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    20 views233 pages

    Grammar of The Arabic Language (PDFDrive)

    Uploaded by

    Kamil Usman

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    “A GRAMMAR al ARABIC LANGUAGE, ‘TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN OF CASPARI, AND KDITED, WITH RUMBROUS ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. ay W. WRIGHT, LL.D, ATR PROFRIGON OF AMAMEC If THK UXIVURUFTY OF CAMWAIDOR. THIRD EDITION ‘REVISED AY W. ROBERTSON SMITH, * LATE PROPEAOR OF ARAMIC DX THE USIVERNITY OF CAMBRIDUY asp M. J. pe GOEJE, ‘Proveavon OF ARABIC I THE UNIVRRAITY OF LETDEX. VOLUME II. WITH A PREFACE AND ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA BY PIERRE CACHIA LIBRAIRIE DU LIBAN BEIRUT LIBRAIRIE DU LIBAN Riad Solh Square - Beirut Associated companies, branches and representatives throughout the world. New Impression, 1996 Printed in Lebanon CONTENTS. PART THIRD. SYNTAX. L THE SEVERAL COMPONENT PARTS OF A SENTENCE. A. THE VERB. man 1. The States or Tensea 1 Tho Porlect . . we 1 nab an Optative . 3 preceded by SS. 3 » atthe Pluporf. Indic... 4 1 a the Plupeef. Gubjanct,, in two correlative hypothetical ‘clauses, after ae oto, . 6 » after BE a 8 ” after au . . = . . . aCy » im two correlative conditional clauses, after Opee. 2. 2 2. . after Zaggeait Lo. oe ‘The Imperfect Indicative . . . oo. 8 ‘The Latin and Greck Imperfect, Jatt Ge . oo The Futare-Portoot, fab (35) cyt 6. 08 iv OOWTENTS. The Impertont Subjunctive ‘The Jumive, after 4) and (i " in two eorrelaive conditional clauses, after Shp ote. The Energetic =. 2 The Moods ‘The Subjuictive . The Schnee ater Gh J gf or Sh and $3. i after J, (gfe, ote. * ater ie . oO after J 5 after 5. » alter ZS nn siter Shand GS. ‘The Energetic of the Imperfect * ater J. . ” in prohibitions (with + wishen, and questions . cs in he spd of two cordate com ditional cleuscs i Se ca sna, a ” ater CEs. ote. " as a negative imperative, with J . The Energetic of- the Imperative . 42 42 43 43 43 “4 CONTENTS, ‘3. The Government of the Verb . (0) The Accusative @) The Objective Conaplement in the Acramtve - Two Objective Complements in the Acouative . ‘The Accusative of the jduas, ote, as tho sheclate cbeot, SLT al Consiraction of the Objective Complement and of the Subject with the Nomen Actions Use of J with the Genitive to express the Objeo- tive Complement of the Nomen Actionis Government of the Nomina Agentia or Participles . Use of g) with Uhe Genitive to expross the Objec- tive Complement of the Participles —. Construction of Verbal Adjectives . |. Construction of Comparntiven and Superlatives of the form fast The Asem afar «Vor whic todo’ ater 5 ent 5). The Vocative eS Sao oO » after I G, eto, expressed by the Monies ig oe » after 1, G, oto, expressed by the ‘Acountive after Ga or GAG. oc alter Tho Accamtive ater wed used a 45 45 ar oT 61 63 70 CONTENTS. (8) Tho Adverbial Comploment ‘The Predicate of (lm . » of the Gib Sia : ‘The Provticato of Us and J, whon =u. » of HgGH yy and of 5 ‘Tho Construction of the ag Miait alt Tho Advorbial Accuative of Time ” » of Plc . |. » » ‘of State or Condition, » » Ob Cause oF Reason . » ” of Limitation or De- termination . Construction of 240, Gb, ana ti ” ” of Comparison . 4& eS % 12 121 123 eeu kee BOE, E E & eels hE at Propositions in connection with « following Clause : (6 redundant after (yo, GS, andy . Omission of the Proposition before G3} and of viii ‘CONTENTS. B, THE NOUN. 1. The Nomina Vorbi or Actionis, Agontia, and Pationtis . 2. The Government of the Noun, ‘Tho Status Cunstructus and the Genitive Spee oa) a 7 39 ata SD, Se Jali supeciative. oe ‘A Cinuse, introduced by Gor Ui, as a Genitive ‘The Genitive of Restriction or Limitation, after Par- ticiples and Adjectives . Interesiden of Word haben the tats Contrctan and the Genitive. moe 193 $2 22.23 8 gs 33 210 aul an 312 312 a4 316 318 3. L A Genitiv in Apposition to 4 Relative Adjective mee... : Definite and Indefinite Annezation . Construction of cfadl as a Superlative . ‘The Genitive of the Material . Apposition of the Material. ‘The Genitive Coneteuction in place of Apposition Tho Numerals, ‘The Cardinal Nutbers from 3 to 10. daly and dof > from 11 to 99 Py} Mus (100) and SF (1000) Compound Numbers Aigreoment of tho Cardinal Nurabors in Gender with the Nouns denoting the objects numbered Whon the Cardinal Numbers are determined or deflaite . onatruction of the Ordinal Numbers with the Genitive . The Days of the Month IL THE SENTENCE AND ITS PARTS. A THE SENTENCE IN GENERAL ‘The Parts of s Sentenee. =... ‘The Subject and Predicate : The Lyi; of Connecting Pronominal Sufix The L88li jeg or Pronoun of Separation Whom th, Testi ot Gabjek {© Means Bum tence may be an Indefinite Noun . BSS280 § . 