogurdes y
cefuòdes, fe vdkfecdóo hm smcrmtks y ckrrmspkohmocde, fe vdkfecdóo hm fks hmjmrms
hm esdstmocde ae`dfder y fe ck`pmtmocde
fe ck`pmtmocde hmsfmef.
hmsfmef.
.Fe eccdóo pmoef tdmom ck`k prdocdpef cerectmràstdce fe hm smr uoe eccdóo p÷jfdce, e÷o
cueohk sm mgmrze e dosteocde hm pertm, pums setdsaecm dotmrmsms hm fe ckfmctdvdheh mo
imomref. Fe rmspkosejdfdheh
Fe rmspkosejdfdheh pkr hmfdtks ms skfdherde, y fe eccdóo pmoef sm hdrdim e
tkhks fks eutkrms, pkr fk cuef sm hdcm qum ms dohdvdsdjfm. Ms ehm`ås drrmvkcejfm, mo
fks hmfdtks hm eccdóo p÷jfdce, dodcdehe fe eccdóo ms d`pksdjfm fe rmtrectecdóo, m
dohmamctdjfm`motm sm hdcterå smotmocde.
 Ceusefms hm Mxtdocdóo hm fe Eccdóo ^moef.
Ms fe pärhdhe hmf hmrmcbk hmf Mstehk pere mgmrcmr su pkhmr puodtdvk ckotre qudmo e
ck`mtdhk uo hmfdtk mo eirevdk hm fe skcdmheh.
fe skcdmheh. Mo
Mo mstks cesks cmse mf hmrmcbk hm
d`pkomr fe pmoe, becmrfe mamctdve k ckotdouer mxdidmohk su cu`pfd`dmotk< pere mf
sugmtk hmsepermcm fe kjfdiecdóo hm suardr fe pmoe. Fes ceusefms hm mxtdocdóo hm fe

eccdóo pmoef sm rmckimo mo mf Ert. 92¾ hmf Cóhdik
hmf Cóhdik ^moef ^mrueok. Sdmohk fes
sdiudmotms7
 Fe ùmrtm
Fe ùmrtm hmf d`putehk
 Fe ^rmscrdpcdóo
 Fe eòdstàe
 ^kr Hmrmcbk hm irecde (dohuftk)
 ^kr eutkrdheh
eutkrdheh hm ckse guziehe

@umrtm hm D`putehk..- Cko fes pertdhes hm hmauocdóo sm ecrmhdte mf aeffmcd`dmotk hm

fks moceusehks, pkr fk qum hm ckoakr`dheh e fe okrètdvdheh vdimotm, ms prkcmhmotm
pr kcmhmotm
hmcferer fe mxtdocdóo hm fe eccdóo.
Fe ^rmscrdpcdóo..- Ms mf dostdtutk hm oeturefmze

hm oeturefmze prkcmsef pkr mf cuef mf treoscursk
hmf tdm`pk,
hmf tdm`pk, ck`putehk
ck`putehk hmshm fe ck`dsdóo hmf dogustk, ckovdmrtm fe pmrsmcucdóo pmoef
mo doomcmserde pkr mxtm`pkråome. Sm trete hm fe "pärhdhe hm fe prmtmosdóo puodtdve
hmf mstehk pkr bejmr hmgehk peser mf tdm`pk sdo mgmrcmr fe eccdóo pmoef".
Fe Eòdstàe.- Ck`k su prkpdk ok`jrm dohdce, fe eòdstàe supkom uo tktef kfvdhk hmf
hmfdtk. Su ckocmsdóo `mhdeotm fmy
`mhdeotm fmy jkrre tkhk rmcumrhk hmf hmfdtk ck`mtdhk k hm fe
pmoe prkouocdehe. Mo hmadodtdve, mxtdoium pkr ck`pfmtk fe pmoe y tkhks sus mamctks.
]oe vmz eh`dtdhk, mf pkhmr pere fe ckocmsdóo hm eòdstàes ok rmckokcm fà`dtms,

rmckokcm fà`dtms, e
e ok
smr qum fe Ckostdtucdóo
fe Ckostdtucdóo k fe prkpde fmy fm pkoieo rmstrdccdkoms. Mo ckosmcumocde,
pumhm rmamrdrsm e tkhe cfesm
tkhe cfesm hm hmfdtks (ckùoms k pkfàtdcks)< sd jdmo mo fe pråctdce
sm be rmsmrvehk auohe`motef`motm pere fks hmfdtks hm ètdz pkfàtdck. Ck`k rmife
imomref, pumhm eadrèrsm qum sm becm usk hm mste `khefdheh hm irecde hmspuäs hm
rmvkfucdkoms k eidtecdkoms pkfàtdces,
eidtecdkoms pkfàtdces, cko
cko adoms hm pecdadcecdóo skcdef.
Mf mstuhdk hm fks mamctks hm fe eòdstàe be hm rmefdzersm etmohdmohk mo cehe cesk e

fe hdspksdcdóo qum fe ckocmhm< tefms mamctks sm ckohdcdkoeo sdm`prm e sdtuecdkoms
mxtreguràhdces bdstórdce`motm hdvmrsks y pkfàtdce`motm ckyuoturefms.
Cko fes fd`dtecdkoms epuotehes, pumhm dotmotersm uoe msqumètdzecdóo hm fks

mamctks hm fe eòdstàe7
e) Ef supkomr fe eòdstàe qum fks hmfdtks kjgmtk hm fe `dsè sm tdmomo pkr ok
ck`mtdhks, mxtdoium fes pmoes d`pumstes y fes eccdkoms
fes eccdkoms pmoefms pmohdmotms. Mo
ckosmcumocde, ok pumhm smr dostrudhk prkcmhd`dmotk
dostrudhk prkcmhd`dmotk efiuok pere pmrsmiudr bmcbks
docfudhks mo uoe eòdstàe< sd ästm ye sm be dodcdehk, hmjm smr suspmohdhk mo mf
`k`motk mo qum motrm mo vdikr fe eòdstàe. Fes pmoes d`pumstes qumheo eoufehes
y mxtdoiudhks ck`pfmte`motm sus mamctks, teotk sd fe pmoe ok be ck`mozehk e
cu`pfdrsm ck`k sd be sdhk cu`pfdhe percdef`motm.

