Professional Documents
Culture Documents
net/publication/243103038
CITATIONS READS
29 581
2 authors, including:
Yuedong Wang
University of California, Santa Barbara
140 PUBLICATIONS 3,073 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Yuedong Wang on 16 December 2014.
LM
NMM
wA[<B,@Hn
z>B1w,/.Z7BA[<]IJY?<8IyUW,/1Z,@:.?fh1ZACw#.Z784.A;fMOIJ:eÖáÝW784;:BD\Þ·@µ;µ;µC`sIJ:.0,/16w}YA;fW¯WA;.Z7ewA[<B,@HJIJ:8D&4;:8<},@Y0.ZIdw}4|l
.ZILAC:~n;M^IJ:ÖÏÝW784;:BD\Þ·@µ;µ;µC`V>8YZ,@<4;:4;<i<8IL.ZILc;,wA[<B,@HRfhA;1V.Z78,s8QR,@<%,XUW,@5X.ZY/nVE,¯i>8IdHJ<&AC>B1w}AR<B,@HdY->iYZIJ:BD
[wARA;.Z78IJ:8DzRaiHdIJ:B,?3tzpË<B,@5XACw}a
ACY6IL.ZILAC:8Y-<B,/i:B,@<AC:%D;,@:B,/164;H[<BACwe4;IJ:8Y/np7B,/1Z,/fA;1Z,sAC>B1VwA[<B,@H[784;Y
.Z7B,%fACHJHLAr9IJ:BD
4;<Bc|4;:.Z4D;,@Y/«e\Þ·`3IL.IJYzwA;16,D;,@:8,/164;Hp¯W,@5/4;>8Y0,}IL.z4;HJHLAruY41Z¯iIL.01G41ZIJ:.0,/164;5X.ZILAC:8Y@¥\ÚC`3IL.
Y0aW,@5/IL8,@Y^BQ[,@<%4;:8<b1G4;:8<BACwá,XU
,@5X.ZYVId:4z:84.Z>B1G4;Hr(4@%4;5/5XA;16<8IJ:8D9.0Az.Z7B,(<B,@YZILDC:%Y0.01G>85X.Z>B1Z,;¥i\¶C`^IL.p4;HJHLAruY
Y0aiHdIJ:B,Y0.016>i5X.Z>B1Z,@Y?4;:i<kjA;1A;.Z78,/1(YZ.0AR5G784;Y0.ZIJ5ua81ZA[5X,@YZY0,@YsIJ:}.Z7B,9164;:8<BACw#,XUW,@5X.ZY/¥\â`?IJ.?<B,@4;HJYruIL.Z7}we4;:
<8IyUW,/1Z,@:.u.àaW,@Y9A;f<84.Z4]Y6>8567_4;YzHLAC:BDCIL.Z>8<iIJ:84;HW4;:8<_Y0ai4.ZIJ4;H^<84.Z4]Id:4>8:8IL8,@<f4;YZ7iILAC:~nMOIJ:_ÖãÝ~784;:BD
\Þ·@µ;µ;µC`>iY0,@<MO4aiHd4;5X,}4a8a81ZAQ[IJwe4.ZILAC:{.0A,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0,eai4164;w,/.0,/16Y&ru78IJ5G7_we4@784@c;,]HJ41ZD;,%¯iIJ4;Y}\gM^IJ:*Ö
´s1Z,@YZHLAr¦·@µ;µ;¹R±BäCIJ4;:8D}·@µ;µ;ØC`GnE,uruIdHJHB>8Y0,.Z7B,3P41Z;Ac 784;Id:}PAC:.0,Xl 416HLA
\P P `Vw,/.Z7BA[<}ru78Id567
HL,@4;<8Ys.0A4;Y0[wa8.0A;.ZIJ5/4;HdHLe5XAC:8YZIdY0.0,@:.(,@Y0.ZIdw}4.0,@Y/n7B,z<8IJYZ.016IL¯i>B.ZIJAC:A;fO164;:i<BACw,XUW,@5X.ZYIJ:]AC>B1wA[<B,@H
IJY
D;,@:B,/164;H-4;:8<_IJYu:8A;.3HJIdw}IL.0,@<.0A F 4;>8YZY6IJ4;:x<iIJY0.016IL¯k>B.ZILAC:8Y/nPx5 >8HJHLA[567N\Þ·@µ;µCå;`94;HJY0A
>8Y0,@<xPAC:.0, 416HLA
4a8a816A@QBIJw}4.ZILAC:8Ys.0A,@Y0.ZIdw}4.0,ai4164;w,/.0,/1GYIJ:
4 F M^P_P*n8æ9Ars,/c;,/1@±8.Z78,,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0A;16Y(.Z78,/1Z,5XAC:c;,/1ZD;,.0A
164;:8<8ACwÄc|41GIJ4¯iHL,@Y1G4.Z7B,/1&.Z784;: BQR,@<*a
ACId:.ZY/neE,eruIJHdHVwAR<iILfhx.Z7B,R.0A[567i4;Y0.ZIJ5}9a8a81ZAQ[Idw}4.ZILAC:*3Hyl
¶
D;A;16IL.Z7iwç\v[3`(a81ZA;aWACY0,@<¯ F >_Ö#2AC:BD\Þ·@µ;µ;ØR±Ú¸;¸;¸`9.0A],@Y0.ZIdw}4.0,.Z78,:BAC:[lvak4164;w,/.016IJ5bf>i:85X.ZILAC:
4;:8<4;HJHsai4164;w},/.0,/16Y/nNE,ruIJHJH?1Z,@<8>85X,
.Z7B,Y0.0,/aBlmY6ILK/,4;:8<IJ:85X1Z,@4;YZ,.Z78,P P YZ4;waiHJ,YZIJK/,
4;HJAC:BD
IL.0,/164.ZIJAC:8YIJ:4}5X,/16.Z4;IJ:r(4@YZ>85G7.Z784.AC>B194;HLD;A;16IL.Z78wè5XAC:c;,/1ZD;,@Y9.0A}.Z7B,b,XQRaW,@5X.0,@<,@Y0.ZIdw}4.0A;16Y/n
Px4;:N4a8aiHJIJ5/4.ZIJAC:8Y5XACHdHL,@5X.5XA;1Z1Z,@HJ4.0,@<:BAC:Bl F 4;>8YZYZId4;:N<i4.Z4[n ©BA;1},XQB4;waiHL,;±5XAC>8:.ZY%A;1%a816A;a
A;16.ZILAC:8Y
Ac;,/1.ZIdw,bf1ZACwY0,/c;,/164;H-,XQ[a
,/1GIJw,@:.Z4;HO>8:8IJ.ZY/n33¯iYZ,/1Zc|4.ZIJAC:8Yuf1ZACwé.Z7B,%YZ4;w,,XQRaW,/16IJw},@:.Z4;H->8:8IL.94;:8<
A;¯iY0,/16c|4.ZILAC:iYuru7iIJ567x41Z,5/HLACYZ,IJ:.ZIJw,41Z,A;f.0,@:.ZIJw,@Y35XA;1Z1Z,@HJ4.0,@<~n F M^P_PxY3416,5XACw}w}AC:8HL>8Y0,@<x.0A
4;:84;HLRK/,YZ>85G7<i4.Z4[n?9YsruIJ.Z7]4;HJHkai4164;w},/.016IJ53wAR<8,@HJY/±R.Z7B,3HdIJ:B,@41s1Z,@HJ4.ZILAC:8Y678ILae¯W,/.àr,/,@:
.Z7B,3a81Z,@<iIJ5X.0A;1
4;:8<N.Z7B,ai4164;w,/.0,/1GYId: F M-PYwe4@*¯W,.0AA{1Z,@Y0.01GIJ5X.ZILc;,;n+1Z,@HdIJw}IJ:8416_4;:8<T1Z,@YZId<8>84;HakHLA;.ZY%41Z,HJ,@YZY
IJ:BfA;16w}4.ZIJc;,ru7B,@:.Z7B,16,@Y0aWAC:8Y0,c416IJ4¯iHL,IJYe<8IJYZ5X1Z,/.0,;nË9:8<¨IL.}IJY}<8IJêe5/>8HL.%.0A <B,@5/Id<B,4*wA[<B,@HfA;1
