Tecnología de Acceso Radio GSM, UMTS, LTE

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA
CAFAE del Instituto Nacional de Investigación

y Capacitación de Telecomunicaciones
TECNOLOGÍAS DE RADIO ACCESO

GSM, UMTS, LTE Y WIMAX
Henry A. Vasquez
Msc. Mobile Communications
Engineer Network Consulting
INTERFAZ AIRE DE LOS SISTEMAS

GSM, UMTS, LTE
Evolved Packet Core

SAE (System Architecture Evolution) – 3GPP
Unlike preceding networks, the EPC has no circuit-switched element. It has been designed to
support both real- and non-real-time packet-based services, hence is IP from end to end.
Across the whole of the SAE, the architecture is said to have been ‘flattened’ – that is, fewer nodes
are defined in the standards, which as was noted above means fewer ‘hops’. In practice, however,
operators may find that this 3GPP vision of a simplified architecture may be difficult to achieve – at
least initially.
Whereas in UMTS the Node B was supported by an RNC (Radio Network Controller), in LTE there
is just one RAN element: the eNB (evolved Node B). All the functionality that belonged to the RNC
has been brought into the eNB itself, which means it has a multitude of tasks to perform.
Principios de Transmisión en Sistemas de Comunicaciones Móviles

Principios de Transmisión
Principios de Transmisión
■ Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): Each user is allocated a particular time interval when they
have access to the communications resources.
■ Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): The communication resource is partitioned into
separate carriers, and each user is allocated a subset of the overall frequencies when they have access to
the communications resources.
■ Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): All users can use the same frequency at the same time but
are isolated by a separate pseudo-random code that they use to spread their information.
■ Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular

orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. Multiple access is achieved
in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users as shown in the illustration below.
Peru Mobile
CAFAE delFrequency Bands
Instituto Nacional de Investigación
Market
Analyze
Movistar
850M 11M 10M 1.5M 2.5M
Claro
824 845 849
Nextel
800M(iDEN) Viettel
18M 16 M 16M
RPP
806 824 899 944 960
915
902-915 MHz y 947-960 MHz MultiNET
1900M 15M 5M 12.5M 12.5M 2.5M12.5M
1850 1882.5 1910
2.6G 36M 54M 40M 72M

2500 2536 2590 2620 2692
Peru Mobile Frequency Bands AWS

Peru Mobile Frequency Bands for 2.6 Ghz
Market
Analyze
TECNOLOGÍA DE RADIO ACCESO GSM

GSM - Bandas de Frecuencia

 En la interfaz de radio Um, existen varias bandas de Frecuencia de
Operacion.



Dimensionamiento TRX/FR
Dimensionamiento TRX/HR
TECNOLOGÍA DE RADIO ACCESO UMTS



Spectrum Requirements for LTE
E-UTRA frequency bands for FDD and Carrier frequency and EARFCN
3GPP TS 36.104 version 11.4.0 Release 11

LTE Spectrum Requirements
The figures below show the existing bands supported by 3GPP and 3GPP2.
One of the largest areas of interest for operators and regulators is the potential for spectrum re-farming. Spectrum
neutrality is becoming increasing widespread, where the regulator lifts the technology specific nature of the
licenses.
The digital dividend is also another area of interest, analogue TV broadcast are coming to an end in many parts
of the word leaving behind spectrum in the ranges 470–862 MHz.
LTE Spectrum Requirements
The following figure shows the various spectrum bands and where technologies are currently deployed, and
where LTE may be deployed.
LTE Multiple Access Radio Interface

The LTE radio interface, as specified in [TS 36.101] for the UE and [TS 36.104] for the eNB, supports both FDD
and TDD modes, each with its own frame structures. The LTE multiple access is based on OFDMA in the
downlink direction and SC-FDMA in the uplink direction.

The services offered by the physical layer are as follows:
 Error detection on the transport channel and indication to higher layers

 FEC encoding/decoding of the transport channel
 Hybrid ARQ soft-combining
 Rate matching of the coded transport channel to physical channels
 Mapping of the coded transport channel onto physical channels
 Power weighting of physical channels
 Modulation and demodulation of physical channels
 Frequency and time synchronisation
 Radio characteristics measurements and indication to higher layers
 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing
 Transmit diversity
 Beamforming
 RF processing
The Multipath Environment The power of the received signal will vary, as it is dependent upon the
relationship between the phases of each received component; whether the
result is constructive or destructive addition of the phase values.
The fluctuation of received signal power is called ‘fading’. If the power is

varying randomly, with a Rayleigh distribution, then it is called ‘Rayleigh
fading’. The fading caused by multipath propagation is known as
‘Frequency-Selective Fading’.
As all received components will have travelled different path lengths, it is

found that the demodulated data consists of multiple copies of the same
data, shifted in time in respect of each other. This is known as delay
spread, which creates Inter Symbol Interference (ISI).
OFDM – Defeating ISI
Defeating Multipath-Induced ISI with the Addition of the Cyclic