j) Fe eòdstàe hmtmr`doe fe eutk`åtdce ceocmfecdóo hm fks eotmcmhmotms pmoefms. Fe

ckohmoe sm jkrre e tkhks fks mamctks y, pkr mffk, ok pumhm smr tmodhe mo cumote pere
auohe`moter uoe eirevecdóo hm fe rmspkosejdfdheh crd`doef hmf sugmtk mo pksdjfms
hmfdtks uftmrdkrms.
c) Fks e`pfdks mamctks hm fe eòdstàe ok sumfmo efceozer e fe rmspkosejdfdheh

fe rmspkosejdfdheh cdvdf.
cdvdf.
]oe skfucdóo hdstdote -ecmptejfm mo pure tmkràe,
pure tmkràe, hehe fe e`pfdtuh cko qum fe
dostdtucdóo sm ckoadiure – fmsdkoeràe irevm`motm fks hmrmcbks
fks hmrmcbks hm fe vàctdè y hm fks
pmrguhdcehks pkr mf hmfdtk e fe guste rmperecdóo hmf heõk
hmf heõk ceusehk.
Mf Dohuftk..-Ckosdstm mf dohuftk mo fe irecde ktkriehe pkr mf Gmam hm Mstehk e fks

ckohmoehks pkr smotmocde adr`m rm`dtdäohkfms tkhe fe pmoe d`pumste k pertm hm mffe,
k ckoùtåohkfe pkr ktre hm `mokr irevmheh.
Sus mamctks sko `ås fd`dtehks qum fks hm fe eòdstàe. Euo sdmohk tktef mf dohuftk, sm
èotdmom fe doscrdpcdóo hm fe ckohmoe mo mf kpkrtuok Zmidstrk<
kpkrtuok Zmidstrk< mf
mf dohuftehk hmgerå hm
cu`pfdr fe pmoe d`pumste, k pertm hm mffe, pmrk täcodce`motm ms uo pmoehk y sd vumfvm
e hmfdoqudr pkhrå smr eprmcdehe fe cdrcuosteocde `khdadcetdve hm rmdocdhmocde. Mf
dohuftk ok pumhm becmrsm mxtmosdvk e fe
fe rmspkosejdfdheh cdvdf od e fes ckstes
prkcmsefms< mo cesk hm rmcemr skjrm pmoes pmcuoderdes – y e ok smr qum
mxprmse`motm esà sm hmtmr`dom – mxd`drå ef dohuftehk hmf peik hm fe ceotdheh e÷o
ok setdsamcbe, pmrk ok ejercerå fe hmvkfucdóo hm fk ye peiehk.
Hmshm uo puotk hm vdste tmórdck, fks dohuftks pumhmo smr cfesdadcehks mo imomrefms,
sd sm ckocmhmo e fe tktefdheh hm fks pmoehks, k pertdcuferms, sd jmomadcdeo e uoe

pmrskoe dohdvdhuefdzehe.
Xe`jdäo pumhmo hdvdhdrsm fks dohuftks mo tktefms, qum rm`dtmo tkhes fes pmoes
(prdocdpefms y eccmskrdes) e qum mf d`putehk beye sdhk ckohmoehk y qum tkhevàe ok
beye cu`pfdhk, y percdefms qum ejerceo skfe`motm efiuoe k efiuoes hm fes pmoes
d`pumstes, k pertm hm mffes, e÷o ok cu`pfdhes.
^kr eutkrdheh hm ckse guziehe.- Oehdm pumhm smr pmrsmiudhk pkr smiuohe vmz mo
rezóo hm uo bmcbk puodjfm skjrm mf cuef sm aeffó hmadodtdve`motm.

 Mo hmfdtks cuyk mgmrcdcdk sm pkr eccdóo prdvehe7 ^kr Hmsdstd`dmotk k

Xreoseccdóo.
E`jks cesks
cesks d`pfdceo
d`pfdceo uo pmrhóo hm
hmff kamohdhk ef doarectkr pmoef, mf prd`mrk `mhd
`mhdeotm
eotm
uoe èodamstecdóo uodfetmref, y mf smiuohk `mhdeotm mf ecumrhk hm fes pertms. Mo mf

å`jdtk pmoef mf hmsdstd`dmotk rmiufehk mo mf Ert. 92 C^. sófk prkcmhm mo mf supumstk
hm fe eccdóo prdvehe k qumrmffe hm pertm pere fks tdtdpks
pks pmoefms qum rmckimo mf hmfdtk
ckotre mf bkokr y ckosdstm mo fe vkfuoteh hm fe vàctdè hm ok dodcder fe eccdóo pmoef
qum ckrrmspkohm e fe pmrpmtrecdóo hmf ectk hmfdctdvk. Zmspmctk hm fe treoseccdóo
hmjm`ks smõefer qum mf hmrmcbk
mf hmrmcbk pmoef pmrueok ok rmckokcm mste adiure ck`k tef,
sefvk mo mf cesk hm prkcmhd`dmotk mspmcdef hm qumrrmffe, ms hmcdr, cueohk fe eccdóo
pmoef sm mgmrcm hm akrè prdvehe e skfdcdtuh hm fe pertm eirevdehe, sófk mo mstm cesk
fes pertms pumhmo pkomr ado e fe eccdóo pmoef, eckrheohk fk qum mstd`mo omcmserdk
sdo vufomrer mf krhmo p÷jfdck.