164;:8<8ACwÓ,XUW,@5X.ZY/n*t9AC:[lvai4164;w,/.01GIJ5]w}AR<B,@HdY4;HJHJAr×<84.Z4_.0A{Y6>BD;D;,@Y0.%.Z7B,1Z,@HJ4.ZILAC:8Y678ILa*fA;1%¯
A;.Z7TBQ[,@<
4;:8<1G4;:8<BACw×,XUW,@5X.ZY/n78,/1Z,/fhA;16,&.Z7B,/a81ZAc[IJ<B,aWAr,/1Zfg>8HW.0ARACHJYfA;1uwA[<B,@HJIJ:8D4;:8<<8IJ4DC:BACY0.ZId5/Y/n
oÞ:[,@5X.ZILAC:Úbrs,<B,/i:B,3.Z7B, F tzPxPÒ4;:8<<B,@YZ5X16IJ¯
,9.Z7B,b[wARA;.Z78IJ:BDRaiHJId:B,u3tz-á<B,@5XACwaWACYZIJ.ZILAC:8Y/n
E,<8,/c;,@HLA;ax.Z78,&,@Y0.ZIJw}4.ZIJAC:w,/.Z7BA[<>8Y6IJ:BD}Y0.0A[56784;YZ.ZIJ5b4a8ai1ZA@QBIJw}4.ZILAC:ruIL.Z7Px41Z;Ac 784;IJ:PAC:.0,Xl
416HJAuIJ:[,@5X.ZILAC:¶RnR,@5X.ZILAC:âuai1Z,@Y0,@:.ZYO1Z,@Y6>8HL.ZYA;f849YZIJw>8HJ4.ZILAC:bY0.Z>8<B4;:8<R,@5X.ZILAC:%ÜDCILc;,@Y-5XAC:85/HJ>i<8IJ:BD
1Z,@w}416RY/n
ë ìãí?¼%í¾~îï6Ã6ðVíÀòñ¿3¼bóRô%î¾~îõöíp½W¾ÃZÂø÷ ÃÞùí?Àûú ü
íÂ-½
ýþ÷ ¿&Àí?ï
ÿ
[>Baia
ACYZ,9rs,&A;¯iY0,/16c;,\Æ È Î m`VÇþ·C±8r97B,/1Z,ÆpIJY4>8:8ILc416IJ4.0,z1Z,@YZa
AC:iY0,zc|416Id4¯iHL,;± È VIJY4
5XAc416IJ4.0,3A;f~<8IJw,@:iYZILAC!: 4;Y6Y0AR5/Id4.0,@<eruIJ.Z7%.Z7B,BQ[,@<},XUW,@5X.ZY/±[4;:8< Î IJY?5XAc416IJ4.0,uc;,@5X.0A;1(A;f~<8IJw},@:8YZILAC:
" 4;YZY0A[5/IJ4.0,@<ruIL.Z7{.Z78,164;:8<BACw,XUW,@5X.ZY/n}M,/. Ð ¯W,%4 " <8IJw},@:8YZILAC:84;H^c;,@5X.0A;1bA;fs164;:8<8ACw,XU
,@5X.ZYbruIL.Z7
<B,@:8Y6IL.mÙ #
\ Ð %¥ $}`G±Cru7B,/16&, $¦IJYV4&ai4164;w,/.0,/1c;,@5X.0A;1@n9Y6YZ>8w,.Z784.5XAC:8<8IL.ZILAC:i4;H[AC:.Z7B,164;:i<BACwþ,XU
,@5X.ZY
â
Ð ±8Æ ' Y941Z,bIJ:8<8,/a
,@:i<B,@:.sruIL.Z7
Å)(+* #-, Æ /. Ç10 243657(8* #9, Æ :. Ç;3 \=<W`>
\?0 ` \Þ·`
ru7B,/16@, >WB\ A `IJY
4T[:BAru:Ìc|41GIJ4;:85X,{f>i:85X.ZILAC:~±u4;:i<13C0\=<
` ' Y41Z,{R:BAru:f>i:85X.ZILAC:8YA;fb.Z78,{<iIJY0aW,/16YZILAC:
ai4164;w},/.0,/-1 <ODn 0Ep<8,/a
,@:i<8YAC: Ð ru7iIJHL4, <{IJYId:8<B,/aW,@:8<B,@:.(A;f Ð n²3,@:BA;.0,.Z78,bHJIJ:B]f>i:85X.ZILAC:¯RÕin(E,
ruIJHdH
w}AR<B,@HW.Z78,&5XAC:8<8IL.ZILAC:i4;HWa81Z,@<8IJ5X.0A;194;Y
ÕW?\ 0Ev`VÇÏÙV\ È ` ÍÎ É Ð \ÚC`
ru7B,/16,%4
:BAC:Blvai4164;w,/.016Id5fg>8:85X.ZIJAC:{ÙNIJYz>8YZ,@<x.0Aw}AR<B,@Hp.Z78,8QR,@<{,XUW,@5X.ZY/n}[>Ba8aWACY0,GÙ FIHç±r97B,/1Z,
H IJY
4Nw}AR<B,@H3Y0ai4;5X,*<iIJYZ5/>8YZYZ,@<ËIJ:$R,@5X.ZILAC:ÏÚRn ÚRnã7B,{<B,@:8YZIJ.mA;f.Z7B,{164;:8<BACw ,XUW,@5X.ZYÙ #~\ Ð %¥ $`G±
.Z7B,4;Y6YZ>8wa8.ZIJAC:N4¯WAC>B.e.Z7B,w,@4;:¨4;:i<c|416Id4;:85X,IJ:Ï\Þ·`G±(.Z7B,HdIJ:B*fg>8:85X.ZILAC:NÕk±(4;:i<.Z7B,wA[<B,@HfA;1
.Z7B,5XAC:8<8IL.ZILAC:i4;HVa81Z,@<8Id5X.0A;1\ÚC`5XAC:iY0.ZIL.Z>B.0,].Z7B, F ,@:8,/164;HJILK/,@<NtuAC:Blvai4164;w,/.016Id5ePILQR,@<NSVUW,@5X.ZYPA[<B,@H
\ F tzPxP{`Gn
ÿ hÿ JK1LLEMNPOQRSJUTDVOQPXWZY\[W^]`_+LaK1TbLacO=MOLaQ
²3,@:BA;.0, È Ç×?\ d9e77dgf` É 4;:8< È Ç×?\ d9e?\ Þ` hdgfC?\ q`0` É n&[>Ba8aWACY0,b,@4;5675XAc416IJ4.0!, dgi.Z4;,@Yzc|4;Hd>B,@Y
IJ:YZACw,bfg4;IL16HL
41Z¯iIJ.01641Z
IJ:8<B,XQY0,/-. jDiCn ACw}wAC:iHL>8Y0,@<Id:8<B,XQY0,/.ZY9416k, · %lXfhA;1z4}<8IJY65X1Z,/.0,;±
, +¸ @· . fA;1b45XAC:.ZIJ:>8AC>8Y/±O4;:8<{o n
Ô mbfA;1b4Y0ak4.ZIJ4;HV5XAc416IJ4.0,;neÙNIJYz41Z,@4;HLlvc|4;HJ>8,@<xfg>8:85X.ZIJAC:{A;f È FGjöÇ
j)epoqj m oro@jDfnpoq:.Z78,fhACHdHLAruId:BDr,9YZ7BAr7BArË.0Ab5XAC:8Y0.01G>85X.4&w}AR<B,@HiY0ai4;5X) , H >8Y6IJ:BDz.Z7B,.0,@:8YZA;1
a81ZA[<8>85X.]A;fÔu,/a81ZA[<8>85/IJ:BDT2,/16:B,@H3æ9IdHL¯W,/1Z.
Rak4;5X,@Y{\gÔ92&æ8`GnuR,/,_91ZAC:8YZK@h4 s0:\Þ·@µ;ܸ`
4;:8< E*4;7¯k4
\Þ·@µ;µ¸`fhA;1u<8,/.Z4;IJHJY(AC:Ô92&æ
n
²3,@:BA;.0u, t¦4;Ys.Z7B,3<iIL1Z,@5X.(YZ>8wã4;:8v< o§4;Ys.Z7B,z.0,@:8YZA;1sai1ZAR<i>85X.?A;fOÔ92&æ[Y/n[>Baia
ACYZ,r,zr(4;:.(.0AwA[<B,@H
.Z7B,z,XUW,@5X.A;fO.Z7Bx, wR.Z7
5XAc416IJ4.0-, dgib>8YZId:BDY0ak4;5Xu, y· Ptrz i ±Rr97B,/1Zu, y· bIJY4AC:B,<8Idw,@:8YZILAC:i4;HiY0ai4;5X,zA;f
5XAC:8Y0.Z4;:.fg>8:85X.ZILAC:8Y9ACI: jDi}4;:8{< z i IJYz4
Ôu2&æA;f?fg>8:85X.ZILAC:iYuACI: jDin AC:8YZId<B,/19.Z78,.0,@:iY0A;1a81ZA[<8>85X.