Creation and Insertion of the Cyclic Prefix
Prefix (guard interval/period)
A further advantage of OFDM is that an effective method of defeating ISI can be realised by adding a ‘‘guard
interval’’ immediately before the transmitted data symbol. This guard interval is known as a Cyclic Prefix (CP).
The Cyclic Prefix is a copy of a portion of the transmitted data symbol prepended to the symbol prior to
transmission.
Multi-Carrier Modulation
The center frequencies must be spaced so that
interference between different carriers, known as
Adjacent Carrier Interference ACI, is minimized;
but not too much spaced as the total bandwidth will
be wasted.
Each carrier uses an upper and lower guard band to

protect itself from its adjacent carriers. Nevertheless, ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference
there will always be some interference between the
adjacent carriers.
OFDM allows a tight packing of small carrier -called the

subcarriers -into a given frequency band
No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference) in OFDM due to

the orthogonal subcarriers !
OFDM Basics (1)
Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio signals using
orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel
Total transmission bandwidth
15 kHz in LTE: fixed
Orthogonality:
The peak (centre frequency)
of one subcarrier …
…intercepts the ‘nulls’ of the

neighbouring subcarriers
The basic idea for the OFDM Signal is to transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio
signals using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel
Subcarrier types
Guard (no power) Guard (no power)
DC (no
power)
data
LTE OFD MA structure
 OFDMA® stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
 It is a registered trademark by Runcom Ltd.
 The basic idea is to assign subcarriers to users based on their bit rate services. With this
approach it is quite easy to handle high and low bit rate users simultaneously in a single
system.
 But still it is difficult to run highly variable traffic efficiently.
 The solution to this problem is to assign to a single users so called resource blocks or
scheduling blocks.
 Such block is simply a set of some subcarriers over some time.
 A single user can then use one or more Resource blocks.

Downlink Air Interface - OFDMA
• Pros: – High spectral efficiency and little interference between channels
– Robust in multi-path environments thanks to Cyclic Prefix
– Frequency domain scheduling offer high potential for throughput gain
• Cons:
– Severe High PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)
– Small subcarrier spacing makes it more sensitive to frequency offset (subcarriers
may interfere each others)
• OFDMA Operation:
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDMA
The transmitted power is the sum of the powers of all the
subcarriers:
– Due to large number of subcarriers, the peak to
average power ratio (PAPR) tends to have a large
range
– The higher the peaks, the greater the range of power

levels over which the power amplifier is required to
work
– Having a UE with such a PA that works over a big

range of powers would be expensive
– Not best suited for use with mobile (battery- powered)

devices
Downlink Air Interface - OFDMA
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
• OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers
• SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers
• In the example:
• OFDMA: 6 modulation symbols (01,10,11,01,10 and 10) are transmitted per OFDMA
symbol, one on each subcarrier
• SC-FDMA: 6 modulation symbols are transmitted per SC-FDMA symbol using all
subcarriers per modulation symbol. The duration of each modulation symbol is 1/6th
of the modulation symbol in OFDMA
SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
LTE Air Interface
OFDMA and SC-FDMA vs. CDMA
• Larger bandwidths and frequency flexibility
OFDM provides performance benefits over CDMA based system when the bandwidth increases
beyond 5 MHz
OFDM makes it simpler to provide different bandwidths
• Frequency Domain Scheduling
OFDM can take benefit of frequency domain scheduling which increases capacity up to 50% compared
to CDMA
• Reduced UE power consumption
LTE uplink uses SC-FDMA which enables better power amplifier efficiency. SC-FDMA technology was
not available when UMTS multiple access selection was done, but first articles were just being
published at the time (around 1997)
• Simpler multi antenna operation
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technologies, emerging over the past few years, are
required to achieve the LTE bit rate targets.
MIMO is simpler to implement with OFDM than with CDMA
• Same multiple Access Techniques for FDD and TDD in LTE
OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL. In WCDMA, TDD mode is different than FDD although some
LTE Air Interface
SC-FDMA Operation
• The parallel transmission of multiple symbols in OFDMA creates high PAR
• SC-FDMA avoids this by additional processing before the IFFT: modulation symbols are
presented to FFT. The output represents the frequency components of the modulation
symbols.
• Subcarriers created by this process have a set amplitude that should remain nearly constant
between one SC-FDMA symbol and the next for a given modulation scheme which results in
little difference between the peak power and the average power radiated on a channel
LTE Air Interface
SC-FDMA Operation
Rx
LTE Air Interface
SC-FDMA Operation
SC-FDMA
transmission
LTE Air Interface
Uplink Air Interface Technology SC-FDMA
• User multiplexing in frequency domain, a user
is allocated different bandwidths (multiples of
180kHz)
 In OFDMA the user multiplexing is in sub-carrier
domain: user is allocated Resource Blocks
• One user is always continuous in frequency
• Smallest uplink bandwidth, 12 subcarriers: 180

kHz
 same for OFDMA in downlink
• Largest uplink bandwidth: 20 MHz
 same for OFDMA in downlink
 Terminals are required to be able to receive & transmit up to 20 MHz, depending on the
frequency band though
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Multiple Antenna Techniques
While traditional wireless communications (Single-Input Single-Output (SISO)) exploit time- or
frequency-domain pre-processing and decoding of the transmitted and received data respectively, the
use of additional antenna elements at either the base station (eNodeB) or User Equipment (UE) side
(on the downlink or uplink) opens an extra spatial dimension to signal precoding and detection.
Space-time processing methods exploit this dimension with the aim of improving the link’s
performance in terms of one or more possible metrics, such
as the error rate, communication data rate, coverage area and spectral efficiency (expressed in
bps/Hz/cell).
Depending on the availability of multiple antennas at the transmitter and/or the receiver, such
techniques are classified as Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO), Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO)
or MIMO. Thus in the scenario of a multi-antenna-enabled base station communicating with a single
antenna UE, the uplink and downlink are referred to as SIMO and MISO respectively. When a multi-
antenna terminal is involved, a full MIMO link may be obtained, although the term MIMO is
sometimes also used in its widest sense, thus including SIMO and MISO as special cases. While a
point-to-point multiple-antenna link between a base station and one UE is referred to as Single-User
MIMO (SU-MIMO), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) features several UEs communicating
simultaneously with a common base station using the same frequency- and time-domain resources.
LTE Antenna Techniques
LTE FDD Peak Data Rates – Uplink and Downlink
Radio Channel Access Codes

