SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS AND EFFECTIVE STRESS ANALYSIS (Extracted from Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering, Braja Das, Brooks/Cole Publishers)10.5. Analysis of Finite Slope with Circularly Cylindrical Failure Surface—General 354 Solution We are given $ = 15° and c = 29 kNim?. If FS, should both be equal to 3. We have , then FS, and FS, flo .67 kim? See ‘sin 45 cos 5.1 ~ . wee LrStotgesn] "7" wése Analysis of Finite Slope with Circularly Cylindrical Failure Surface—General In general, slope failure occurs in one of the following modes (Figure 10.6): 1, When the failure occurs in such a way that the surface of sliding intersects the slope at or above its toe, itis called a slope failure (Figure 10.6a). The failure circle is referred to as a toe circle if it passes through the toe of the slope and as a slope circle if it passes above the toe of the slope. Under certain circumstances, itis possible to have a shallow slope failure, as shown in Figure 10.66. 2. When the failure occurs in such a way that the surface of sliding passes at some distance below the toe of the slope, itis called a base failure (Figure 10.6c). The failure circle in the case of base failure is called a midpoint circle. ‘Various procedures of stability analysis may, in general, be divided into two major classes:(@) Slope faire FIGURE 10.6 Modes of failure of finite slope 1. Mass procedure. In this case, the mass of the soil above the surface of sliding is taken as a unit. This procedure is useful when the soil that forms the slope is assumed to be homogeneous, although this is hardly the case in most natural slopes. 2. Method of slices. In this procedure, the soil above the surface of sliding is divided into a number of vertical parallel slices. The stability of each of the slices is calculated separately. This is a versatile technique in which the nonhomogeneity of the soils and pore water pressure can be taken into consideration. It also accounts for the variation of the normal stress along the potential failure surface.10.6 Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis 353 (©) Base failure FIGURE 10.6 (Continued) The fundamentals of the analysis of slope stability by mass procedure and ‘method of slices are presented in the following sections Mass Procedure of Stabii WY Analysis (Circularly Gjlindrical Failure Surface; ‘Slopes in Homogeneous Clay Soil with ¢ = 0 (Undrained Condition) TREUE 107 shows a slope in a homogeneous soil. The undrained shear strength of {he soils assumed to be constant with depth and may be given by 7 = c,. To makeFIGURE 10.7 Stability analysis of slope in homogencous clay soil (6 = 0) are ofa circle that has a radius r. The center of the circle is located at O. Cons the unit length perpendicular to the section of the slope, we can give the ‘eight of the soil above the curve AED as W = W, + Ws, where Ww, the stability analysis, we choose a trial potential curve of sliding AED, which 4 (area of FCDEF\(y) and W, = (area of ABFEA)(y) Note that y = saturated unit weight ofthe soil Failure of the slope may occur by the sliding of the soil mass. The moni of the driving force about O to cause slope instability is Ms= Wil ~ Wale a Where and fare the moment arms. ‘The resistance to sliding is derived from the cohesion that acts ae | potential surface of sliding. If isthe cohesion that needs to be developed. the moment of the resisting forces about O is Ma = e(AED)(1)(1) = egr¥0 0 For equilibrium, My = M; thus, a0 = Woh, — Wal,106 Mass Procedure of Stability Anais 355 e ‘sh = Waly c= Mh (10.44) 76 ‘The factor of safety against sliding may now be found: (10.45) Note that the potential curve of sliding, AED, was chosen arbitrarily. The 53° All circles are toe citles ForB 53° % When the critical cirele is a midpoint circle (that is, the failure surface is faneent to the firm base), its postion can be determined with the aid ct Figure 10.10, 4 The maximum possible value of the stability number for failure at the midpoint circle is 0.181. Fellenius (1927) also investigated the case of critical toe circles for slopes with #< 58. The location of these ean be determined using Figure 10.11 et TeneFIGURE 10.10 Location of midpoint circle 10.1. Note that these critical toe circles are not necessarily the most critical 3&8 that exist EXAMPLE A cut lope insaturated clay (Figure 10.12) makes an angle of 56° with the hora 10. 