Ü
Y0ai4;5X, f f
z ×Ç ·
~i } e i} e
Ç
| , y&tz i . 1zt z i7 t z ih
t
AAAtz e f
hi `
\¶C`
ru7B,/16,z f%h 1Z,/a81Z,@Y0,@:.ZYz.Z7B,%.0,@:8Y0A;1ai1ZAR<i>85X.3YZai4;5X,
eoSNoZ9f @E z FG7=9pda ruIJ.Z7 Ç ILf
4;:8<EOÇ·yIJ9f nFr 79CdaCn©BA;1u,XQ[4;wakHL,;8± zuÇ y· Do
ho·y4;:8<z e Ç1z e o·yDoXz o
·ybo
o
y· Cnu7B,&<B,@5XACwaWACYZIL.ZIJAC:IJ:*\¶C`(IJY(7, R>8ILc4;HL,@:..0Ae<B,@5XACwaWACYZIJ:8DeÙx4;Y
f
ÙV?\ dae~df`;Ç 0 Í i } e Ù i[?\ di` Í ih C Ù i;?\ dgi6d ` Í AAA Í Ù e fC?\ dae7dgf` \â`
²3,@5XACwaWACYZIL.ZILAC:iY9\¶C`4;:8<x\â`?41Z,35/4;HJHL,@<[wARA;.Z78IJ:BDRakHJIJ:B,3tzp \v8}3tpz`?<B,@5XACwaWACYZIJ.ZILAC:8Y/n
3YbIJ:.Z78,e5/HJ4;YZYZId5/4;H9t-wA[<B,@HJY@±O4;HJH5XACwaWAC:B,@:.ZYbId:¨\â`784c;,]:8Id5X,eIJ:.0,/1Za81Z,/.Z4.ZILAC:iY/x« 0¨4;Yb.Z7B,
Ac;,/1G4;HJHkw},@4;:~±[Ù iR?\ di;`V4;Y.Z7B,9we4;IJ:,XUW,@5X.sA;f dgi±BÙ i;?\ diCd `4;Y?.Z78,u.mrsAlvr(4@]Id:.0,/164;5X.ZIJAC:e¯W,/.mrs,/,@:].Z7B,
wR.Z74;:8<.Z7B) , ;.Z7x5XAc416IJ4.0,;±k4;:i<Y0AfA;1Z.Z7~n7B,i9tpþ<B,@5XACwaWACYZIL.ZIJAC:5/4;:4;HJY0A¯W,<B,/16IJc;,@<¯
<B,/i:iIJ:BDu4a8ai1ZA;a816IJ4.0,(4@c;,/1G4DCIJ:BDA;aW,/164.0A;16Y/nR,/,(E*4;7¯i4\Þ·@µ;µ¸`G± F >ÖËE*4;7¯i4}\Þ·@µ;µ;¶C`G±E*4;:BDe\Þ·@µ;µ;ØC`G±
4;:8<eE*4;:BD%Ö§E*4;7¯i4\Þ·@µ;µ;ØC`?fA;1s<8,/.Z4;IJHJY/np7B,3<B,@YZILDC:A;f~.Z78,u,XQ[a
,/1GIJw,@:.?<B,@5/IJ<B,@Y?ru78IJ5G7}.0,/16weYIJ:x\â`
41Z,3BQ[,@<},XUW,@5X.ZYs4;:i<eru7iIJ567e.0,/16w}Ys41Z,u164;:i<BACw,XUW,@5X.ZY\E*4;:BD\Þ·@µ;µ;ØC`4;:8<eE*4;:8D%Ö§E*4;7¯k4\Þ·@µ;µ;ØC`0`Gn
7B,9164;:8<BACw#5XACwaWAC:B,@:.ZYsId:e4i3tz-§<B,@5XACwaWACYZIL.ZILAC:]5/4;:¯
,9r16IL.0.0,@:]IJ:.0Ab.Z7B,3164;:8<BACw,XU
,@5X.ZY
Î É Ð Id:N\ÚC`\E*4;:BD·@µ;µ;ØC`Gn&©BA;1,XQB4;waiHL,;±WILfV.Z7B,%<B,@YZIJDC:aWACIJ:.ZYA;f?5XAc|41GIJ4.0, d9e31Z,/a81Z,@Y0,@:.z4e164;:i<BACw
YZ4;wakHL,f1ZACwÄ4aWA;ai>8HJ4.ZIJACr: j e 4;:8<_AC>B1&IJ:8fh,/1Z,@:i5X,IJY3AC:{.Z7B,%aWA;ai>8Hd4.ZILACr: j e ±~.Z78,@:{r,YZ7BAC>iHJ<.016,@4.
d9eu4;Yu4164;:8<BACwøf4;5X.0A;1@n7B,/1Z,/fA;1Z,;±i4;HJH~5XACw}a
AC:8,@:.ZY9IJ:*\â`s.Z784.uId:c;ACHLc;4 , d9e41Z,&164;:i<BACw,XUW,@5X.ZY/n
^A}Ac;,/165XACw},.Z7B,5/>B16Y0,A;fV<8IJw},@:8YZILAC:84;HdIL.m}AC:iHLYZACw,&.0,/16w}YuIJ: \â`G±k>iYZ>84;HJHL]HLArs,/1uA;16<8,/1.0,/16w}Y/±k41Z,
IJ:85/Hd>8<B,@<eId:e.Z7B,wA[<B,@H
Y0ai4;5X,;ns[,/,3E*4;7¯i4,/.4;Hn~\Þ·@µ;µ;ÜC`sfA;14<8IdYZ5/>8YZYZIJAC:}AC:wA[<B,@H
Y0,@HL,@5X.ZILAC:~n9f.0,/1
4wAR<8,@HkIJY(5G7BACY0,@:~±[rs,35/4;:
1Z,@416164;:BD;,3.Z7B,z.0,/16w}Y(4;:8<]r16IL.0,9.Z7B,wAR<8,@HkY0ak4;5X,9fA;1(.Z7B,98QR,@<,XUW,@5X.ZY4;Y
H ; Ç H¡ Pt i }¢ e H i \ÜC`
¹
ru7B,/16,H IJYz4i:8IL.0,%<8IJw,@:iYZILAC:84;H^Y0ai4;5X,5XAC:.Z4;Id:8IJ:BD
.0,/16w}Y3ru7iIJ567{41Z,:BA;.zD;ACIJ:BD
.0A¯W,a
,@:i4;HJILK/,@<~n
H i 416,&A;1Z.Z7BA;D;AC:84;H^YZ>B¯iYZai4;5X,@Y5XAC:.Z4;Id:8IJ:BD.0,/16weY.Z784.rs,r(4;:.9.0A}aW,@:84;HJILK/,;n
£ Nú ýi½WÃ6õÓîs½WÃ6¿9¼
E,{816Y0.e¯816IL, Û <B,@Y65X16IL¯W,.Z7B,_Y0.0AR5G784;Y0.ZIJ5{4a8ai1ZA@QBIJw}4.ZILAC:Ë4;HLD;A;16IL.Z7iwßIJ:ÌR,@5X.ZILAC:$¶RnJ·n¦E,{<8IJY65/>8YZY
.Z7B,w,/.Z78AR<fA;1,@Y0.ZIJw}4.ZId:BD.Z7B,:BAC:[lvak4164;w,/.016IJ5fg>8:85X.ZILAC:ÙIJ:R,@5X.ZILAC:˶Rn Ú4;:8<.Z7B,w,/.Z78AR<fA;1