The radio channel
SISO
MISO
Transmit antennas Receive antennas
SIMO
MIMO
Radio Protocols Architecture in LTE
L3
L2
L1
LTE Channels and Channel Mapping
Traffic Control
channel channel
Logical channels
Logical channels exist between the PDCP layer and MAC. They are principally defined by the type of information that
they carry. Some logical channels carry control data, others carry user traffic.
e.g. BCCH, PCCH, CCCH, MCCH, DCCH
Transport channels
Transport channels exist between the MAC layer and the physical layer and define how the data will be transferred, i.e.
MAC
the type of channel coding, whether the data is protected from errors, the size of data packets, etc. The attributes of
data transfer applied to the data in the transport channel is otherwise known as the ‘transport format’ (attribute)
i.e. channel coding,
CRC, interleaving, size of radio data packets,
e.g. BCH, PCH, DL-SCH, MCH
PHY
Physical channels
Physical channels are the actual implementation of the transport channels in the physical layer. They only exist in the
physical layer and depend on the physical layer characteristics. bandwidth FFT size
e.g. PDSCH, PDCCH, PMCH, PBCH…
Logical ChannelLogical Channel
•type of information •MAC priority •UE identification
Control ChannelControl Channel Traffic ChannelTraffic Channel

•signaling info (RRC) •user plane data (IP)
BCCH DCCH
•broadcast control ch. •dedicated control ch
•system information •dedicated RRC signaling with one UE
•downlink only •bi-directional
PCCH
•paging control ch.
•paging message for LTE_IDLE UE
•downlink only
DTCH MTCH
•dedicated traffic channel
CCCH •IP user plane data
•multicast traffic ch.
•common control ch. •MBMS traffic for broadcast or multicast MBMS
•bi-or uni-directional
•initial access signaling for RRC_IDLE UE services
•downlink only
MCCH
•multicast control ch.
•MBMS control information for MTCH
•downlink only;
Transport Channel (TrCH)
transfer characteristics:
•delay, collision risk
•supported block sizes and number of blocks
Downlink TrCH •supportfor HARQ Uplink TrCH
•support for beam-forming
•support for DRX/DTX
BCH •coding (reliability)
• broadcast channel •static | dynamic resource allocation
• carries BCCH •support for QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM;
PCH RACH
•paging channel
•random access channel
•carries PCCH
•carries no logical channel
•only for initial L1 access request
MCH
•multicast channel UL-SCH
•uplink shared channel
•carries MTCH, MCCH;
•carries CCCH, DCCH, DTCH
•supports HARQ
DL-SCH
•downlink shared channel
•carries DCCH, DTCH, BCCH, MTCH, MCCH
•supports HARQ
Physical Channels / Signals
•set of OFDM/SC-FDMA resource elements
•carry higher layer data (physical channel PhyCH) or
•used internally by L1 (physicalchannel/signal)
Downlink PhyCH Uplink PhyCH
Downlink Signals Uplink Signals

PUSCH
PBCH •phys. UL shared channel
•physical broadcast ch. •carries UL-SCH;
•carries BCH (BCCH) Downlink Reference signal Demodulation ref. signal
•pre-defined2-dimensional •pre-defined sequence sent
PUCCH
PDSCH orthogonal/pseudo-noise sequence along with PUSCH/PUCCH
•phys. UL control channel
•phys.DL shared channel •used for DL channel estimation, •used for uplink channel •L1 information
•carries PCH and DL-SCH; demodulation estimation, demodulation
PMCH PRACHPRACH
•phys. multicast channel DL synch. Signal Sounding ref. signal •phys. random access (channel)
•carriesMCH •pre-defined (long) sequence sent •carries RACH (access request
•1 of 3 pre-defined sequences
(Zadoff-Chu) alone preamble)
•used by NW to optimize channel •[in TS36.211 referenced assignal,
PDCCH •associated with cell-id
dependent scheduling not as channel
•phys. DL control channel •used for cell detection and initial
•L1 control information (scheduling time/phase synch.
assignments)
Multiplexing of channels.
Voz sobre IP en LTE

Segmentación de Paquetes
Packet size = 328 bits (AMR12.2+RoHC), minTbs = 104 bits RoHC = Robust Header Compression
Since RLC/MAC/CRC overhead is transmitted more than once, more resources are consumed to transmit the same amount of user data
(36% more for 12.2 AMR packet and 4 segments)
As number of transmitted packets increases, more resources on PDCCH are utilized and also on PHICH in DL– due to transmission of
ACKs/NACKs for HARQ purposes.
Codec’s AMR - Segmentación

Introduction to Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Techniques
Single Input Single Output (SISO)
This is the ‘traditional’ method of accessing the radio channel. Each transmitter has a single antenna, as does
each receiver. This method is used as the baseline against which the performance of all multiple antenna
techniques are compared.
Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) – Transmit Diversity