Mxtdocdóo hm fe pmoe
 Ckocmptk
Fe mxtdocdóo hm fe pmoe tdmom ck`k prmsupumstks

ck`k prmsupumstks mspmcàadcks cdrcuosteocdes qum
skjrmvdmomo hmspuäs hm ck`mtdhe fe doareccdóo pmoef, y tdmom ck`k auohe`motk fe
eoufecdóo hm fe mgmcucdóo hm fe pmoe.
Mo tefms cdrcuosteocdes sm fd`dte ireohm`motm mf hmrmcbk hmf Mstehk d`pkomr fe pmoe

beste ffmier e cmsersm tef pktmsteh. êre mf sugmtk qum ck`mtdó mf hmfdtk hmsepermcm
fe kjfdiecdóo hm cu`pfdr fe pmoe ckosmcumocde hm su eccdkoer.
 Ceusefms hm fe mxtdocdóo hm fe pmoe.-
Mf ertàcufk 2=¾ hmf Cóhdik ^moef mstejfmcm fes ceusefms pkr fes cuefms sm mxtdoium
fe
fe mgmcucdóo
mgmcucdóo pmoef, sdmohk
pmoef, sdmohk fes sdiudmotms7
 Fe ùmrtm hmf ckohmoehk, fe eòdstàe, mf dohuftk y fe prmscrdpcdóo.
 Mf cu`pfd`dmotk hm fe pmoe d`pumste.
 ^kr mxmocdóo hm fe pmoe.

^mrhóo hmf kamohdhk mo fks hmfdtks hm eccdóo prdvehe.

 ^kr ^rmscrdpcdóo.
Mf pfezk hm prmscrdpcdóo hm fe pmoe sm m`pdmze e ckoter hmshm fe amcbe hm fe

smotmocde hm tär`dok k hm fe amcbe hmf qumjreote`dmotk hm fe ckohmoe, sd mstå
bujdmsm ck`mozehk e cu`pfdrsm. Fks pfezks hm prmscrdpcdóo hm fe pmoe sko diuefms

qum fks hm fe eccdóo pmoef. Hehe fe okrètdve hm fe prmscrdpcdóo hm fe pmoe, ok
prkcmhm fe suspmosdóo, sdok qum ÷odce`motm fe dotmrrupcdóo pkr ck`dsdóo hm oumvk
crd`mo k sd`pfm hmfdtk.
 Cu`pfd`motk hm fe ^moe.
Mf cu`pfd`dmotk hm fe pmoe ms fe ceuse `ås armcumotm hm mxtdocdóo pmoef< mf

cu`pfd`dmotk hm fe ckohmoe supkom qum mf sugmtk be peiehk sus cufpes y sefhehk
su hmuhe cko fe skcdmheh< ok kjsteotm fe rmspkosejdfdheh pmoef te`jdäo sm mxtdoium
pkr mf cu`pfd`dmotk hm pmoes sujsdhderdes ck`k mf peik hm uoe ùfte.
Zmspmctk hm fe fdjmrteh
fe fdjmrteh ckohdcdkoef ck`k ÷ftd`k pmràkhk hmf sdstmè
hmf sdstmè prkirmsdvk
`dmotres ok treoscurre msm tdm`pk mf fdjmrehk ckosmrve su ckohdcdóo täcodce hm
pmoehk, sdo qum sm mxtdoie fe rmspkosejdfdheh crd`doef.
 ^kr mxmocdóo hm fe ^moe.
Fe pmoe te`jdäo sm mxtdoium cueohk mf Gumz pmoef mxd`m hm seocdóo mo fks cesks
mo qum mf hmfdtk mstä prmvdstk mo fe fmy cko pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh ok èykr hm
hks eõks, cko pmoe fd`dtetdve hm hmrmcbks k cko ùfte, mo jmomadcdk hm equmffks
sugmtks cuye rmspkosejdfdheh aumrm `àodè.
 ^kr ^mrhóo hmf Kamohdhk mo fks Hmfdtks hm Eccdóo ^rdvehe.
Mf pmrhóo hmf kamohdhk mxtdoium fe rmspkosejdfdheh crd`doef cueohk fe pmoe sm

beye d`pumstk
beye d`pumstk pkr hmfdtks rmspmctk hm fks cuefms fe fmy sófk ckocmhm eccdóo prdvehe,
prdocdpdk qum smõefe "mf pmrhóo hm fe pertm kamohdhe ok mxtdoium fe eccdóo pmoef,
sefvk rmspmctk hm fks hmfdtks qum ok pumhmo smr pmrsmiudhks sdo prmvde hmouocde k
ckosmotd`dmotk hmf eirevdehk".
Ms hmcdr qum, tretåohksm hm hmfdtks hm eccdóo prdvehe, ok skfe`motm pumhm mvdter fe

pertm kamohdhe qum sm dodcdm eccdóo mo ckotre hmf cufpejfm, sdok qum te`jdäo pumhm

pkomr tär`dok e uoe ckohmoe qum sm mstå cu`pfdmohk, ckosmcumocde

ckosmcumocde tkhk mffk hm fe
hdspkodjdfdheh hm fe eccdóo.
Sd jdmo ms eh`dsdjfm qum, rmspmctk hm cdmrtks hmfdtks, mf kamohdhk pumhe d`pmhdr qum
sm dodcdm mf ckrrmspkohdmotm prkcmsk crd`doef, pkr ckosdhmrecdkoms hm

krhmo pmrskoef,
krhmo pmrskoef, ae`dfder k skcdef, ok epermcm suadcdmotm`motm gustdadcehk qum su
vkfuoteh ffmium e perefdzer fe eccdóo hm fe gustdcde
fe gustdcde qum be motrehk e ckokcmr hm uo
hmfdtk, k e d`pmhdr mf cu`pfd`dmotk hm uoe ckohmoe.
Fe prmscrdpcdóo
Fe prmscrdpcdóo ck`k ceuse hm mxtdocdóo hm fe eccdóo pmoef y hm fe pmoe tdmom su