,@Y0.ZIJwe4.ZIJ:BD
ai4164;w,/.0,/1GY&IJ:*R,@5X.ZILAC:*¶Rn ¶Rn%oÞ: R,@5X.ZILAC:*¶Rn°ârs,}<B,@YZ5X16IJ¯
,.Z7B,a816AR5X,@<8>81Z,fA;1D;,@:B,/164.ZId:BD
P P YZ4;waiHL,@Y@±84;:8<IJ:R,@5X.ZIJAC:¶Rn Ü%rs,&a81Z,@Y0,@:.AC>B194;HLD;A;16IL.Z78wn
¤ J¥ML_6P¦EcMNO_IWrTPT¨§NL©OK1¦MNOLaQSWVR9L9§6O=M¨K ªJWWX«
7B,[3rs4;Y381GY0.ua816A;a
ACYZ,@<¯RÔA;¯i¯iIJ:8YuÖ×PAC:B1ZA\Þ·@µ;Ü[·`34;:8<xrs4;Yz,XQ[.0,@:8<B,@<x1Z,@5X,@:.ZHL¯R F >Ö
2AC:BD_\Þ·@µ;µ;ØR±WÚ¸;¸;¸`.0A]<B,@4;HruIL.Z7IJ:i5XACwaiHL,/.0,&<84.Z4e,@Y0.ZIJw}4.ZIJAC:a81ZA;¯iHJ,@w}Y/n?MO,/.9yÙ ¬\gB`(¯W,.Z7B,b<B,@:iYZIL.m
fg>8:85X.ZILAC:
A;fV4%164;:8<8ACwc;,@5X.0A;13kn[>Baia
ACYZ,3rs,b:B,/,@<.0AeY0ACHLc;,&.Z78,fhACHJHJAruIJ:8D%YZRY0.0,@wèA;f^7, R>84.ZILAC:iY
¯\ ®`VÇ$+¸ \¹C`
ru7B,/16, ¯\ ®~`(IJY4}c;,@5X.0A;134;:8<
¯\ ®`V± Ç °S²T¯\ ®UZB`ÞyÙ ¬\gBB` }ÇÌ)Å ¬ , ²T¯\ ®¥ZB` . \vå;`
¯\ ®W`s>iYZ>84;HJHL]IJY(.Z7B,816YZ.(<8,/16ILc4.ZILc;,zruIL.Z71Z,@Y0aW,@5X..0\ A ®xA;f-YZACw,&5X16IL.0,/16Id4fg>8:85X.ZIJAC:Y6>85674;YuHLA;Dl >i4;YZIyl
HJIL;,@HdIJ7BARAR<]A;1aW,@:84;HJILK/,@<
HLA;Dl R>84;YZILlmHJIL;,@HJIJ78AA[<~npBIJ:85X,Y0ACw,&ak41Z.A;f^.Z78,&<84.Z4}YZ>85G74;Y164;:i<BACw×,XU
,@5X.ZY
41Z,:BA;.bA;¯iYZ,/1Zc|4¯kHL,;± ¯\ ®~`z7, R>84;HJYb.Z7B,]IJ:.0,/D;164;H?A;&f ²T¯\ ®¥Z[`ru78IJ5G7*IJY4;: IJwai1Z,@5/IJY0,}w,@4;Y6>B1Z,@w,@:.bA;f
¯\ ®W`Gnu7B,eIJ:.0,/D;164;H9\vå;`&>8YZ>84;HdHL_<8A,@Y:BA;.b784c;,4x5/HLACY0,@<*fA;16wn78,/1Z,/fhA;16,e4;: IL.0,/1G4.ZILc;,]YZ5G7B,@w,IJY
:B,@5X,@YZY641Z;n
å
^A&4a8aiHL.Z7B,9[3b±;AC:B,:8,/,@<8YV.0Ai:8<4we4.016IyQ³<8,/a
,@:i<8IJ:BD9AC:}Y6>8567%.Z784.Å ¬ , ³ . IdY-5/HJACY0,.0A4´ Uµ ´g®
IJ:x.Z7B,%:B,@ILDC7¯
A;1G7BAA[<A;f.Z7B,YZACHJ>B.ZILAC:~n F >Ö2&AC:BD{\Ú¸;¸;¸`za81ZA;aWACY0,@<.0A>8YZ, ³&·Ç ¶)´²T¯\ ®¥ZB` µ ´®@¶
²T¯\ ®¥ZBB` ²T¯\ ®UZB` É n
M,/D. ¸+i6w¹§y· (¯W,(4zY07, >8,@:85X,(A;fi1Z,@4;H[:R>8wb¯W,/16Y@±4;:i\< 7ºviCw¹Ïy· ¯W,(43YZ7, >B,@:i5X,sA;fkaWACYZIL.ZILc;,sIJ:.0,/D;,/1GY
ru78Id567
fg>8HLiHJH
4¨` ¸pi»Ï·zfA;194;HJ9H wg
¯
` ¼Ii½ } e ¸piz±Ç ¾1 \ØC`
5` ¼ i½ } e ¸ i µ ºvi!Á
¾ fA;1uY0ACwu, Â)F \g+¸ @·`
e
¿ À
7B,@:
.Z78,bHLA;Dl R>84;YZIylmHJIJ;,@HJIJ7BARAR<]A;f-TIJY
" Ü ( \gÙ <a%$%`VÇ Ü?á & Õ °S7dNâ!ã Ü (8* # \gÙ <W` äÙ #~\ Ð %¥ $%B` Ð \Þ·;·`
oÞ:.Z78IJY9Y0,@5X.ZILAC:xr,YZ>Ba8aWACY0,ak4164;w,/.0,/16-Y <{4;:8@< $ã416,b[:BAru:_4;:8<x5XAC:8YZIJ<B,/19,@Y0.ZIJw}4.ZIJAC:A;fV.Z7B,:BAC:[l
ai4164;w},/.016IJ5zfg>8:85X.ZILAC:Ù_AC:8HJ;nVE,bruIJHdHi,@Y0.ZIdw}4.0,&.Z7B,@Y0,bai4164;w,/.0,/16Y9IJ:
.Z7B,b:8,XQR.Y0,@5X.ZIJAC:~n
²3,@:BA;.0, ÃåÃæÃåà i4;Y.Z78,]:BA;16wÒA;)f H i 4;:8< ç i 4;Y.Z7B,]A;16.Z7BA;D;AC:84;Hsa81ZyA s0,@5X.ZILAC:NIJI: H AC:.0rA H i nxE,
,@Y0.ZIJwe4.0,Ù_¯
w}4|QBIJw}ILK@Id:BD.Z78,&aW,@:84;HJILK/,@<
HLA;Dl R>84;YZIylmHdIL;,@HJIJ7BARA[<
â Ü \Ù`VÇ " Ü ( \gÙ <a%$U` ¶è ¢ i Ä e Ãåà ç i Ù Ãåà mi \Þ·@ÚC`
Ú i~} e6é
ru7B,/16, " Ü ( \gÙ <a%$`zw,@4;YZ>81Z,@Y.Z7B,}D;ARA[<8:B,@YZYÞlvA;fhlv8./±-4;:8<.Z7B,eYZ,@5XAC:8<*.0,/16wÓaW,@:84;HJILK/,@Y5XACwaWAC:B,@:.ZYA;f
.Z7B,]f>8:i5X.ZILAC:8YbÙ-n78,eYZwARA;.Z78IJ:BDai4164;w,/.0,/16Y è µ é i5XAC:.01ZACH.Z7B,]¯i4;HJ4;:85X,]¯
,/.àr,/,@:TD;ARAR<8:8,@YZYÞlvA;fhlv8.