With the MISO system – also known as transmit diversity – each transmit antenna transmits essentially the same
stream of data. The multipath environment impacts upon the transmitted signal resulting in the arrival of time-
displaced replicas of the same signal at the receiver.
This is used to improve the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) at the receiver and therefore the reliability of data
transmission.
It is usual to apply antenna-specific coding to the signals prior to transmission to increase the diversity effect.
Transmit diversity does not increase data rates as such, but rather supports the same data rates using less power;
or it allows a higher order modulation scheme to be used if sufficient improvement in SNR is experienced at the
receiver.
The performance of transmit diversity can be enhanced if the receiver is able to feed back parameters to the
transmitter, enabling it to adjust the balance of phase and power used for each antenna.
Introduction to Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Techniques
Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO)

SIMO uses one transmitter and two or more receivers and is usually referred to as ‘receive Diversity’. It is
particularly well suited to low SNR conditions.
There is no improvement in the data rate, as only one data stream is transmitted, but coverage at the cell edge
is improved due to lowering the usable SNR.

As mentioned above, in a MIMO system, multiple data streams are transmitted simultaneously in the same
frequency and time; and for a system to be classified as MIMO it must have at least as many receivers as it
does transmission streams.
Single User, Multiple User, and Cooperative MIMO
The radio channel
Transmit antennas Receive antennas

Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO)
SU-MIMO, which can be used on the uplink and the downlink, increases the data rate provided to a single user and at the
same time increases the capacity in the cell.
The downlink operation of SU-MIMO is shown in the figure. Each UE is allocated two data streams, each of which has been
pre-coded such that it is represented at a different phase and power on each antenna. The object of this is to optimise the
transmission to match the conditions of the channel. The mixed data streams are then transmitted, and further mixed by the
channel.
When the signals reach the receiver, they are separated back into their original form, a process which will have been made
easier by the pre-coding that took place at the eNodeB.
While SU-MIMO provides capacity gains, however, it can be problematic if the antennas are sited too close together,
particularly at frequencies lower than 1 GHz.
Multiple User MIMO (MU-MIMO

MU-MIMO is only used in the uplink. It does not offer capacity gains to individual users, but it does improve the overall
capacity in the cell.
The diagram shows two UEs, each transmitting two separate data streams. In reality, the two transmitting antennas will be
spatially very separate (unlike the SU-MIMO case, above). This means that there is no facility to optimise coding by mixing
the data streams, but it is possible
for the receiving eNB to detect pairs of UEs that have uncorrelated paths, thereby potentially increasing the capacity gain.
An important benefit of MU-MIMO from the user’s perspective is that the UE does not require two transmitters, so battery life
is increased. Additionally, from the network’s point of view, the cell still benefits from increased capacity.
Co-operative MIMO (Co-MIMO)
Unlike SU-MIMO, which uses multiple antennas within a local terminal, Co-MIMO ‘collaborates’, i.e. it uses distributed
antennas that may belong to other users.
In the diagram, the example shows two geographically separate eNBs co-operating by pre-coding the separate antennas to
optimise communication with a UE.
Co-MIMO is used primarily in the downlink, where it is sometimes known as ‘Network-MIMO’. It can also be used in the uplink
(and known as ‘virtual Co-MIMO’), but this is difficult to achieve due to the spatially diverse nature of the transmitting UEs.
Downlink Co-MIMO is most useful at cell edges: because the radio paths will be uncorrelated, it is possible to achieve
considerably increased performance in areas where the SNR is likely to be poor.
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is an antenna technology – Sometimes called smart antenna technology –
that is used both in transmission and receiver equipment for wireless radio communication. MIMO uses multiple
antennas to send multiple parallel signals (from transmitter).
MIMO was first standardized in 3GPP Release 6 (Rel-6), and was further developed in Rel-7 with spatial
multiplexing for HSPA+ using Double Transmit Adaptive Array (D-TxAA). With MIMO, the use of multiple
antennas at both transmitter and receiver allows:
 Substantial increase in peak data rates

 Significantly higher spectrum efficiency, especially in low-interference environments
 Increased system capacity (number of users)
The 3GPP Rel-9 LTE specifications, completed in March 2010, included some of the most advanced forms of
MIMO of any standard in the industry. 3GPP has since included even more advanced MIMO enhancements for
LTE-Advanced.
Operators believe that, notwithstanding the basic differences in the physical layers used by UMTS and LTE, the
benefits envisioned from MIMO in LTE can also be obtained from MIMO in UMTS systems, starting in Release 7
(HSPA+). By deploying MIMO with HSPA+, an operator’s throughput speeds may double.
LTE DOWNLINK MIMO BASICS
The LTE standard supports one, two, or four base station transmit antennas and two or four receive antennas in the User Equipment (UE),
designated as: 1x2, 2x2, 4x4, where the first digit is the number of antennas per sector in the transmitter and the second number is the number
of antennas in the receiver. The cases where the base station transmits from a single antenna or a single dedicated beam are shown in the left
of the figure. The most commonly used MIMO Transmission Mode (TM4) is in the lower right corner, “Closed loop Spatial Multiplexing,”
when multiple streams can be transmitted in a rank 2 or more channel. The Transmission Modes, TM#, designation is also referred to in some
literature as Antenna Cases (AC#s).
With the E-UTRAN (LTE) 3GPP specifications an extremely sophisticated suite of transmission modes
was defined for taking advantage of a wide variety of MIMO antenna and channel situations. With LTE-
Advanced, there are 9 different Transmission Modes (TMs) applicable to 1, 2, 4, or 8 base station
transmit antennas and 2 or 4 terminal receive antennas. The base station’s scheduler dynamically
adapts the modes to adjust the number of streams as the rank of the channel changes with time and the
terminals may be requested to signal back channel state information or open loop transmit diversity can
be used if special multiplexing is less effective.
Source : E r i c s s o n r e v i e w - Transmission modes in 3GPP LTE Rel-8