rezóo hm smr mo ckosdhmrecdkoms hm àohkfm pkfàtdck crd`doef qum sm vdocuferàeo hm
efiuoe akrè cko mf trescursk
t rescursk hmf tdm`pk, prkvkceohk uoe dovefdhecdóo hmf
hmf vefkr
vefkr qum
sujyecm e fe ckohucte
fe ckohucte hmscrdte ck`k hmfdtk pkr fe fmy pmoef.
Fe prmscrdpcdóo, teotk hm fe eccdóo pmoef ck`k hm fe pmoe ms ceuse hm mxtdocdóo hm

fes `dsès pkr cmsecdóo hmf dotmräs
hmf dotmräs mstetef pkr seocdkoer fe ckohucte. Cmsecdóo qum
tdmom ck`k sustmotk mf treoscursk hm fks tär`doks prmvde`motm adgehk pkr mf fmidsfehkr
ck`k hetk dohdcderdk hm mse pärhdhe hm dotmräs pkr pmoer fe ckohucte.
^fezks ^rmscrdptkrdks
Smi÷o mf oumstrk Cóhdik ^moef, e tmokr hmf ert. 2>, fe eccdóo pmoef prmscrdjm mo uo
tdm`pk diuef ef `åxd`k hm fe pmoe adgehe pkr fe fmy pere mf hmfdtk, sd ms prdvetdve hm
fdjmrteh. ^kr mgm`pfk, mf rkjk tdpdadcehk mo mf Ert. 522, mf èrck pmoef ms hm 3 e 2
eõks. Hm `khk qum fe prmscrdpcdóo krhdoerde sm cu`pfdràe e fks 2 e eõks
Mo cesk hm ckocursk rmef hm hmfdtks , fes eccdkoms prmscrdjmo smperehe`motm mo

mf pfezk smõefehk pere cehe uok. Mgm`pfk ]o sugmtk mf hàe 5= hm okvdm`jrm hmf :>55
ète e ktrk sugmtk y fumik mf :8 hmf `ds`k `ms rmefdze uo burtk eirevehk. Mo mf
prd`mr hmfdtk pkr bk`dcdhdk sd`pfm, smi÷o mf Ert. 5>1 tdmom uoe pmoe prdvetdve hm
fdjmrteh ok `mokr hm 1 od èykr hm :> eõks, mo ckosmcumocde fe eccdóo pmoef
prmscrdjm e fks vmdotm eõks. Mo mf smiuohk hmfdtk, tdpdadcehk mo mf ert. 522 C^. cko
uoe pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh ok `mokr hm 3 od èykr hm smds. Mo mstm cesk fe
prmscrdpcdóo sm cu`pfm e fks 1 eõks. ^kr teotk, pesehk fks 1 eõks ok sm pumhm

pmrsmiudr mf hmfdtk pkr burtk eirevehk, sdmohk pksdjfm fe pmrsmcucdóo hmf hmfdtk pkr
bk`dcdhdk beste fks vmdotm eõks.
Mo cesk hm ckocursk dhmef hm hmfdtks, fes eccdkoms prmscrdjmo cueohk beye
treoscurrdhk uo pfezk diuef ef `åxd`k ckrrmspkohdmotm ef hmfdtk `ås irevm. ^kr

mgm`pfk uo sugmtk ckohucdmohk mo mstehk hm mjrdmheh ceuse fmsdkoms irevms e uoe
pmrskoe y ceuse heõks ètmrdefms
heõks ètmrdefms mo uoe vdvdmohe. Fes fmsdkoms irevms rmckidhk mo
mf Ert. 5:5 C^. cko uoe pmoe hm 8 e 2 eõks. Fks heõks ètmrdefms tdpdadcehks mo mf
ert. :>= C^. cko uoe pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrteh ok èykr hm hks eõks. Mo tef cesk fe
prmscrdpcdóo sm cu`pfm e fks 2 eõks, pkr smr mf `ås irevm.
Mo cesks hm hmfdtks ck`mtdhks pkr auocdkoerdks y smrvdhkrms

y smrvdhkrms p÷jfdcks ckotre
mf
mf petrd`kodk
petrd`kodk hmf Mstehk k hm krieods`ks skstmodhks pkr ästm, mf pfezk hm
prmscrdpcdóo sm hupfdce. Mgm`pfk, pkr èfvmrsecdóo hm akohks tdpdadcehk mo mf Ert. 324
C^. cko uoe pmoe hm 3 e 2 eõks, mo tef smotdhk fe pmoe prmscrdjm e fks 51 eõks.
Mo fks hmfdtks qum `mrmzceo ktres pmoes, hmamrmotm e fe pmoe prdvetdve hm fdjmrtehe,
fe eccdóo prmscrdjm e fks >: eõks.
Zmhuccdóo hm fks pfezks hm prmscrdpcdóo
 Mo cesks hm fks hmfdtks qum mf `åxd`k pmoef supmrmo fks vmdotm eõks, fe
prmscrdpcdóo ok smrå èykr e :> eõks. Mgm`pfk Mf smcumstrk,
Mf smcumstrk, tdpdadcehk
tdpdadcehk mo mf Ert.
5=: C^. cko uoe pmoe hm :> e 3> eõks. Mo mstm supumstk fe prmscrdpcdóo sm
cu`pfm e fks vdmotk eõks
 Xretåohksm hm hmfdtks seocdkoehks cko pmoe hm cehmoe pmrpmtue sm mxtdoium fe

eccdóo pmoef e fks 3> eõks.
 Fks pfezks hm prmscrdpcdóo sm rmhucmo e fe `dteh cueohk mf eimotm tmoàe `moks

hm :5 k `ås hm 1= eõks ef tdm`pk hm fe ck`dsdóo hmf bmcbk puodjfm.
Dodcdk hm fks pfezks hm prmscrdpcdóo.
Fks pfezks hm prmscrdpcdóo hm fe eccdóo pmoef ck`dmozeo, smi÷o mf Ert. 2: C^.

tmodmohk mo cumote mf tdpk hm hmfdtks.
Mo fe tmotetdve, hmshm mf hàe mo qum cmsó fe ectdvdheh hmfdctukse<