4;:8<aW,@:84;HJ.ZIL,@Y/n
M,/. < e \ È ` y< È \ È `¯W,4¯i4;Y6IJY%A;Ìf H ˱ êi¯W,
.Z7B,Ôu,/a81ZA[<8>85/IJ:BD{2,/16:8,@H&\gÔu2`A;f H i nu7B,@:
ê}\g¢ È `Ç ¼ i~} e ihêÌi[\g¢ È `
IdY].Z78,*Ôu2ÑA;f ¼ i} e H i >8:8<8,/1].Z7B,*:8A;16w ÃåÃ Õ Ãåà m Ç ¼ i} e i Ä e ÃåÃ Õ Ãåà mi n
¢ é ¢ ¢ é
[IJweIJHJ41s.0AèE*4;7¯i4\Þ·@µ;µ¸`G±WIL.5/4;:¯W,&YZ7BAru:.Z784..Z78,bY0ACHJ>B.ZIJAC:
.0Ax\Þ·@ÚC`784;Y.Z7B,&fA;16w
ÙV\ È `VÇ=\ <9e\ È ` y< È \ È `0`q¡ Í ë\ ê}\ È e7 È ` %ê}\ È m È ` y%ê}\ È È `0B` ì8 \Þ·@¶C`
7R>8Ys,@Y0.ZIJw}4.ZIJAC:
A;fpÙ_IJYs1Z,@<8>i5X,@<
.0A.Z7B,z,@Y0.ZIJw}4.ZILAC:
A;f-.mrsA}c;,@5X.0A;16nY ì4;:8<¡n?©B1ZACwø:8Ar$AC:
rs,ruIJHJH
5XAC:8YZId<B,/1.Z78,3HLA;Dl R>84;YZILlmHJIL;,@HJIJ78AA[<4;:8<].Z7B,9aW,@:84;HdILK/,@<eHLA;Dl R>84;YZILlmHJIL;,@HJIJ78AA[<%f>i:85X.ZILAC:8Y4;Yfg>8:85X.ZIJAC:8YA;f
µ
ì
4;:8<_¡IJ:8Y0.0,@4;<xA;fÙ-nz©BA;1YZIJwakHJIJ5/IL.à]A;f?:8A;.Z4.ZILAC:8Y/±Wrs,1Z,/akHJ4;5X,)â Ü \g¡¨%ì`u¯Râ Ü 4;:8< Ü (8* # \g¡¨%ì8<W`9¯
Ü (8* # ru7B,@:8,/c;,/1u.Z7B,&w,@4;:iIJ:BD}IJY5/HL,@41n
[IJ:i5X9, â Ü IJYp5XACwaiHJIJ5/4.0,@<%IJ:D;,@:B,/164;HvN± ì4;:8<%¡5/4;::BA;.p¯W,Y0ACHLc;,@<<iIL1Z,@5X.ZHL;n^E,:BAr,XQ[.0,@:8<%.Z7B,[9¨.0A
5/4;HJ5/>8Hd4.0¨, ì34;:8<¡n^MO,/. íþÇ y< \ È m` } e îÈ } e p± ïþÇ ê}\ È È ` } e î } e h± ðbOÇþ· µ ë\ 3CZ=\ <W` >
?\ 0Eà`X\h6Õ ñv?\ 0Em`0` m `G±
ò ^Ô Ç ðb Í ðbZ\Æ g¶I0E`W\Z\ Üëá 6Õ >W?\ 0Ev`0` ñ Í \ Üëá ÕC6Õ ñm?\ 0Ev`0` ñdg` 8 SÇ N3CÕ
?\ ðeh7ðbB`Gg± ó±Ç N3Õ
\ ò eh ò B`G±
4;:8G< ô Ç\0\+Æ eP¶r0e`mÕ ñ ?\ 0eG` \Æ !¶0E[`mÕ ñ ?\ 0EB`0` É n
t9A;.0,b.Z784.Ñ`± óÄ4;:iZ< Tô 41Z,b164;:8<BACwøY6IJ:85X,z.Z7B,/<B,/aW,@:8<AC: Ð nVoà.9IJYYZ7BAru:IJ:9a8aW,@:8<8IyQ§.Z784.
´ Ü (8* # µ ´`ì Ç ïbõ ¨ ô
´ Ü (8* # µ ´i¡ Ç í É õ P ô
´ mÜ/(+* # µ ´kU¡ ´k¡ É Ç ¶)í É óví\
\Þ·Xâ`
´ mÜö(8* # µ ´i ¡ ´`ì É Ç ¶)í É ó{ï\
´ mÜ (8* # µ ´`ì6´k¡ É Ç ¶ïóvík
´ m~Ü (8* # µ ´ì6´`ì É Ç ¶ïó{ï\
[IJweIJHJIJ41s.0A]Px5 >8HJHLA[567*\Þ·@µ;µCå;`G±
AC:B,b5/4;:YZ7BAr§.Z784.u>8:8<8,/1Y0ACw,&1Z,/DC>iHJ416IL.à5XAC:8<iIL.ZILAC:8Y/±
÷øø úüûû ÷øø úüû
ï ì ûû
øù ´â ܯµ ´ì û
ÇÌÅ # *(
øù ´ Ü (8* # µ ´`ìu¶ è
\Þ·@ÜC`
k¡
´â ܯµ ´ ý i¡
´ Ü (8* # µ ´ ý
·/¸
4;:8< ÷øø úüûû
C\ Z¡ Ð ` Çþ ¶ ´^\ëì É Z¡ É ` Ç
³ ëìÆ P
´²
øø ïuó{ï
øù Í ï
è
ïuóví ûû
û \Þ·å;`
í É ó{ï í É óví ý
AC:8Y6IJ<B,/1P®Ç\ëì É Z¡ É ` É 4;:i<}%Ç Ð Ã nVE,341Z,u:BAr¨1Z,@4;<8.0A4a8aiHL.Z7B,3[3ÌIJ:eR,@5X.ZILAC:¶RnJ·nVoq:}.Z7B,
fACHJHLAr9IJ:BDrs,>8Y0,YZ>B¯iYZ5X1GILa8&. w.0A<B,@:BA;.0u, R>84;:.ZIL.ZIL,@Y4.zIL.0,/164.ZIJAC@: w
n(9Y3:BA;.0,@<¯W,/fA;1Z4, ó{±
ѱk4;:8< ô
<B,/aW,@:8<eAC: Ð n7iIJY?IJYs<B,/aW,@:8<B,@:i5X,3IJYsw}4;<B,3,XQ[aiHJIJ5/IL.sIJ:}.Z78,3fACHJHLAruIJ:BD>8YZIJ:84D ó*\ Ð `G±B \ Ð `G±i4;:8< sô \ Ð `
1Z,@Y0aW,@5X.ZILc;,@HJ;neM,/. Ð i]Ç\ Ð iÅ eÇ Ð iÅÉÈ Ê Ç `3¯W,}4P P YZ4;waiHJ,fh1ZACwÒÙ # * ( 4;Y<B,@5X16IL¯W,@<{IJ:T[,@5X.ZILAC:
¶Rn°âBn]Å # * ( , ²Në\ ì8Z¨¡ Ð ` . 4;:8<*Å # * ( , ³Cë\ ì8Z¨¡ Ð ` . IJ:c;ACHLc;,}Å # * ( , ó*\ Ð ` . 4;:8< Å # * ( , \ Ð y` ô \ Ð ` . ru78IJ5G75/4;:
:BA;.¯W,5XACwai>8.0,@<4;:84;HLR.ZIJ5/4;HJHJ;np(.3IL.0,/164.ZILACv: w
±ir,b4aia81ZA@QBIJw}4.0,b.Z7B,@Y0,.mrsAe,XQ[aW,@5X.Z4.ZILAC:8Yu¯
óiÇ ó*\ Ð iÅ ` µ ºvi 4;:8< Î ô i&Ç \ Ð iÅ y` sô \ Ð iÅ ` µ ºvi \Þ·@ØC`
È Ê Ç È Ê Ç Ç
î} e î} e
1Z,@Y0aW,@5X.ZILc;,@HJ;n7B,@:
÷øø ú ûû
ø øøù ïÎ ô in¶ è ïuìNihÄ e ûûû
ÿ i Ç ²N\ëìNihÄ e Z¡¥ihÄ e Ð iÅ ` µ ºviÇ
È DÊ Ç
²q
} e
í É Îô i ý
4;:8<
÷øø úüûû
ÿ³i Ç ³C\ëìNihÄ e Z¡¥ihÄ e Ð iÅ Ç ` µ ºvi&Ç øù
ÈËÊ ø ø u
ï
ó 6
i ï Í è ï u
ï
ó y
i í ûû
û
î} e
í É óiNï í É óií ý
·;·
^ AÏ>8Y0,.Z7B,Y0A;f.mr(41Z,ai4;56|4D;,¨Ô92&+W 2 \ F >ø·@µ;Ø;µC`{.0AÏY0ACHLc;,§\Ú¸`G±}rs,:B,/,@<.0AÏ784c;,4$:BAC:[l
1Z,@5/>B1GYZILc;,&fA;16wøA;fÍDi%YZ>8567x.Z784.9.Z7B,bYZwARA;.Z78IJ:8D}ai4164;w,/.0,/1 è IJY,XQ[aiHJId5/IL./nMO,/.Õi i&ÇÔ¸pi%4;:8<Õ i&Ç
¸ i }8 ¿¥e \Þp· ¶Ì¸p`G7± %Çþ· w¥¶·C¥ w}Çþ· 6pÚ np²9,/k:B, óô i Ç þ ¼ i } e Õ7% ihó Ç
¸+ihói Í \Þ·p¶Ì¸+i|` óô ihÄ e
©B1ZACwé7B,/1Z,/AC:rs,b4;YZY6>8w, ¸ Ç·noà.IdYYZ7BAru:IJ:9a8aW,@:8<8IyQe´Ì.Z7i4.