Antenna configurations with the constraint of no more than 4 antenna cables per sector for a total of 12 cables for a 3 sector system.
(ULA=Uniform Linear Array, DIV=Diversity, CLA=Clustered Linear Array) The color code for the RF Coaxial connectors is the same as for the
elements, except for the Butler Matrix case. These illustrative diagrams represent a single band. Additional frequency bands may be overlaid within
the radomes containing these antenna elements.
Antenna configurations with the constraint of no more than 4 antenna cables per sector for a total of 12 cables for a 3 sector system.
(ULA=Uniform Linear Array, DIV=Diversity, CLA=Clustered Linear Array) The color code for the RF Coaxial connectors is the same as for the
elements, except for the Butler Matrix case. These illustrative diagrams represent a single band. Additional frequency bands may be overlaid within
the radomes containing these antenna elements.
Mapping of Reference Signals

to Resource Elements
ARQUITECTURA DE LOS SISTEMAS

GSM, UMTS, LTE
Evolved Packet Core
– EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE by 3GPP

– eUTRAN: Radio Access Network, also referred as LTE
Source: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300 http://www.3gpp.org/
MME: Mobility Management Entity

Evolved Packet Core
– Pure signalling entity inside the EPC:
• Signalling coordination for EPS bearer setup/release
– Subscriber attach/detach
– Tracking area updates
– Roaming Control
– Trigger and distribution of paging messages to UE
– Radio security control
MME
– Authentication, S1-MME
HSS
S6a
integrity protection eNB
S11
S1-U
Serving
Gateway
Serving Gateway
– Manages the user data in the EPC
– Receives packet data from the eNodeB and sends packet data to it
Evolved Packet Core
The EPC comprises four key elements:
 SGW (Signalling Gateway)
 PDN-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway)
 MME (Mobility Management Entity)
 HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
Other network elements may be required for specific service provision, and may vary depending on
operator implementation, but these elements are integral to any EPC configuration.
The desirability of separating signalling from data has been carried through into LTE, such that the user plane and
control plane are separated, enabling operators to adapt and dimension their networks more easily. This split is
reflected in the network architecture. The SGW and PDN-GW, which are logically connected together, are
responsible for user plane functionality, transporting data between the UEs and external networks. The SGW is
the entry and exit point between the EPC and the RAN; the PDN-GW is the entry and exit point between the EPC
and other PDNs (Packet Data Networks) and is responsible for IP address allocation to the UE.
The MME performs control-plane functions such as signalling and user mobility and is the termination point for
the NAS (Non-Access Stratum).
Packet Data Network Gateway

Evolved Packet Core
– Connection between EPC and a number of external data networks (comparable to GGSN in
2G/3G networks)
– IP Address Allocation for UE MME
S7 Rx+
S6a PCRF
– Packet Routing/Forwarding between HSS
S11
Serving GW and external Data Network S5/S8 SGi
PDN
– Packet screening (firewall functionality) Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
• Policy and Charging Rule Function
– Quality of Service (QoS) negotiation with the external PDN
– Charging Policy: How packets should be accounted
• HSS: Home Subscriber Server

– Permanent and central subscriber database
– Stores mobility and service data for every subscriber Contains AuC (authentication center)
functionality
Evolved Packet Core

The HSS is modelled on the HLR and AuC in 2G/3G networks, and is effectively a database that contains user-
related and subscriber-related information. It also has some mobility management functions.
This network composition, and the functional split between the user and control planes, is illustrated in the
simplified figure below. These elements will all be considered in greater detail later in the module.
Evolved Packet Core CAFAE del Instituto Nacional de Investigación
LTE Radio Interface, protocols and the X2 Interface
LTE-Uu interface
• Air interface of LTE
• Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
• FDD and TDD duplex methods
• Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to currently 20 MHz
X2 interface
• Inter eNB interface
• X2AP: special signalling protocol
• Functionalities:
– In inter- eNB HO to facilitate handover and
provide data forwarding.
– In RRM to provide e.g. load information to
neighbouring eNBs to facilitate interference
management
– Logical interface: It does not need direct site-
to-site connection
Evolved Packet Core

Handover over X2 - Principle
X2 Handover - Capacity
30…50ms radio link interruption during HO

X2 latency should be less or equal than radio link provisioning of extra capacity may only be justified for
interruption time for optimum performance sites where high HO performance is required
Evolved Packet Core