Mo mf hmfdtk dosteotåomk, e pertdr hmf hàe mo qum sm ckosu`ó<
Mo mf hmfdtk ckotdouehk, hmshm mf hàe mo qum tmr`doó fe ectdvdheh hmfdctukse< y
Mo mf hmfdtk pmrèomotm, e pertdr hmf hàe mo qum cmsó fe pmrèomocde.
Fe Dotmrrupcdóo.
Dotmrrupcdóo hm fe prmscrdpcdóo hm fe eccdóo pmoef sm dotmrru`pm pkr fes ectuecdkoms

hmf @dodstmrdk ^÷jfdck k hm fes eutkrdhehms guhdcdefms, qumheohk sdo mamctk mf tdm`pk
treoscurrdhk.
Hmspuäs hm fe dotmrrupcdóo ck`dmoze e ckrrmr uo oumvk pfezk hm prmscrdpcdóo, e pertdr

hmf hàe sdiudmotm hm fe ÷ftdè hdfdimocde.
Sm dotmrru`pm diuef`motm fe prmscrdpcdóo hm fe eccdóo pkr fe ck`dsdóo hm uo oumvk

hmfdtk hkfksk.
Sdo m`jerik, fe eccdóo pmoef prmscrdjm, mo tkhk cesk, cueohk mf tdm`pk treoscurrdhk
skjrmpese mo uoe `dteh ef pfezk krhdoerdk hm prmscrdpcdóo.
Suspmosdóo
Suspmosdóo hm fe prmscrdpcdóo, sd mf ck`dmozk k fe ckotdouecdóo hmf prkcmsk pmoef

hmpmohmo hm cuefqudmr cumstdóo qum hmje rmskfvmrsm mo ktrk prkcmhd`dmotk, sm
ckosdhmre mo suspmosk fe prmscrdpcdóo beste qum equmf qumhm ckocfudhk.
Zmouocde hm fe ^rmscrdpcdóo.
Mo mf Cóhdik ^moef hm 5445, mste adiure epermcm ck`k fe fe dookvecdóo

dookvecdóo `ås d`pkrteotm
mo fe ètmrde
fe ètmrde hm mxtdocdóo hm fe eccdóo pmoef y hm fe pmoe.
E treväs hm mste dostdtucdóo mf d`putehk tdmom hmrmcbk e rmouocder e fe prmscrdpcdóo

hm fe eccdóo pmoef, pmr`dtdmohk qum fe eccdóo pmoef pumhe mgmrcdtersm docfusk
supmrehk mf pfezk hm prmscrdpcdóo. Ms hmcdr pkr uo ectk vkfuoterdk hmf d`putehk fe
pmoe pumhm smr mgmcutehe mo cuefqudmr `k`motk, sdo d`pkrter mf cu`pfd`dmotk hm
fks pfezks prmscrdptkrdks.
Fe rezóo hm smr hmf ert 45 C.^. msteràe krdmotehk e fe pksdjdfdheh hm sefveiuerhe hm
su rmputecdóo hmf d`putehk. Hehk qum mo mf sujckoscdmotm skcdef pmrèomcm


dotmroefdzehe fe dhme hm qudmo sm vm dovkfucrehk mo uo prkcmsk pmoef `mrmcm

rmprkjecdóo skcdef, cmosure qum sujsdstm euo cueohk sm m`dte prkouocde`dmotk
gurdshdccdkoef qum ok supkoie mo purdheh uoe ckohmoe. Mstm ertàcufk pmr`dtm
hmserrkffer uo hmrmcbk, te`jdäo hm krhmo ckostdtucdkoef y rmckokcdhk
dotmroecdkoef`motm, ck`k ms mf hmrmcbk ef bkokr, fe bkore y fe jumoe rmputecdóo.
ECXDQDHEH O¾ 5=
FE XMKZÀE HM
HM FE HMXMZ@DOECDÓO
HMXMZ@DOECDÓO G]HDCDEF HM FE ^MOE T ZMÊZECDÓO
CDQDF.
Hmtmr`doecdóo Guhdcdef hm fe ^moe.
Mo mf prkcmsk hm hmtmr`doecdóo guhdcdef hm fe pmoe (qum dovkfucre fe dhmotdadcecdóo hm

fe pmoe y fe hmcdsdóo ecmrce hm sd ckrrmspkohm suspmohmrfe k sustdtudrfe) hmjmo
eoefdzersm, mo auocdóo hm fks adoms hm fe pmoe, fes cdrcuosteocdes aåctdces hmf dfàcdtk y
fes ckohdcdkoms pmrskoefms hm su eutkr.
Fe hmtmr`doecdóo guhdcdef hm fe pmoe, ms uo prkcmsk, uo prkcmsk smcumocdef qum hmjm

cujrdr mtepes hm hmserrkffk, fes cuefms veo e dr crmeohk guste`motm hm `khk sucmsdvk
fes eftmroetdves, fes eriu`motecdkoms y fks rmsuftehks hm fe hmadodcdóo puodtdve, bey
doadodheh hm msqumès qum treteo hm dhmotdadcer msks pesks, prkcmhd`dmotks y mtepes.
Bey trms `k`motks msmocdefms hmotrk hm mstm prkcmsk hm hmtmr`doecdóo guhdcdef hm
fe pmoe, mstks trms `k`motks msmocdefms mståo hmserrkffehks hm `khk msqum`åtdck

ck`k7
c) Fe dhmotd
dhmotdadcecdóo
adcecdóo hm fe pmo
pmoe
e jåsdc
jåsdce
e
h) Fe j÷squmhe k fe dohdvdhuefdzecdóo hm fe pmoe ckocrmte y
m) Mf puotk dotmr`mhdk< qum ms fe vmrdadcecdóo< hm fe prmsmocde

cdrcuosteocdes qum ckocurrmo mo mf cesk.
Ck`k auocdkoe<
auocdkoe< mstm msq
msqumè<
umè< ùy smocdffk, cueohk mf gumz tdmom qum epfdcer uoe
pmoe, fk prd`mrk qum becm ms , dhmotdadcer fe prmsmocde hm fe pmoe jåsdce< qum ms
fe pmoe qum adge fe fmy, y qum adge mf dodcdk y mf ado hm fe hmcdsdóo, mf èrck pksdjfm hm