÷øø úüûû
øø ï ó ô iNï Í ï ï óií ûû
ô
ͨiÇ ø ù è û \Ú[·`
í É óô i6ï í É óô ií ý
ru7B,/16, ihÄ e ±Ç íU¡ iÄ e Í ïuìNihÄ e n i&SÇ íbU¡ i Í ïuìNi%IJY4;HJrs4RY9>8:8öI R>B,4;Y9HJAC:BD}4;ÌY í#IJYuA;f-fg>8HJH~5XACHd>8w}:
164;:B
±[ru78IJ5G7ers,4;YZYZ>8w},3IJY.016>B,;nu7B,/1Z,/fA;1Z,9AC:iHLe4%Y0ACHJ>B.ZIJAC:eA;f\Ú;ÚC`sIdYs:8,/,@<B,@<~nVE,4;YZYZ>8w},9.Z784. óô i
IJY(aWACYZIL.ZIJc;,&<B,/i:8IL.0,;npoqPf ïãIJY:BAC:8YZId:BDC>8HJ41@±~\Ú;ÚC`IdY7, >iILc|4;HJ,@:..0A
\ Í ³` ì
Í í ¡
Ç ¨
è
í É ì
Ç ¸+
\Ú;¶C`
ru7B,/16,
ì
Ç ó ô i ìNiC
Ä
¡
Ç U¡ i6
Ç ó ô i m ï ó ô i m
e e \Ú|â`
í Ç ó ô i m í\
e
Ç ó ô i
iÄ e Í ¸+i ó ô iÄ
Îô i Í è \Þb· ¶r¸+i` ó ô iÄ
ìNihÄ e
oqkf ï IJYY6IJ:BDC>8HJ41±94;:Y0ACHd>B.ZILAC:.0A¦\Ú;¶C`IdY4;HJY0A4Y0ACHJ>8.ZILAC:.0A¦\Ú;ÚC`Gnè(.IL.0,/1G4.ZILAC±: w
± è IJ: # IJY
1Z,/aiHd4;5X,@<˯R.Z7B,_,@Y0.ZIJwe4.0,_A;f è 4.
IL.0,/164.ZILACÔ: w{¶·nø\Ú;¶C`5/4;:˯W,{Y0ACHLc;,@<Ì>8YZId:BDTÔ92&+W 2n(7B,
YZwARA;.Z78IJ:8Dai4164;w,/.0,/1GY è µ é i5/4;:T¯W,]5678ACY0,@:4;<84a8.ZILc;,@HL*4.,@4;567IJ.0,/164.ZILAC:T¯ F& Ò\ F ,@:B,/164;HdILK/,@<
·@Ú
1ZACY6Y(4;HJIJ<84.ZILAC:
`G± F PM\ F ,@:B,/164;HdILK/,@<Px4|Q[IJw>8wøM^IL;,@HJIJ78AA[<k`G±RA;1u³9´(Ôã\g³9:¯iIJ4;Y0,@<ÔuIJY08`3\E*4;7¯k4
·@µ;µ¸[±iE*4;7¯i4e,/.u4;Hn·@µ;µ;ÜC`Gn
¤:¤ Ð!chMNOK1¦gMNO=LaQ±L9Ñ1¦EQP×
·@¶
¯R{,@IL.Z7B,/1b4;5/5X,/ai.ZIJ:BDA;11Z,Bs0,@5X.ZIJ:BDvd^neoqf¨dIJY1Z,Bs0,@5X.0,@<~±-.Z7B,kv.Z7T5XACwaWAC:B,@:.&A;f Ð+ ±1, ) ¿¥e ±
r9IJHJH^¯
,%Y0,/..0A.Z7B,ACHd<xc4;HJ>B, ,/) nz.Z7B,/1ZruIJYZ2, , ) ¿¥e ruIJHJHO¯W,%YZ,/..0A dOnu7B,%a81ZA;¯i4¯iIdHJIL.m
.0A
4;5/5X,/ai). d7, R>84;HJY
w}IJ2: 3s· Ù #Ù #* ( * (~\ Ð \ Ð ô+ ` ` " " Þ-\ \?,d ) Ã Ã Ð Ðô `5+ ` 4
9f.0,/194;HJH~5XACwaWAC:B,@:.ZYu7i4@c;,&¯W,/,@:>Ba~<84.0,@<Id: Ð + ±Brs,bY0,/. Ð Å*) ¿¥eÇ .0A 1Ð + n
7B,3567BACId5X,9A;f.Z78,9a816A;a
ACY64;Hi<8IJYZ.016IL¯i>B.ZIJAC:5XAC>8HJ<]¯
,uf4;IL1GHL41Z¯iIL.016416}IJ:}.Z7B,/A;16;nVoq:]a8164;5X.ZIJ5X,;±B7BAr,/c;,/1±
IL.YZ78AC>8HJ<¯W,&5/HLACY0,&.0A}.Z78,bw}41ZDCIJ:i4;H~<8IJY0.016IJ¯i>B.ZILAC:eA;6f , Ã n?oÞ:
AC>B1uIdwaiHL,@w,@:.Z4.ZILAC:8Y(rs,b5G7BAACYZ, " 0B\ A Ã A `
.0A}¯W,.Z7B,&w}416DCIJ:84;H~<B,@:8Y6IL.mA;fp.Z7B,164;:8<BACwø,XU
,@5X.ZY/±W8Ù 7 Þ -\ ,v`Gn
¤:9 WV=RaL9§6O¯MN¨K
+?>8.0.ZIJ:BD,/c;,/1ZR.Z78IJ:BD.0A;D;,/.Z78,/1@±irs,b784c;,&.Z7B,&fACHJHLAruIJ:BD4;HLD;A;16IJ.Z78w«
Ih` 7BAACYZ,&IJ:8IL.ZIJ4;H
c4;HJ>B,@&Y ì ±8¡ ± < Ʊ $ n(R,/). weÇþ·n
IJI`e©pIyÔQ <n± $})± ì4;:8<Ì¡4;vY <iÄ e )± $ ihÄ e )± ìNihÄ e 4;:8<U¡ iÄ e 1Z,@Y0aW,@5X.ZILc;,@HL;n F ,@:B,/164.0,rºvi P P
Y64;waiHL,@Y Ð Å eÇ Ð Åm Ç h Ð ÅÈ Ê Ç fh1ZACwÏ.Z7B,?5XAC:8<8IJ.ZILAC:84;H;<8IJYZ.016IL¯i>B.ZIJAC:zÙ # * ( \ Ð `>8YZIJ:8Ds.Z78,P,/.016A;a
ACHdIJYÞl
æ34;Y0.ZIJ:8DCY4;HLD;A;16IL.Z7iwø<B,@YZ5X16IJ¯
,@<
IJ:[,@5X.ZILAC:¶Rn°âBn
IJIdIh`}©pIyvQ <4;:i< $ 4;)Y <iÄ e 4;:8< $ iÄ e 1Z,@Y0aW,@5X.ZILc;,@HJ;n ACwai>B.0, óô i4;:8r< Îô iRnua8akHL.0164;:8Y0fA;16w}4.ZIJAC:8Y
\Ú|â`O4;:8<&YZACHLc;,9\Ú;¶C`WfA;1 ì
94;:8< ¡
9¯5/4;HJHdIJ:BDÔu2&+W 2}n|[wARA;.Z78IJ:BDak4164;w,/.0,/16Y^41Z,,@Y0.ZIJwe4.0,@<
¯R F& ± F PxM±8A;13³9´(Ô§w},/.Z7BAR<n
ILcB`©pIyQ ì4;:8<¡ 4;bY ì6ib4;:8<
U¡ i&1Z,@Y0aW,@5X.ZILc;,@HJ;n³ua~<84.0-, $ ihÄ e 4;:8q< <ihÄ e 4;Y<B,@Y65X16IL¯W,@<]Id:[,@5X.ZILAC:¶Rn ¶
cB`oqf-,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0,@Y9784@c;,:BA;.5XAC:c;,/16D;,@<.Z7B,@:Y0,/n. w
« ÔÇ w Í ·&4;:8<1Z,/.Z>816:
.0AeIJIh`Gn
E,7i4@c;,bIJw}aiHL,@w,@:.0,@<
.Z78IJY4;HLD;A;1GIL.Z78wø>8Y6IJ:BD©BA;1Z.0164;:n
·Xâ
; < Gà õéÁï6îs½WÃ6¿9¼%ý
oÞ:{.Z78IJYY0,@5X.ZILAC:*r,e5XAC:i<8>85X..mrsA,XQ[aW,/16IJw,@:.ZYz.0A,/c4;HJ>84.0,}AC>B1b,@Y0.ZIJw}4.ZILAC:w},/.Z7BAR<iY/n©BA;1b.Z7B,i16Y0.
