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net/publication/243103038

Generalized Nonparametric Mixed Effects Models

Article  in  Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics · December 2001


DOI: 10.1198/106186001317243377

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University of California, Santa Barbara
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0.16

1.27
0.14

1.26
0.12

1.25
d(1)

d(2)
0.10

1.24
Choice 1 Choice 1
Choice 2 Choice 2
Choice 3 Choice 3
0.08

1.23
0.06

1.22
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0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Iteration Iteration

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True 5th 25th 50th 75th 95th
dpsi=0.5 dpsi=0.5 dpsi=0.5 dpsi=0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Design: 10x10 Design: 10x20 Design: 20x10 Design: 20x20


1
0
-1

d d d d
-2
f

psi=0.2 psi=0.2 psi=0.2 psi=0.2


Design: 10x10 Design: 10x20 Design: 20x10 Design: 20x20

1
0
-1
-2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

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