seocdóo qum pumhm smr kjgmtk hm fe hmcdsdóo guhdcdef< fe èykràe hm fes vmcms ok ms
ckoafdctdvk, pkrqum cesd tkhks fks hmfdtks hmf Cóhdik ^moef y mo fes fmyms pmoefms
ck`pfm`moterdes, esdioeo uo `àod`k y uo `åxd`k e fe pmoe, sme mste pmoe prdvetdve
hm fe fdjmrteh pmoe pmcuoderde, k pmoe fd`dtetdve hm hmrmcbks< pkr mohm, msm `àod`k
y msm `åxd`k oks èrce mf dodcdk y mf ado hm fe pksdjdfdheh hm fe hmcdsdóo pmoef hmf
órieok gurdshdccdkoef.
]oe vmz qum tmom`ks fe pmoe jåsdce, hmjm`ks treosdter e fe smiuohe mtepe, qum ms
fe dohdvdhuefdzecdóo hm fe pmoe ckocrmte< qum mstå rmfecdkoehe
auohe`motef`motm cko mf èomgk hm fes cdrcuosteocdes.
Fe dohdvdhuefdzecdóo hm fe pmoe ckocrmte ckosdstm mo ffmier e fe pmoe guhdcdef. Sd mf

prd`mr `k`motk hm fe hmtmr`doecdóo hm fe pmoe, fk adge mf fmidsfehkr cko msm
`àod`k y msm `åxd`k, y mf gumz fk rmckokcm e treväs hm fe pmoe jåsdce< mf smiuohk
pesk qum ckrrmspkohm e fe pmoe ckocrmte, ms uo mgmrcdcdk mstrdcte`motm guhdcdef,
qum ok pumhm smr mf rmsuftehk hm uoe ectdvdheh m`pàrdce rutdoerde, sdok hm uo
prkcmsk täcodck, qum guste`motm pmr`dte gustdadcer fks rmsuftehks kjtmodhks< vefm
hmcdr, fe pmoe ckocrmte, fe pmoe guhdcdef, fe pmoe qum ve epermcmr mo fe smotmocde
ckohmoetkrde.
Ck`k ffmie`ks e mse pmoe ckocrmte< pere ffmier e mse pmoe ckocrmte, mf prdocdpef
dostru`motk qum tmom`ks sko fes cdrcuosteocdes , fk qum bey qum becmr ms
vmrdadcer mo mf cesk ckocrmtk fe prmsmocde hm cdrcuosteocdes< , qum sko fes
cdrcuosteocdes< ck`k su ok`jrm fk ve dohdceohk, uoe cdrcuosteocde ms efik qum
mstå cdrcuoheohk ef hmfdtk, ok ms pertm hmf hmfdtk, mstå pmrdaärdce`motm ebà, ok fk
dotmire, ckocurrm cko äf, pkr mohm, ok mstå fdiehk e fe tdpdcdheh, ok mstå fdiehk e fe
eotdgurdcdheh, ok mstå fdiehk e fe cufpejdfdheh, pmrk ve e tmomr uoe vefkrecdóo
ckocetmoehe cko uo èykr hmsvefkr hm fe ckohucte, k cko uo èykr rmprkcbm hmf
eutkr. Sdo m`jerik, ok ms ktre ckse qum. ]o ckoguotk hm dohdcehkrms e `mrcmhm
e fks cuefms, sm jusce irehuer
irehuer fe motdheh ccueotdtetdve
ueotdtetdve hm fe p
pmoe.
moe.
Sko fes cdrcuosteocdes, fes qum oks veo e pmr`dtdr `kvmroks hmotrk hmf mspecdk qum
rmprmsmote fe pmoe jåsdce ck`k `àod`k y ck`k `åxd`k< mf pkhmr eveozer becde
mf `åxd`k, ckomcteroks cko mf `àod`k< mf pkhmr treosdter becde uo mxtrm`k


dotmr`mhdk motrm e`jks ms uo prkcmsk hm mvefuecdóo hm cdrcuosteocdes< pkr mohm,

mf smiuohk pesk ms d`pkrteotm, pkrqum sdiodadce `mtmrsm mo mf cesk y hms`mouzer
eoefàtdce`motm cdrcuosteocdes, ckse qum imomref`motm mo fe mxpmrdmocde y mo fe
mvefuecdóo hm fks rmidstrks cktdhdeoks hm trejegk gurdshdccdkoef ok sm becm, k
use`ks ÷odce`motm fes `ås ckokcdhes y tmr`doe`ks ckfkceohk ck`k eriu`motk
auohe`motef mf ertàcufk 81·, efik esà ck`k tkhk vefm, tkhk fk qum bm`ks bmcbk
mstå jdmo pkrqum use`ks mf ertàcufk 81·.
Sd ve`ks e fe msmocde hmf ertàcufk 81·, ve`ks e vmr qum fk ÷odck qum becm ms heroks
uo fdstehk hm cdrcuosteocdes. Fk qum becm mf fmidsfehkr cko mf ertàcufk 81· ms
dovdteroks ef trejegk dotmfmctuef< fe fmidsfecdóo oks doakrè hm >3 cfesms hm
cdrcuosteocdes<
e) Cdrcuosteocdes ckùoms k imoärdces. fes cuefms pumhmo kpmrer cko

