1.

Water Resources

Flood magnitude and frequency are likely to increase in most regions as a consequence
of increase in the frequency of heavy precept events. Climate change challenges existing
water resources management by adding uncertainty. One-third of the world's population
presently lives in countries that are water-stressed. This number is projected to increase to
about 5 billion by 2025.

2. Agriculture and Food Security

The response of crop yields to climate change varies widely, depending on the species,
cultivar and soil conditions. Degradation of soil and water resources is a major future
challenges for global agriculture. Most studies indicate that mean annual temperature
increases of more than 2.5 °C would prompt food prices to increase as a result of slowing in
the expansion of global food capacity relative to demand. The impacts of climate change on
agriculture are estimated to result in small percentage changes in global income, with positive
changes in more developed regions and smaller or negative changes in developing regions.

3. Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems

Increasing carbon dioxide concentration would increase net primary productivity whereas
increasing temperatures may have positive or negative effects. If the moisture in the
rangelands, woodlands and dry forests region will decrease, productivity is expected to
decrease. Climate change will lead to pole ward movement of the southern and northern
boundaries of fish distributions, loss of habitat for cold and cool water fish and gain in habitat
for warm water fish.

4. Coastal Zones and Marine Ecosystems

Climate change will result in increased sea surface temperature and sea level; decreases
in sea-ice cover and changes in salinity and ocean circulation. El Niño’s increase in
frequency, plankton biomass and fish larvae abundance would decline and adversely impact
fish, marine mammals, seabirds, etc. Low-latitude tropical and subtropical coastlines, where
there is pressure from human population, are particularly susceptible to climate change
impacts. Coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs, salt marshes, mangrove forests, etc. will be
impacted by sea-level rise, and may cause changes in storm frequency and intensity.