,XQ[a
,/1GIJw,@:.srs,&D;,@:B,/1G4.0,b¯iIJ:i41Z]<84.Z4}fh1ZACwø.Z7B,fhACHdHLAruId:BDwAR<8,@H
Üëá 6Õ =à , çe>\ = Çþ·` . ÇÌ+¸ yÜ d ¶*+¸ Ü Í , ¸ »Gd »Ï·¥ %Çþ· h@·/¸[¥ pÇ· 6Ú+¸ \Ú;ÜC`
ru7B,/16?, , @ f A \g+¸ Z+¸ Ü m`?4;:8< d` @C f B EqÙ á 5º , +¸ @· . nVE,3rs4;:.s.0A5XACwak41Z,9.Z78,9fACHJHLAruIJ:BD&5XACw¯iIJ:84.ZIJAC:8Y
A;Uf ¸pi4;:8< ºvi
7BACIJ5X,}·« ¸+izÇþ·± ºvizÇÌܸ;¸;¸[±
7BACIJ5X,bÚR« ¸+izÇþ· µ w
± ºvizÇÌܸ;¸;¸[±
7BACIJ5X,b¶R« ¸+izÇþ· µED w
õ± ºvizÇá·/¸;¸;¸ Í ØN¸ w
n
t9A;.0,.Z784. 7BACIJ5X,]·b<BAR,@Yu:BA;.9YZ4.ZIJY0f5X16IL.0,/16IJ4x\ØC`Gnoà.3IJYYZIJweIJHJ41.0Ae.Z78,5XACw¯iIJ:84.ZILAC:.Z784.ur(4;Y9>iY0,@<
IJ:{P5 >8HJHLA[567\Þ·@µ;µCå;`Gnb7B,A;.Z7B,/1z.mrsA5678ACIJ5X,@YzYZ4.ZIJY0f5X16IL.0,/1GIJ4x\ØC`Gn&E,%8.Ù*>iYZIJ:BD4]5/>B¯kIJ5bY0akHJIJ:B,;n
784.IdY/±Br,>8Y0,.Z7B,RA;¯WACHL,/c
Y0ai4;5X,
F m Ç Ù_«Ù_4;:8<xÙ Å eÇ 416,b4¯iY0ACHJ>8.0,@HL]5XAC:.ZIJ:R>BAC>8-Y ° e \Ù Åm Ç ?\ à0`0` m 6àËÁ1¾
\Ú;¹C`
4;Y(AC>B1(wA[<B,@HWY0ai4;5X-, Hçn²9,@:8A;.0,e?\ à0` ¿1Ç à?IJ9f àD¹¨¸4;:i<_?\ àZ` ¿*Ç̸A;.Z7B,/1ZruIdY0,;nV7B,@: H ;Ç H tH e ±
ru7B,/16Ì, H HÇ G%â3C· dk¶x+¸ CÜ b4;:8< H e IJY(4%Ôu2&æ]ruIL.Z7Ôu2 ê}?\ d e d m `HÇ I e ?\ d e ¶@à0` ¿ ?\ d m ¶qàZ` ¿ Nàn
7B,@:
.Z78,&,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0,784;Y.Z7B,&fA;16w
ÙV?\ dW`ÔÇ e Í m ?\ d¶*+¸ ÜC` Í } eKJ ê}?\ d d~` \ÚCå;`
E,e>8YZ, F PM¨.0A,@Y0.ZIJwe4.0, è n%oÞ:*©pILDC>B1Z,}Úrs,e<8IJY0akHJ4@.Z78,,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0,@YA;Ëf 8eb4;:i< m IJ:_.Z7B,81GY0.bܸ
IL.0,/164.ZIJAC:8Y/nV7B,3,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0,@YsA;f 7BACIJ5X,·31Z,@4;5G7.Z7B,3:8,@ILDC7¯WA;1678AA[<A;f.Z7B,3,XQ[a
,@5X.0,@<
,@YZ.ZIJw}4.0,@ËY >iIJ5Z[HL;±
¯i>B.-;,/,/aACYZ5/IJHdHJ4.ZIJ:BDz4fh.0,/1V.Z7i4./npu7B,s5/>81Zc;,@YpA;f 78ACIJ5X,(Úz416,(Y6wAA;.Z7±;¯i>B.-.Z7B,(,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0,(A;f e 784;Yp:BA;.
5XAC:c;,/1ZD;,@<}4f.0,/1?ܸ3IJ.0,/164.ZILAC:8Y/n 7BACId5X,(¶9IJYp4uD;ARA[<5XACwa81ZACw}IdY0,;«.Z7B,5/>B1Zc;,@Y-1Z,@4;5G7%.Z7B,:B,@ILDC7¯WA;167BARAR<
A;fp.Z7B,,XQ[a
,@5X.0,@<,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0,@Yu¯W,/fhA;1Z,bܸeIL.0,/164.ZILAC:8Yu4;:8<784c;,bYZw}4;HJHWACY65/IJHJHJ4.ZILAC:n
·@Ü
0.16
1.27
0.14
1.26
0.12
1.25
d(1)
d(2)
0.10
1.24
Choice 1 Choice 1
Choice 2 Choice 2
Choice 3 Choice 3
0.08
1.23
0.06
1.22
-© IJDC>B1Z,&ÚR« ACw}ai416IJY0AC:A;fp.Z7B1Z,/,&5G7BACIJ5X,@Y9A;fa¸+i4;:i<ºviCn
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Iteration Iteration
ru7B,/16, L Å O P Ç Ç·}ILËf dTS+¸ Ü4;:8< K/,/1ZAA;.Z7B,/16ruIJY0,;n , @ f A \g+¸ VU m `4;:8< d @W f B EàÙ á 5º , ¸+@· . n
E,
4;<BA;a8.94f4;5X.0A;1GIJ4;H<B,@YZIJDC:ruIL.Z7
.Z7B,bfhACHJHJAruIJ:8D%5G7BACIJ5X,@Y9A;f^ak4164;w,/.0,/16Yb«3\Þ·` L Ç·/¸A;1zÚ¸[¥-\ÚC`XQ_Ç ·/¸
A;1Ú¸[¥3\¶CY` U Çè¸[n ÜA;1%¸[n ÚRn_uDC4;Id: rs,e8.4x5/>8¯iIJ5}Y0akHJIJ:B,}4;:8<T>8Y0, F PM.0A{Y0,@HL,@5X..Z7B,]Y6wAA;.Z7iIJ:BD
ai4164;w},/.0,/1@n·/¸;¸&YZIJw>8HJ4.ZILAC:iY^41Z,5XAC:8<i>85X.0,@<%fhA;1V,@4;5G7}A;fk.Z7B,(,@ILDC7.Vak4164;w,/.0,/15XACw¯iIJ:84.ZILAC:iY/n-^A&YZ4c;,
5XACwai>8.Z4.ZILAC:84;Hp.ZIJw,rs,}Y0.0A;a8aW,@<{.Z7B,}4;HJD;A;16IL.Z78w4f.0,/1¶¸IL.0,/164.ZIJAC:8Y/n%7B,}567i4;:BD;,}IJ:{.Z7B,,@Y0.ZIdw}4.0,
A;fuÙIdYb:B,/DCHL,@5X.Z4¯kHL,]4f.0,/1}¶¸xIL.0,/1G4.ZILAC:8Y/nE,
>8Y0, ºviÇøÚ¸;¸ Í ØN¸ wT4;:8< ¸piÇÄ· µ D wWn²3,@:BA;.0,.Z7B,
,@Y0.ZIJwe4.0,@Y^A;fiÙ¯[ ÙZ 4;:i<<B,/k:BE, â
ÔÇ ]\ µ \Þ· Í \`Gnp^Au,/c4;HJ>84.0,s.Z7B,?aW,/1ZfA;16w}4;:85X,A;^f Ù^Z ±|rs,(5/4;HJ5/>8HJ4.0,.Z7B,
Y0[w}w,/.016IJK/,@<&2&>8HJHJ¯i4;5ZlmM,@IL¯kHL,/1<8IJYZ5X16,/ai4;:85X&[2&MÇ· µ \ L Q^` ¼`_ } e ¼`îa } e É\ â` ¶ â`Z E` bz\ÙV?\ d` 7` ¶cÙVZ ?\ d `0`Gn
©pILDC>B1Z,¶}YZ7BAruY.Z78,Ü|.Z7~±~Ú;Ü|.Z7~±
ܸ.Z7~±åÜ|.Z7~±
4;:8<xµ;Ü|.Z7x¯W,@Y0.,@Y0.ZIJwe4.0,@YuA;f?Ù{A;1G<B,/1Z,@<¯R.Z7B,[2bM fA;1
4;HJHW,@ILDC7.,XQ[a
,/1GIJw,@:.ZY/nPACY0.u,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0,@Y16,@5XAc;,/1u.Z78,&YZ784aW,zA;f^.Z7B,A;1GILDCIJ:84;H
fg>8:85X.ZILAC:~±R,/c;,@:r97B,@:.Z7B,
YZ4;wakHL,&YZILK/,&IJYY6w}4;HJHnV7B,,@YZ.ZIJw}4.ZILAC:Idwa81ZAc;,@Y4;Y.Z7B,&Y64;waiHL,&YZIJK/,&IJ:85X1Z,@4;Y0,@Y@n
·@¹
True 5th 25th 50th 75th 95th
dpsi=0.5 dpsi=0.5 dpsi=0.5 dpsi=0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
d d d d
-2
f
1
0
-1
-2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
·å
e f Ì¿9¼%ÂïGÁ%ý
Ã6¿9¼
E,784c;,a81ZA;aWACY0,@<N4{D;,@:B,/164;H5/HJ4;Y6Y%A;f9wA[<B,@HJY F tzPxPru78Id567ND;,@:B,/164;HJIJK/,
we4;:T,XQ[IJYZ.ZIJ:BDwA[<B,@HJY/n
ACwaWAC:B,@:.ZYIJ:T4[wARA;.Z78IJ:8D{RaiHdIJ:B,}3tz-é<B,@5XACwaWACYZIL.ZIJAC: A;f.Z78,5XAC:8<iIL.ZILAC:84;H?a81Z,@<8IJ5X.0A;1%784c;,
.Z7B,e>iYZ>84;HVIJ:.0,/1Za81Z,/.Z4.ZIJAC:*4;Ybw}4;Id:{,XU
,@5X.ZY4;:8<*IJ:.0,/164;5X.ZILAC:iY/ne^A,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0,4;HJHpai4164;w},/.0,/16Y&rs,e784c;,
a81ZA;aWACY0,@<4 [3ø.Z7i4.}IJ:85X1Z,@4;Y0,@Y%.Z78,P P YZ4;waiHJ,
Y6ILK/,
ru78IJHL,<B,@5X1Z,@4;YZId:BD{.Z7B,Y0.0,/a¨YZILK/,
A;f9.Z7B,
ai4164;w},/.0,/1&>Ba~<84.0,;n3u7B,YZIdw>8Hd4.ZILAC:8YuY67BArþ.Z784.z.Z7B,,@Y0.ZIJw}4.0,@Y5XAC:c;,/1ZD;,.0A
BQ[,@<aWACIJ:.ZY34;:8<_.Z784.