4 8. Determine the maximum depth up to which the cut could be made. ASH that the critical surface for sliding is circularly cylindrical. What wil B&R nature of the critical czele (thats toe, slope, or midpoint)?10.6 Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis. 359 FIGURE 10.11 Location of the center of critical toe circles for B. Referzing to part a, determine the distance of the point of intersection of the critical failure circle from the top edge of the slope. © How deep should the eut be made if & factor of safety of 2 against sliding is required? Solution @. Since the slope angle = 56° > 53°, the critical circle is a toe circle. From Figure 10.8, for 8 = 56°, m = 0.185. Using Eq, (10.47), we have =%-__ 4 ~ He = 5° STOR 826m ~ 825m Table 10.1 Location of the center of critical toe circles (B < 53°) Blog) ade) (deg) 104s 28 37 15 3368 26 as 20 (2657 25 35 30 1843 25 35 50 32 25 37 “SS ‘Note: For notations of», 8, ay, and ay, se Fig we to.tFIGURE 10.12 b. Refer to Figure 10.13. For the critical circle, we have BC = EF = AF - AE = H,,(cot.a ~ cot 56°) From Figure 109, for 8 Be 67, the magnitude of a is 33°, so .25(cot 33 ~ cot 56) = 7.14m ~ 745m ‘e. Developed cohesion is = 12KNim? FIGURE 10.1310.6 Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis. 361 From Figure 10.8, for 8 = 56°, m 0.185, Thus, we have ce 12 mn” CST) 088) = 41m . EXAMPLE tos A cut slope was excavated in a saturated clay. The slope made an angle of 40° with the horizontal. Slope failure occurred when the cut reached a depth of 6.1 m. Previous soil explorations showed that a rock layer was located at a depth of 9.15 m below the ground surface. Assume an undrained condition and You = 17.29 N/m, a. Determine the undrained cohesion of the clay (use Figure 10.8) b. What was the nature of the critical circle? ‘¢ With reference to the toe of the slope, at what distance did the surface of sliding intersect the bottom of the excavation? Solution a, Referring to Figure 10.8, we find 9s 61 17.29 kim? =15 Hea m From Figure 10.8, for 8 = 40° and D = 15, m = 0.175, so = (He)()(om) = (6.1)(17.29)(0.175) = 18.5 kim? b. Midpoint circle ¢ From Figure 10.10, for D = 1.5 and 8 = 40°, n = 19, s0 distance = (n)(H,) = (0.9)(6.1) = $49 m . Slopes in Homogeneous Soil with @ > 0 A slope in a homogeneous soil is shown in Figure 10.14a. The shear strength of the soil is given by qacto'tand ‘The pore water pressure is assumed to be 0. AC is a trial circular arc that passes through the toe of the stope, and Q isthe center of the circle. Considering unit lengthyrcto tang ‘Cy © © FIGURE 10.14 Analysis of slopes in homogeneous soils with ¢ > 010.6 Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis. 363 perpendicular to the section of the slope, we find weight of the soil wedge ABC = W = (area of ABC)(y) For equilibrium, the following other forces are acting on the wedge 1. C,—the resultant of the cohesive force that is equal to the unit cohesion developed times the length of the cord AC. The magnitude of Cy is given by (Figure 10.14b). Ce= e(AO) (049) , acts in a direction parallel to the cord AC (Figure 10.14b) and at a distance a from the center of the circle O such that C,la) = e(AC)r e(ACyr _AC Cer (10.50) 2. F—the resultant of the normal and frictional forces along the surface of sliding. For equilibrium, the line of action of F will pass through the point of intersection of the line of action of W and C. Now, if we assume the full friction is mobilized (4 = ¢ or FS, = 1), then the line of action of F will make an angle ¢ with a normal to the arc, and thus it will be a tangent to a circle with its center at O and