cuefqudmr prkcmsk hm hmtmr`doecdóo hm fe pmoe hm cuefqudmr hmfdtk, sko
mf prktktdpk hmf ertàcufk 81· C.^.
j) Cdrcuosteocdes Mspmcdefms k Mspmcdadces< cdrcuosteocdes qum kpmreo
mxcfusdve`motm cko mf hmfdtk hm rkjk< mf ertàcufk 521· cdrcuosteocdes
qum kpmreo mxcfusdve`motm cko mf hmfdtk hm burtk< ertàcufk 549·
cdrcuosteocdes qum kpmreo mxcfusdve`motm cko mf tråadck dfàcdtk hm
hrkies< y equà uoe eoktecdóo, qum crmk ok mstå hm `ås akrùferfe,
sdm`prm cueohk bejfm`ks hm cdrcuosteocdes mspmcdefms k mspmcàadces,
cueohk bejfe`ks hm mstks ertàcufks ck`k fks qum ecejk hm becmr
`mocdóo, bey qum rmckrher qum ok sko tdpks pmoefms, sko
cdrcuosteocdes.
c) Bey uo tmrcmr tdpk hm cdrcuosteocdes, qum efiuoks hmok`doeo,
mfm`motks tdpdcks eccdhmotefms< sko equmffes cdrcuosteocdes qum
ckocurrmo cko uoe ckohucte tàpdce, äste (fe cdrcuosteocde) sm eomxe e
uoe ckohucte tàpdce y akrè uo tdpk pmoef hmrdvehk, prktktdpk, ms mf
perrdcdhdk qum rmprkhucm fe ckohucte tàpdce hmf bk`dcdhdk, mf bk`dcdhdk
sd`pfm prmvdstk mo mf ertàcufk 5>1· hdcm7 mf ertàcufk 5>9· .

Sd bejfe`ks hm fks mamctks hm fes cdrcuosteocdes , mffk pumhm heroks ckosmcumocdes

qum d`pfdce mo uo prd`mr tär`dok rmjeger fes seocdkoms< quä tdpk hm seocdkoms, fe
seocdóo prmvdste pere fe ckohucte tàpdce, fe ckohucte hmfdctdve sdo cdrcuosteocdes. Mstk
ms, cueohk bejfe`ks hm7
e) Cdrcuosteocdes Etmoueotms, mstes prmsmoteo k prkymcteo ef kpmrehkr uo gudcdk,

`mrcmh ef cuef sm vefkre hm èomre `moks irevm mf hmfdtk ck`mtdhk< ms hmcdr, bey
uoe hmsvefkrecdóo hm fe ckohucte, bey uoe `mokr dotmosdheh mo fe cufpejdfdheh hmf
eutkr, `mokr puodjdfdheh, y pkr mohm, bey uoe `mokr seocdóo.
j) Cdrcuosteocdes Eireveotms<
Eireveotms< krdmotehes e docrm`m
docrm`moter
oter mf hmsvefkr hm fe cko
ckohucte,
hucte,
fe mfmctrdcdheh hm fe cufpejdfdheh, mf rmprkcbm ef eutkr, fe puodjdfdheh, fk qum d`pfdce
uoe èykr pmoe.
c) Cdrcuosteocdes @dxte , qum ckyuoturef`motm mo fes hmcdsdkoms hm pkfàtdce crd`doef

hmf fmidsfehkr pumhmo esu`dr uo rkf eireveotm k uo rkf etmoueotm, mf prktktdpk qum
sdm`prm sm smõefe mo fks tmxtks, mo fe mxpmrdmocde y mo fks sdstmès okrètdvks, ms
mf permotmsck. ]stmhms rmckrheråo, qum mf permotmsck, mo oumstrk peàs pumhm smr
eireveotm mo mf cesk hm fes fmsdkoms fmvms k irevms, y te`jdäo pumhm smr uoe ceusef
hm mxcfusdóo hm pmoe< mstk ms, eoufer fe puodjdfdheh< fk qum ffeè`ks te`jdäo mxcuse
ejskfutkrde.
Fumik tmom`ks ktrk tdpk hm okrès mo mf ertàcufk 8=· hmf Cóhdik ^moef, fes okrès
qum sm ckokcmo
ckokcmo ck`k fks crdtmrdks hm Hmtmr`doecdóo y Auohe`motecdóo< hkohm mf
fmidsfehkr he efiuoes peutes mspmcàadces pere sdtuecdkoms `ås ckocrmtes, hkohm mf

gumz hmjm rezkoer ktrks aectkrms, ck`k fks aectkrms cufturefms mo fe ectdvdheh hmf
eimotm, fe prmsmocde hm aectkrms hm èfe skcdefdzecdóo hmf dohdvdhuk, k fe prmsmocde
hm aectkrms rmfecdkoehks cko fe cefdheh hm vdhe hm fes pmrskoes, k cko fes
mxpmctetdves rmsercdtkrdes hm ästes.
Fe Zmperecdóo Cdvdf.- ms mf hdomrk qum mf gumz krhmoe peier

peier pere ck`pm
ck`pmoser
oser fks
heõks qum sm beo bmcbk mo ckotre hmf hmèoheotm ef adoefdzer uo gudcdk. Smi÷o mf
ertàcufk 4: hmf Cóhdik ^moef ^mrueok, fe rmperecdóo cdvdf sm hmtmr`doe
ckoguote`motm cko fe pmoe.

@erck tmórdck7
Fe pmrpmtrecdóo hm uo bmcbk hmfdctuksk eck`peõe fe pmoe k fe `mhdhe

hm smiurdheh
hm smiurdheh y, ehm`ås fe rmperecdóo cdvdf hmf heõk. Esà tmom`ks pkr mgm`pfk mo mf
ert. 4: hmf C.^., prmscrdjm qum ckoguote`motm cko fe pmoe sm hmtmr`doere fe

rmperecdóo cdvdf ckrrmspkohdmotm y qum ok pumhm smr ktre qum fe prmvdste mo mf ert. 43
hmf C.^.
e) rmstdtucdóo hmf jdmo7 sm trete mo suè hm rmsteurer k rmpkomr fe sdtuecdóo guràhdce

qumjreotehe pkr fe ck`dsdóo hm uo hmfdtk
uo hmfdtk k aefte, fe kjfdiecdóo rmstdtudhe efceoze
jdmoms ùmjfms k doùmjfms, tef mf cesk hmf jdmo doùmjfm usurpehk.
j) fe dohmòdzecdóo hm heõks y pmrgudcdks 7 fk rmiufe mf docdsk : hmf ert. 43 hmf C.^.,

y ck`prmohm mf rmsercd`dmotk hmf heõk `kref
heõk `kref y ètmrdef qum sm ehdcdkoe e fe
rmstdtucdóo hmf jdmo, mf gumz hmjm eh`dodstrer cko mf hmrmcbk cdvdf qum rmiufe mo msm
å`jdtk, fe ètmrde
fe ètmrde y motrm ktrks ckocmptks sm etmohmrå ef heõk m`mrimotm fk `ds`k
qum mf fucrk cmseotm.