S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces and Protocols
S1 interface is divided into two parts:
S1-MME interface
• Control interface between eNB and MME
• S1AP:S1 Application Protocol
• MME and UE will exchange non-access
stratum signaling via eNB through this
interface (i.e. authentication, tracking area
updates)
S1-U interface
• User plane interface between eNB and serving
gateway
• Pure user data interface (U=User plane)
IDENTIDADES Y ADMNISTRACION
DE TRÁFICO
LTE Areas and Identities
Source : TS 23.003 ‘Numbering, Addressing and Identification’ and TS 23.401 ‘GPRS Enhancements for E-UTRAN Access
Network Identifiers
The PLMN ID (Public Land Mobile Network Identity) identifies the network itself and is composed of the MCC (Mobile
Country Code) and MNC (Mobile Network Code). The MCC identifies the country in which the PLMN is located while the
MNC identifies the PLMN in that country. The eNB-ID identifies a particular eNB within a network. A Global eNB ID identifies
an eNB globally, and comprises MCC, MNC and eNB-ID.
These comprise the TAI (Tracking Area Identity) and the ECGI (E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier).
TAI is used to identify a particular tracking area within the E-UTRAN. It is constructed from the MCC, MNC and TAC
(Tracking Area Code). The TAC is a fixed-length code of 2 octets that identifies a tracking area within a PLMN.
The ECGI is globally unique and comprises the PLMN-Id and the 28-bit ECI (E-UTRAN Cell Identity).
UE/Subscriber Identifiers
The following identifiers are associated with the UE and the USIM and uniquely identify either the subscriber
or the equipment.
• IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)

• IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
• TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
− M-TMSI (MME Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
− S-TMSI (SAE Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
• GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary Identifier
The subscriber will also have their own unique telephone number, the MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN
Number).
The IMEI comprises the 8-digit TAC (Type Allocation Code), the 6-digit SNR (Serial Number), and a one-digit
CD (Check Digit) or SD (Spare Digit).
The IMSI, stored on the USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module), is unique and is allocated to each
mobile subscriber in the system. It comprises the MCC, the MNC and the MSIN (Mobile Subscriber
Identification Number (MSIN), which identifies the subscriber within a PLMN. For user-security purposes, a
TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) may be allocated to subscribers roaming onto the network.
A TMSI only has local significance (in LTE, within an MME and the area controlled by an MME). The structure
and coding of it is not defined, but can be chosen by agreement between operator and manufacturer. The
TMSI consists of 4 octets. The TMSI is only ever allocated only in ciphered form, and is stored on the USIM.
The M-TMSI, which is new for LTE, identifies a user between the UE and the MME. The relationship between
M-TMSI and IMSI is known only in the UE and in the MME. It is 32 bits in length.
The GUTI provides an unambiguous identification of the UE without revealing its or the user’s IMSI in the
EPS. It also uniquely identifies the MME that allocated the GUTI, and the network where that MME resides. It
can be used by the network and the UE to establish the UE's identity during signalling between them in the
EPS. The GUTI comprises two components: the M-TMSI and the GUMMEI (Globally Unique MME Identity),
i.e. the identity of the MME that allocated the GUTI.
The S-TMSI is a shortened version of the GUTI, and is used to enable more efficient radio signalling
procedures including service request and paging. The mobile is paged with the S-TMSI. It comprises the
MMEC (MME Code) and the M-TMSI.
UE/Subscriber Identifiers
MME Identifiers
A number of identifiers are associated with the MME. These are:
• MMEC (MME Code) • MMEGI (MME Group Identifier)

• MMEI (MME Identity) • GUMMEI (Globally Unique MMEID)
The MMEC uniquely identifies the MME within all the pool areas. As well as being unique within
pool areas, the MMEC must be unique within overlapping pools. This code is 8 bits in length.
The MMEGI is allocated to group of MMEs and is 16 bits in length.
The MMEI uniquely identifies the MME within a network, and comprises the MMEID and the
MMEC.
The GUMMEI comprises the PLMN ID (i.e. MCC and MNC) and the MMEI, thereby uniquely
identifying an MME throughout all networks.
EPS Bearer Identity

An EPS bearer identity is allocated by the MME, and uniquely identifies an EPS bearer for one UE accessing via
the E-UTRAN.
`
There is a one-to-one mapping between the EPS radio bearer and EPS bearer and their respective identities.
This mapping is made by the E-UTRAN.
EPS Bearers
Ùu-LTE S1 S5/S8 Gi
Default and Dedicated Bearers

GBR and Non-GBR Bearers

MOVILIDAD
Mobility
As the user terminals are not fixed to certain positions, the network must keep`track on where the mobile
is located. The system must at least be capable of knowing the geographical area in which the
subscriber is located. As in GSM networks, UMTS has a cellular architecture that allows the network to
identify the subscriber.
The Home Location Register (HLR) is the central database that

stores information on the subscriber, such as the IMSI and
MSISDN. The HLR also stores information on which serving MSC
and SGSN the subscriber can be found.
Also in the HLR we store information on the
subscriber's service profile. In other words, we
have a record of the different services
(teleservices, supplementary and packet services)
that the subscriber can/cannot use.
Mobility : UTRAN registration areas
UTRAN Registration Area (URA).