.Z7B,w,@4;:_f>8:i5X.ZILAC:IJY9r,@HdH,@Y0.ZIJwe4.0,@<,/c;,@:_fA;13YZwe4;HJHOYZ4;w}aiHL,bYZIJK/,@Y/nu©8>B16.Z7B,/19rsA;1ZIJ:i5/HJ>8<B,@Yk:8<8IJ:BD
A;a8.ZIJwe4;H85XACwb¯kIJ:84.ZILAC:8YA;f
.Z78,9Y0.0,/aBlmY6ILK/b, ¸pi34;:8<]YZ4;waiHL,Y6ILK/&, ºviC±[4;:8<}w}A;1Z,u<B,/.Z4;IJHJ,@<}IJ:Bf,/1Z,@:85X,AC:e.Z7B,
ai4164;w},/.0,/16Yu4;:8<
.Z78,b:BAC:[lvai41G4;w,/.016IJ55XACwaWAC:B,@:.ZY/n
g fih( ñ jik lnú mèì#úN÷ úNpñ o <
78IdY(1Z,@Y0,@4165G7r(4;YYZ>Ba8aWA;1Z.0,@<
¯R
tuoÞæáD;164;:.9Ôu¸B· F P_Ü;Ø;Ü;¶;¶Rn
g ãí¾ÃVqîs½~ÃVq9í?ý¿sr ï6¿st(óvuÁ%îý
ÃÞóRï6Ãxw9í?ï6Ã/y%¿&¿&À ¿srnz{| }
m
²3,@:BA;.0,b.Z78,-:;.Z7x,@HL,@w,@:.A;fí4;Y)à n
´ Ü (8* #
´ k¡
Ç · 3 ° ÝhÞ Æ¶d Nd
i´ ¡ } e ß Þ 3 \=<W`>
\?d~` 4
Æ ¶0E ´`0E ´8Õ
\?0Em`
Ç
} e 3 =\ <W`>
\?0 ` ´8Õ
\?0 ` ´k¡
.
Ç
\Æ g¶ 0E`mÕ ñ ?\ 0Ev` · nn
à?e
} e~ 6
3 Z
\
= W
< `
> \
? E
0 m
X
` h
\ Õ ñ \
? E
0 v
0
` ` m
àB
Ç í É õ ô È
·@Ø
Ô,@5/4;HdHa´Æ0E µ ´6
~Ç1à
µ Õ6ñm\?0Ev`Gn?78,@:
´ mÜö(8* #
´6i´6
Ç · \Æ
´6
} e ,
3` 0\ W`
\ · m`mÕ \ v`
¶0 .
36 =< > ?0E ñ ?0E
ài
4
Ç -\Æ ` ·
´ g¶ 0E
Í
\ Æ ` ´ ·
} eX ´`C
Z\
` W\ m`mÕ \ v`
3C =< > ?0E ñ ?0E ´6
6 360\=<W`>
\?0Eà`mÕ ñ \?0Ev`"
à i ¶0 à iM
Ç ·
¶bà
Í \Æ g` ¶ \¯´`>
\?0Em` µ ´`C
`mÕ ñ \?0Em` Í >W\?0Ev`X\¯´8Õ ñ \?0Ev` µ ´`C
`
E¶0E à i
Õ \ v` 0\ W`
\ à`mÕ \ v`
} e ñ ?0E 36 =< > ?0E ñ ?0E Z\ W` à i
36 =< \?>
\?0Em`mÕ ñ \?0Em`0` m
7B,/16,/fhA;1Z,
ͨi Ç \Þ·&¶{¸+i`BÍDihÄ e Í ¸pi ÿ³i
Ç \Þ&· ¶{¸+i` , \Þn· ¶r¸pihÄ e `BÍDiÄ m Í ¸+ihÄ e ÿ³ihÄ e . Í ¸+i ÿ³i
Ç \Þ&· ¶{¸+i`X\Þn· ¶{¸pihÄ e B` ͨihÄ m Í \Þ·)¶{¸pi;`¸pihÄ e ÿ³iÄ e Í ¸+i ÿ³i
Ç
ihÄ e i
Ç ¸ |
} e }8 ¿¥e
\Þ· v` Í &¶{¸p ÿ³ ¸pi ÿ³i
ihÄ e
Ç } e
Õ Í
i ÿ³ ¸+i ÿ³i
Ç
ù÷
Õ Í
ï5 ¼ îih} Ä e e i ó p¸ iyóiÌï Í Õ Í
¼ î ih} Ä e e i
è
¸piÌï ô ihí ú
ï ó
É í óô i6ï É
í óô ií ý
Ç
ù÷
Í
ï óô iNï ï
è
ï óô iyí ú
É í óô i6ï É í óô ií ý
r í @í?¾~í?¼%ÂVíý
91ZAC:8Y0K@4hsZ:~±tnk\Þ·@µ;ܸ`G±" 7B,.Z7B,/A;1Z%A;f
1Z,/a81ZA[<8>85/Id:BD9;,/1G:B,@H ' ±EKR ?¡ ¢R!£E¤¦¥¨§"©Mª]v«"¬~±¶;¶CåMâC¸âBn
´s,@:c;,@:iIJY0.0,;±CnL±cP ,/® .ZILc[IL,/1@±P nCÖ¨+?16ILAC>B1Z,/./±;´3nB\Þ·@µ;ØCå;`G¯± X°/± ¤>²¦³8¢?´¶µ©8·²>¤¦¥¡8 °Y§¸¤¹©ªR¥R¤>²>ª±±"V©MºE²¦»
¡E¤>²-©8K!¼½¥¯¢.©8·¾¿8"°?±± ´*²-ª.E¤>²-©8KX©VÀ§¸²Áµ"8´Â2¢!¤¢xª¤>²>©E^8"°ÃV©Mª/¢R.·²:vµ28 °XÃĤ-¤¢R·2ÅÄ¢.ª.©xµ²¦¤>²-©8
±WP4;YZYZAC:~«®+p416I«®tu=n
Æ>Ç x¢R"ª!¥MÈ
Ú[·
ÔA;¯i¯iIJ:8Y/±sæbn(ÖöPAC:B1ZAB±9
n9\Þ·@µ;Ü[·`G±Y ÄY0.0AR5G784;Y0.ZIJ5x4a8a81ZAQ[Idw}4.ZILAC:w,/.Z78AR< ' ±s?¸"8´*á©À§¸¤¹E¤>²:·¤>²-ªR
à"àW±8âC¸;]¸ âC¸ån
Ú;Ú