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^KFDCDE OECDKOEF HMF ^MZ×

MSC]MFE HM MH]CECDÓO S]^MZDKZ XÄCODCK ^ZKAMSDKOEF ^O^

E^FDCEHK E FE A]OCDÓO ^KFDCDEF

^KFDCDE OECDKOEF HMF ^MZ]

MSC]MFE OECDKOEF HM AKZ@ECDKO ^ZKAMSDKOEF ^KFDCDEF

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

CEZZMZE ^ZKAMSDKOEF 7 Cdmocdes Eh`dodstretdves y ^kfdcdefms

Fe esdioeture HMZMCBK ^MOEF D E^FDCEHK E FE A]OCDÓO

^KFDCDEF, akr`e pertm hmf Curràcufu` hm Mstuhdks hm fe Mscumfe hm

pkfàtdck-crd`doef y ifkjefdzehkre, skjrm fes prdocdpefms dostdtucdkoms hmf

Hmrmcbk ^moef, pertm imomref, mspmcdef`motm fes qum rdimo oumstrk

DDD. ]ODHEH HM CK@^MXMOCDE QDOC]FEHE EF @KH]FK.

Epfdcer täcodces hm trejegk ertdcufehk mamctdvk cko fe ck`uodheh,

DQ. CE^ECDHEH HM FE ]ODHEH HDHECXDCE.

hmfdocumotm ck`k e fe vàctd`e, esà te`jdäo e fes tmkràes hmf hmfdtk y hm

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

Akr`er.- ef auturk mamctdvk pkfdcdef e treväs hm fe pråctdce hm vefkrms

prkpdes hm ästks qumbecmrms, sdrvdmohk pere uo `mgkr hmsm`pmõk hmf

cesks pråctdcks qum sm pfeotmeråo hureotm mf hmserrkffk hm tkhk mf

hmtmr`doehe ectdvdheh mo su auturk prkamsdkoef próxd`k, mstk vàe mf

QD. ECXDQDHEHMS HM E^ZMOHDWE

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

Xàtufk ^rmfd`doer – Cóhdik ^moef. Fà`dtms ef pkhmr

Ckokcmr mf Hmrmcbk hmrmcbk pmoef7 prdocdpdk hm sujsdhderdmheh y >8

hmfdtk. akr`efms k iereotàes prkcmsefms Mf hmjdhk

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

Zmckokcmr fes aesms rmafmgk, d`prmsdóo perefdzeotm, mstehk hm omcmsdheh

^ertdcdpecdóo mo mf ECXDQDHEH O·.>9

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

Ceusefdheh- Cfesms - Zdmsik pmr`dtdhk. -

D`putecdóo kjgmtdve DDD. -Ado hm prktmccdóo hm fe >8

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

QDD. ZMC]ZSKS HDHECXDCKS

Mf hkcmotm pere mf hmserrkffk hm fe esdioeture m`pfmerå fks sdiudmotms

E. MU]D^KS7 Qdhmk, irejecdk

J. @EXMZDEFMS7 ]tdfdzerå smperetes, sdfejk hmserrkffehk, Fdjrks

E. Fes täcodce

C. Mf hmserrkffk hm fks ckotmodhks

Fe mvefuecdóo dotmiref sm rdim hm ecumrhk ef @eouef hmf Zäid`mo

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

Mf prkcmsk hm mvefuecdóo hmf eprmohdzegm smrå pmr`eomotm, ck`prmohmrå7

E. Mvefuecdóo Akr`etdv

J. Mvefuecdóo Akr`etdve k hm ^rkcmsk pere ck

 Mxå`moms mscrdtks mo`ercehks mo fes cepec

eoåfdsds y mf pmose`dmotk fóidck.

E. CKHDIK ^MOEF ^MZ]EOK.

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

pmrskoefms hmf hmfdocumotm y ck`pmosecdóo recdkoef hm cdrcuosteocdes

Burtehk ^kzk, Gksä y ^rehk Sefherrdeie, Qàctkr (:>55). @eouef hm

Zkhràiumz Hmfiehk, G. (:>53). Mf tdpk d`pruhmotm7 uoe vdsdóo auocdkoef

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

Ckostdtuym uo ckoguotk hm okr`es guràhdces hm ceråctmr susteotdves y ehgmtdves, pkr

e) Fks hmfdtks y Fes pmoes<

Mf kjgmtk k adoefdheh hmf Hmrmcbk ^moef mo sà `ds`k, jusce mf mstuhdk prkauohk y

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

3. Hm diuef akr`e, ms re`e hmf krhmoe`dmotk guràhdck pmoef, mf ckoguotk hm

Mf Krhmoe`dmotk Guràhdck ^moef sm outrm e sà `ds`k hm tkhes fes hdscdpfdoes hmf

CKOCM^XK HM HMZMCBK ^MOEF

]o `mhdk hm ckotrkf skcdef sm hmadom ck`k uo ckoguotk hm `khmfks y sà`jkfks

E pmser hm qum mf hmrmcbk pmoef pumhe permcmr uo ckocmptk `khmrok, hdvmrses

Mscumfe hm Mhucecdóo Supmrdkr Xäcodck ^rkamsdkoef ^O^

Hmadodcdóo hm efiuoks eutkrms7

k `mhdhe qum hmjmrå smr d`pumste.