Mobility: Location updating

As the network maintains three layers of information on the subscriber's location (LA, RA and
URA), there are multiple procedures used to track the subscriber's movements. In practice,
there are three basic types of location update procedures:
• Location registration (power on / cell attach)

• Movement between area
• Periodic update
These are explained in more detail in the forthcoming pages. In a GSM network the BSC took
no responsibility for mobility management; instead the mobile would contact the core networks
directly to inform about a change in location.
In UMTS, the situation is different as the RNC not only keeps information on which subscribers
are in which URA, but is also responsible for the location updating to the core network.
Mobility: Paging the subscriber

From the HLR, the network is able to determine at the very least in which location area/routing area the subscriber is
located. The network (e.g. MSC) will contact the MSC/SGSN serving that area and request contact to the mobile. The
VLR/SGSN will then send a paging message, which contains the ID of the subscriber on a dedicated channel in the air
interface. A mobile in idle mode is always listening to this channel.
Mobility: Roaming in another network

When a subscriber is in a foreign network, the procedures are the same. When the
subscriber registers in the visiting network, it will in turn contact the home network
(remember that part of the IMSI code specifies the home network). If the two
operators have a roaming agreement and the subscriber is valid, the subscriber
information is copied into the serving VLR of the MSC and the information on the
subscriber is stored in the HLR.
Every VLR in the world has a unique address. As a subscriber moves from one
network to another, the location updating proceeds as normal. The HLR is always
informed of the unique VLR, in which the subscriber was last seen.
Mobility: Roaming in another network
ASPECTOS DEL POWER CONTROL

Y HANDOVER CONTROL
Handover types
• intra-frequency handover: The cells use the same carrier frequency.
• Inter-frequency handover: The cells use different carrier frequencies.
• Inter-system handover. The cells are of different radio access technologies (RAT), and consequently
different frequencies, too. A handover between a GSM cell and a WCDMA cell is, for example, a typical inter-
system handover.
Handover procedures
Handover types
Soft handover
Soft handover is performed between two cells belonging to different Node Bs but not necessarily to the same
RNC. The source and target cell of the soft handover has the same frequency. In case of a circuit switched call,
the terminal is actually performing soft handovers all the time if the radio network environment has small cells.
Softer handover
In softer handover the Node B transmits through one sector, but receives from both of the sectors.
In this case, the UE has active uplink radio connections with the network through two cells
populating the same Node B.
Hard / Inter-frequency handover
The UMTS hard handover is a ‘GSM-like’ handover made between two WCDMA frequencies. In
case of a hard handover, the connection through the old cell is cleared and the connection with the
radio network continues through the new cell.
Hard handover is not recommended unless there is a desperate need: this handover type increases
interference easily.
Hard / Intra-frequency handover
This type of a handover is performed

if the Iur interface is not available (for
example, between the RNCs coming
from two manufacturers).
Inter-system handover
The possibility to perform an inter-system handover is
enabled in the UMTS by a special functioning mode,
slotted mode. When the UE uses Uu interface in the
slotted mode, the contents of the Uu interface frame is
“compressed” in order to open a time window, through
which the UE is able to peek and decode the GSM
BCCH information.
Additionally, both the WCDMA RAN and GSM BSS must

be able to send each
other’s identity information on the BCCH and BCH
channels, so that the UE is
able to perform the decoding properly.
Mobility : LTE Mobility Scenarios

EPS mobility management comprises functions and procedures that maintain the connectivity
between UE and EPS as the UE moves between the coverage areas of different base stations or
access networks. As far as possible, seamless mobility is provided so that the mobility is
transparent to UEs and the applications they use. For applications that require it, the mobility is
“lossless”. In other words, the packet loss probability is very low.
Mobility Scenarios
• LTE Intra-RAT mobility comprises:
– Intra-eNB mobility (handover between cells within a certain eNB)
– Inter-eNB mobility (handover between adjacent eNBs).
• Inter-RAT mobility comprises:

– mobility between LTE and other 3GPP RATs (GERAN or UTRAN)
– mobility between LTE and non-3GPP RATs (such as WLAN, WiMAX or 3GPP2
access network (HRPD))
Mobility Scenarios Identities for

GERAN/UMTS
Mobility scenarios for LTE/EPC

Identities for LTE
Interworking with 2G/3G Access

The EPC is not backwards-compatible with 2G/3G network architecture, but it does support interworking with
existing 2G/3G packet core nodes. This interoperability is provided by the S3 and S4 interfaces.
The role of S3 is to support user and bearer information exchange between the SGSN and the MME, as the
terminal is moving from one access type to the other. User context, negotiated QoS and bearer information is
exchanged between the nodes so that the new serving MME or SGSN receives the necessary information
about the session. The S3 interface is based on the Gn interface designed for 2G/3G packet core architecture
to support mobility between SGSN nodes, and as such is based on GTP.
The S4 interface is associated with the session user plane and supports packet data transfer between the
SGSN and the SGW, which acts as a mobility anchor point within the EPC architecture. S4 is based on the Gn
interface, defined between the 2G/3G Packet Core SGSN and GGSN nodes, and is also based on GTP.
Interworking can exist between the EPS and 3GPP 2G and/or 3G SGSNs that provide only Gn and Gp
interfaces but no S3, S4 or S5/S8 interfaces. These Gn/Gp SGSNs provide no functionality that is introduced
specifically for the EPS or for interoperation with the E-UTRAN. Interoperation scenarios for operating E-
UTRAN with a PLMN maintaining Gn/Gp SGSNs are supported only with a GTP-based S5/S8.
Interworking with 2G/3G Access
S4 interface is associated with the session

user plane and supports packet data transfer
between the SGSN and the SGW
S3 is to support user and bearer information exchange