231 SERRE Ss 43 245 248 8288 x CONTENTS. CONTENTS, mon Tho setelif joyd oF Bmphatis Pronoun... 365 B THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES. Use of gill, Cighj, ins Nominal Sentenco . . 266 Te Betnt ok ped ers 1, Negative and Probibitive Sentences . Personal form. . wee OF y. wee Impersonal form. . 268 oF. Toe Complantenta of the Suject and Profits |. 211 do ReBexive pronominal felix 2. 0. |. ML voli, Gye, ota, an reflexive objects. 9. |. 12 Appositive, GAS) sD ea ‘The Adjective. . . . 5 : . » 873 —: Poors AS bio ink Fao AG wd x8 with the Porfeot, aa = Futare . » saan Optative 2. m6. ‘§ sedundaat after verbs meaning to ford, tes, te, a7 Sellowed by Gf with the Subjanctive (J of, J) 278 Cees of 9 Us Taal hy oot, ad as Tange in aoe! a8 ‘Jim Probibitions, with the Jumive and Energutio : al Bi, B a0 2. Interrogetive Sentences. il le, as ~~ i. SB Seo: 380 Ag b the. Corroboration oft 283 Jd. EAS oe MLSS, the Qualietive or Adjective 283 fut SG3K, tne Pormutative . 5 84 Fs, 2 ki, wtp Ain * 986 eu ‘Apposition of Verbs . 987 aM 9. Concord in Gender asd Number between the Parts of = 3, “Ralative fentences Sentence ; ae 388 Definite and Indefinite . In Verbal ontencoe De ay 5 se . Tn Nominal Sentences © | ww ws en BO = iat a Seee8e2e8 8 sees 888285 + xii cowranrs. 4. Copalative Sentences ao ‘ Of aftr 0 reading magia : Te Onlin Government, ait iii GEN G te War of ho ee oo Orem 5. Advermtive, Restrictive, and Rxooptive Sentences . 6. Qonditionsl and Hypothetical Sentences, £)tnredulng th Api cla ipothetinl Benteace . #2 228 8 8i 333 335 340 34 342 us a4 345 7 48 348 conranra. PART FOURTH. PROSODY. 1. THE FORM OF ARABIC PORTRY. ep agence Mansari), Mubtedeb it Mugiate . Il, THE FORMS OF WORDS IN PAUSE AND TH. POETIO LICENSES . Affeotions of the letter Soppreasion of final yy in some Nominal and Verbal forme Other Lettors, and even Syllables, dropped . Lengthening of a Short Vowel in the middlo of « word Shortening of = Long Vowel Go so SSESSSESEESESSESE EI xiv (CONTENTS. ‘Suppression of a Short Vowel : Aditin of «Fial Bhort Vows! to sone Vahl Forms and Particles Ine Use tte Then ad er Genin Suppression of the Téawin hts Gz in th Genitive Plant of Noun Treg in Var and Non Give re Rata tortie gvel ig. - Pansal Forms out of Peuso . 387 388 389 390 PART THIRD. SYNTAX. L THE SEVERAL COMPONENT PARTS OF A SENTENCE. A. THE VERB. 1. The States or Tenses, 1. The Perfect, pati (Vol. i, § 77, 79), indicates — Aa (@) ‘An act completed at some past time (the historie tenee, the Greck sorint, German imperfect, and Bnglish past); as ej oly 25 then come Zid ; AI gle tgLy- they sat down at the door. (An act which, at the moment of speaking, has been alresdy completed and remains in a state of completion (the Greek, German and Baglich perfect); as shih SAH ST Gacc taydall te mindjet ‘of my favour, which I have bestowed upon you. (A past act, of which it oan be said that it often jook place B or still takes place—a use of the perfect which is common in proverbial expressions, and which the Greck socist also has; aa figs 295 relaters say (have handed it down by oral tradition from one to another); Gis;2iait 5i51 commentators are agreed (have agreed and 2 Pant Tump.