having a radius ofr sin ¢. This circle is called the friction circle. Actually, the radius ofthe friction circle is alittle larger than r sin ¢. Since the directions of W, Cy, and F are known and the magnitude of W is known, we can plot a force polygon, as shown in Figure 101d. The magnitude of Czcan be determined from the force polygon. So the unit cohesion developed can be found: Determining the magnitude of c, described previously is based on a trial surface of sliding. Several trials must be made to obtain the most critical sliding, surface along which the developed cohesion is a maximum, So it is possible to ‘express the maximum cohesion developed along the critical surface as c= VHTS@,B, 0, 4)) (q0.st) For critical equilibrium—that is, FS, = FS, = FS, and ¢, = c into Eq, (10.51): c= yHe[f(a,B, 4 4)) [—we can substitute H= H.,q 2 é ‘Slope angle, B (deg) FIGURE 10.15 Taylor's stability number for > 0 Where m = stability number. The values of m for vatious values of ¢ and 6 ( 1937) are given in Figure 10.15. Example 10.6 illustrates the use of this ¢ Caleulations have shown that, for ¢ greater than about 3° the critical are all foe circles. Using Taylor's method of slope stability (as shown in E 106), Singh (1970) provided graphs of equal factors of safety, 5, for vs Slopes, and these are given in Figure 10.16. In these charts, the pore water p was assumed to be 0, EXAMPLE, 10.6 A Slope with f= 45" is to be constructed with a soll tat has @ = 20° and oll KiN/mé, The unit weight of the compacted soil will be 18.9 kN/m’. ‘a, Find the critical height of the slope. ». Tethe height of th slope is 10m, determine the factor of safety with eg to strength.10.6 Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis. 365 o- 10 0 30 40 4 Gogrees) 6 (degrees) (2) Slope: 1 vertical to 0.5 horizontal (©) Slope: 1 vertical 100.75 horizontal (©) Slope: 1 vertical to 1 horizontal (@) Slope: I vertical t 1.5 horizontal FIGURE 10.16 Contours of equal factors of safety (After Singh, 1970) Solution a. We have "oii, From Figure 1015, for 8 = 45° and ¢ = 207, m = 0.06, So He= = ca Am jm” (BB) (006)(degrees) (€) Slope: 1 vertical to 2 horizontal (© Sloge: 1 vertical to 3 horizontal FIGURE 10.16 (Continued) b. If we assume that full friction is mobilized, then, referring to Figure 1038 (for B = 45° and dy = = 20°), we have m= 006 or 4 = (0.06)(18.9)(10) = 11.34 KN/m?10.6 Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis. 367 Since FS. # F5,, this is not the factor of safety with respect to strength. ‘Now we can make another trial. Let the developed angle of friction, ‘te, be equal to 15°. For = 45° and the friction angle equal to 15°, we find from Figure 10.15 or z= (0.085)(18.9)(10) = 16.07 kNim? For this til, tang _ tan20_ P50" an dy tan 5 ~ 138 and 24 e 16.07 49 ‘Similar calculations of FS, and FS, for various assumed values of dy are given in the table, de tn ™ tke) FS, 2 0368 10 0.06 1134 242 150268 136 oss 1607 149 100476 207 ot 2079 1s 5 00s7s 46 0136 25.70 093 The values of FS, are plotted against 1 Figure 10.17, from which we find corresponding values of FS, in FS, = FSy= FS, = 14S .FIGURE 10.17 Method of Slices Stability analysis using the method of slices can be explained by referring to 10.18a, in which AC is an arc of a circle representing the trial failure s soil above the tral failure surface is divided into several vertical slices. Th cross-section shown, the forces that act on a typical slice (nth slice) are sha Figure 10.18. W, is the effective weight of the slice. The forces N, and T, a normal and tangential components of the reaction R, respectively. P, and Pia the normal forces that act on the sides of the slice. Similarly, the shearing (gg that act on the sides of the slice are 7, and T,.1. For simplicity, the pore jag pressureis assumed to beO. The forces Py, Pris Tm annd Ty are dificult to detec However, we can make an approximate assumption that the resultants of. T, are equal in magnitude to the resultants of Py. and Ts: and also that thei of action coincide,