GRAPHS

Graphs are visual displays of data that are used to organize and summarize data. They are typically
the simplest and best way of analyzing, under- standing, and communicating data. Therefore, they
can easily be used for illustrating the current situation, identifying a problem area, or for illus- trating
the new, improved situation.

There are many different types of graphs, ranging from simple to complex. The three major
types of graphs most commonly used are the line graph, bar graph, and circle graph.

Line Graph

A line graph is a visual display of the pattern of data. It is primarily used for comparing data,
identifying problem areas, and outlining the pattern of data. A typical line graph is shown in Figure
14-6, which outlines the allowed employee exposure time for a wide range of noise levels.

A special type of line graph is the run chart. A run chart plots a given variable as a function of time.
This type of graph is very useful in that it shows the variability of a variable over time. With enough
data, patterns such as trends and cycles can be identified. (Note that the run chart merely displays the
nature of the data. No statistical conclusions can be drawn from this type of chart.) An example of a
run chart is provided in Figure

14-7, which shows the number of airline deaths per year for 1982 to 1994.