—Syntae. Bi ‘A (@) Am act, the occurrence of which is 10 certain, that it may tbe described as having slreedy taken place, ‘This use prevails in promises, treaties, bargains, éc., and after the particle ‘j.mct, especially in onthe or aamoverations; oe SAS ABT Ay gale. fe cis iy Se Gt Se US Gs St & SE ty ay OES UG pice ws, therefore, an csmwrance ef safety on one of two conditions, wither that then wilt accept (lit. bast accepted) what we propose to thee (Gk. that seherewith wo are come to thes), or thot thon wilt keep (it) B sored ond refrain (lit, hast kept it seceet and eqfrainad) from doing we any harm, till we get out of thy country ; hey SAH bis by Gas, I shall certainly ot remain in Mikka ; G Bam hae J 2g (eee (sng) SANS I never (Gat) wins shall not make me intoxicated, as long as my sout remains in my body. Rex. a, When » clauseicommencing with ‘J is connected with OC a previous clause beginning with Ls followed by the perfect, or 1! followed by the jusmive, in that case ‘J does not give to the fol- lowing verb in the perfect the sense of the future, because it merely supplies the place of thee particles; a0 Jo Ip GT CALS Us 9} Jy 155 T have not hilled thy son either Sos pps tb ee snadeertntly or dacgnadly, nor have T wade bis lt sheath for ny wooed; Sy SK ig Ty Sag Gi SG pSlel Soe Shh T hava seperioned ouch swonderful things as neither seers howe seem, D nor narrators have norrated, [Ru 4. Instances of the pertoot retaining its origins! meaning after a single ‘J are extremely rare. In later prose, howover, we often find Jij ‘J he did not cease, he continued (lo do) employed font ae Ij G or Sesh (Ploischer, XL Soh. i, 446 ooy.)] (S) Something which we hope may be done or may happen. Hence the paifect is constantly used in wishes, prayers, and curses ; an JS ab 255 may God (who is evated. above all) have mercy on $3) The Verh—1. The States or Tonove. 8 him! BLS 1S may his reign be tong! D158 Slag, may I be made A thy raneom ! palit Sool mayest thou avoid aescration (a formule uasd im sddressing the ancient Arab kings)! 1M G3) God curse thes! ‘The peoper signification of the pecfeot in thie cade is, ‘if it be a I wich, Gd has arendy had morny on him; do. ‘The pecoct hen this wonse aloo after J; an bob 2d U ctl ¥ may gow hover meet with hori, ot lng ab gow ine! gh ES ray thy bth (i. met ot bo braben # [og of the phrase 50 bf L1—when « conitionsl ‘clause precedes the optative, the particle J must’ te prefixed to the B latter, in otter’ that the influence of the conditional particle in the former may not extend to it; as sbdol Sayed sis Sal Sih Sy V thou art"Ibn Hammim (lit. the son of Hattmiim), mayest thou be sahuted with honoer | Rus, After the name of God, such perfects as Jai, I5\5 Haas So 6, YE5 Se, and the like, are. not optative but Aeclarative or sssortory; os itily dbf JU Ged (who ie O Hae en eed hee ot) Sth att — [Comp, Vol. i § 60, rem. a &. ‘The porfect is often preceded by the particle 35 (Vol. i, $869,). When this is the cano, if the perfoot has either of the meanings in § 1, 6 and 4, it now implics that the act ia really finished and completed just at the moment of spéaking. Ite complotencen may consist either (a) in the removal of ail doubt regarding it, in ita perfect certainty as opposed to uncertainty ; or (6) in ita having taken place D in agreement or disagreomont with what preceded it, in accordance oF non-accordance with what was, or might be, expected, or just « little before the time of speaking. For example ease Siig Gri of GATT iy CE 50355 yh al yo BF yd and we hove already spoken of the vizirats of their grandfather H8lid” ibn Barmah in the reign of U-Manpir, and we will here speak of the vivirates of the rest (in this example the just completed act is contrasted with the 4 Past Tuirp.—Syntas. gs A fatare one); Sghait eiatl JS the (time of) prayer is come ; oy E5U 35 thy daughter is, 01 was capected, dead, or thy daughter is just dead ; 520 BE LYS Sai gH C8 as regards the poet of governor, I appoint thy son govarnor of Egypt (§1, 4); Sats 3b JU Sebgcl Lbs 35 JAS 1A be said to him, Thou didst promive this, and ‘he replied, I now roaily futft what I promioed. Raw. a. Sb immediately precedes the verb, as in the above B examples, and oan be seperated from it only by an oath or assever- tion an Sat ahi 55 by Ger, thew hast done sell; spoil 3 hats Ly by my tf, Z have pated ihe wade night awake. Rem. 8. SE in called by the grammarians gbyot Sa the particle of expettation, and is said to be used gfylesil to indicate perfect certainty, oF RaW Gye git cl aphis to appronimate the past to the present. C 8. The Pluperfect is exproted :— (a) By the simple perfect, in relative and conjunctive clausea®, that depend upon clauses in which the verbs aro in the perfect; as ah ag 5h ell igi he laid bore thom what HM sei hat ordered ; igh Slee Lge Slop he at where his father had sat ; 48 SS adi AL IsBt 5.25 WE and after the Dull had come to the place, he turned hie back in fight; aiet Jal JS WS Aigh he fod D After his Finemen had boon billed. [Bun Whether the porfect in these clauses has the meaning of the pluperfect, must in every single case be decided by the contest, or by the nature of things, It may indicate a time identical with, ‘and even posterior to, that indicated by the perfect in the clause * By a relative or conjunctive clause wo mean clause that is joined to a preceding one by inoans of a relative pronoun or ® con- “nective particle, 53} The Verb—1. The States or Tenses. 5 pom which it depends Re. Sufi csi Je doe opine 3G A eT gd AS ay Lgl LG GST Jy cohen Monee sont forth from Egypt with the Beni "Teriil to the desert, he divinterred Joseph, and coriad ine with him through the desert; Jost (5 Cy ad wabound, La. was dying, they asked him to give them @ chig/’] (6) By tha perfect with the particle af, provided by 5 or without ' i pond he ring ns on chs he 3B perfect ; a0 (ae hy dapat he ded im out Blinded (lit ond he had been Blinded); 3055 3 JIS SE baaS LEAT Gh 5K he wont carly in the morning to U-Fagl, and found that he hed gone still earlier to the palace of 'or-Ralid (Ut. and found him, bo had already gone early). ‘The clauses with JS and 555 are clanses expressing a state or condition (fle). 0) By the verb Gide to be, prefixed to the perfect; ax Sts SAT od ea HL Cte Ik Ses oly LS sii ‘ar-Rafid died at Tis, after he had set out (lit. and be had set out) for Hordsin to combat Rafi’ ‘ibn 3-Liit, These clauses also expreas the state (Stit). (@) By Gite and the perfect, with the particle JS interposed ; an LET Sy GRSaE I GES Rist, Sa 38 Slbe T had brought up ond educated a female slave; I then preeeited her to b-Fagl D Sometimes the particle 45 is placed before both verbs, instead of between them; as 355 Gay Sst JU sale abil Jes Of sin eo Janey ay cre gh Gad BI S555 Sit there te a tradition that the Apostie of God (God bless him and grant him peace!) said to ‘Dita (God have mercy on hor'!), after she had wowed (lit. and she aondy ad ed) tt ros soma prams of th clin of Teka a 6 Parr Tarap.—Syntas. $4 A. Rana When one of two or more plupectects ie anterior to the reat in point of time, it is indicated by means of the particle 35, the others having merely (fie; a0 Cities ply dpi SU gee SI ub is eal ot eh Hei GUL UA gt Sh Je 15 ‘ar-Rasid died at Tie, after he ad st ot for Herta 1 cob B4f''Sbm Lit, who had rebelled (it. ond this Raf! had already rebille!), and cast off his allegiance, and salen forcible possession of Samarfand. B (Raw. 5, Between de and the perfect a conjunctive clause may bo interposed, an Aca. Saal job ell Che MIS Ste GAN chen the information about the enemy had reached Salah ‘Sd-din, he had assembled the tmire.) & (0) If two correlative clanses follow the hypothetical particles snd s 3 i tat, SUSI) aad et Wa, 8387, 2%, the verbs in both clanses have usually the signification of our pluperfect subjunctive or potential, though occasionslly too of our imperfect © subjunctive or potential, For instance: abit fy S37 yeh tb 5) Gainil if shore had boom in them (heaven and earth) guts besides God, they woul vrely have gona to tin; bieats AT GH Sins ty 35 if thy Lord had chowen, Ho would surely havs made (all) mankind one pol le By BS ld Se his 3 Saat LES and [et thove foar (God), who, if they should leave (or were to leave) dahind them wooak afipring, would have fears for them (or would be rad on hi cnt) hs A ES SA SSI 5 BIG LET Se ndash and if the people of thove towns had belieoad and foered (Us), We would have surely bestowed upon them Blessings from kevven and earth ; Ld CHT gl be Sib 8 * The protasis of » smtence, when introduced by ‘Ji, although it may not have a verb actually expressed, yet includes = verbal idea, vin, that of the vib

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