between the SGSN and the MME
Trusted and Untrusted Non-3GPP Accesses

Access mechanisms are provided for both trusted and untrusted non-3GPP accesses, i.e. accesses from
networks that use access technologies that are not specified by 3GPP. These include WiMAX, CDMA2000, Wi-
Fi, and fixed-line access networks. Which access networks are ‘trusted’ and which are not is HPLMN (Home
PLMN) operator specific.
Trusted accesses can connect directly to the EPC. In the case of untrusted accesses, interworking via an
ePDG (evolved Packet Data Gateway) is required. The main functions of an ePDG are security-based, for
example providing IPsec (IP security) tunnelling between the UE and the EPC over the untrusted access.
In roaming scenario, the HPLMN’s HSS/AAA (Authentication, Authorisation and Accounting) server makes the
final decision regarding whether a non-3GPP IP access network is trusted or untrusted. The AAA Server may
take the policy and capability of the VPLMN (Visited HPLMN) into account, which will be determined from the
AAA Proxy or the roaming agreement.
For multiple PDNs, the same trust relationship shall apply to all the PDNs the UE connects to from a particular
non-3GPP access network, i.e. it shall not be possible to access one PDN using the non-3GPP access
network as trusted, while access to another PDN using the same non-3GPP access network as untrusted.
The following figure shows the architecture that applies to trusted and untrusted non-3GPP accesses.
Trusted and Untrusted Non-3GPP Accesses
HPLMN (3GPP networks)
No-3GPP networks, e.g.

WiMax
WLAN
PSTN
CDMA2000
Interworking and Mobility Management

The EPS supports the following mobility management mechanisms:
• Network-based mobility management mechanism based on PMIP (Proxy Mobile IP) or GTP.
• Host-based mobility management mechanism (such as MIP (Mobile IP)) over S2 reference
points.
• IETF-based network-based mobility management mechanism (i.e. PMIP) over S5/S8 reference
points
Roaming Subscribers
Traffic for roaming subscribers may be either home routed or use local breakout.
Home-Routed Traffic
This scenario may occur when a user is roaming in another country or when a national roaming
agreement has been set up between operators, effectively allowing them to share networks and
reduce the investment required to provide national coverage. Service logic is provided by the home
network.
The local MME and S-GW enable the visited network to build and send charging tickets to the
subscriber’s home operator, corresponding to the amount of data transferred and the Quality of
Service allocated.
The MME is connected to the HSS of the subscriber’s home network via the S6a interface (Diameter),
enabling it to retrieve the user-specific security credentials required during authentication and
ciphering.
The session path goes through the home PDN-GW over the S8 (GTP) interface, so as to apply policy
and charging rules in the home network corresponding to the user-subscription parameters.
Roaming (Home-Routed Traffic)
VPLMN
No-3GPP networks
Local Breakout
The home routed architecture may be inefficient if the home PDN-GW and the visiting S-GW are too far apart. In
such cases, the EPC supports local breakout of traffic, the term ‘local breakout’ meaning that for a user moving
within and across one operator-defined network region (e.g. administrative domain), routing is optimised such
that user-plane traffic does not need to leave the current region. This can apply whether a roaming subscriber is
accessing the EPC via a 3GPP or a non-3GPP access network.
Local breakout enables the routing of traffic via the visited PDN-GW, for example if a user requires public Internet
access; in this case, routing the traffic to the home network would not add any value to the end-user. Routing
traffic through the local gateway avoids a complete round-trip of user data through the home network packet
gateways.
Local breakout is applicable for user-to-user traffic as well as for 3GPP-operator provided services (including
Internet access), and can be used in both roaming and non-roaming scenarios.
Authorisation of local breakout is by the HPLMN. If local breakout is not authorised, the user plane traffic shall be
handled in the home routed mode.
Roaming (Local Breakout)
VPLMN
No-3GPP networks
Migration to LTE VoIP
The CS fallback and SMS over SGs in EPS function is realized by using the SGs interface
mechanism between the MSC Server and the MME.
The SGs interface functionality is based on the mechanisms specified for the Gs interface, TS
23.060
TS 23.272
EPS architecture for CS fallback and SMS over SGs

When voice calls are initiated or received, the handset is directed by the network to the CS
network to complete both mobile terminated and mobile originated voice calls. The
functionality to fallback from LTE to CS domain is referred to as CS Fallback (CSFB).
TS 23.272
EPS architecture for CS fallback and SMS over SGs

TS 23.272
Attach Request
The LTE handset sends the Attach Request together with specific “CS Fallback
Indicator” to the MME which starts the Location Update procedure towards MSC/VLR via
SGs interface.
TS 23.272
Location Update Request
MME starts the Location Update procedure towards MSC/VLR via SGs interface.
TS 23.272
A mobile terminal using LTE cannot use 3G at the same time. This implies that the MME
which contains the LTE location registration area (Tracking area (TA)), is unable to identify
which MSC/VLR it should send the mobility management messages to from the TA alone. To
solve this problem, the mapping of Tas and 3G Location Areas (LA) within MME has benn
TS 23.272
TS 23.272
Mobile Originating Call

TS 23.272
Mobile Terminating Call


TS 23.272
MME starts the Location Update procedure towards MSC/VLR via SGs interface.
Data interruption time
If a user is in an active PS data session (e.g., streaming media) when a voice call is initiated,
the inter-RAT transition and routing area update will interrupt the data transfer. The
interruption time will depend on the mobility mechanism.
Using handover-based CSFB, the data stream

interruption time of 0.3 seconds is unlikely to be
noticeable. The user experience impact of the
much higher 5 second data stream interruption
in the redirection-based Release 9 SI Tunneling
and Release 8 Skip SIBs methods may be
mitigated in practice by the fact that user
attention will already be diverted to initiating an
outgoing call or receiving an incoming call.
SIB: System Information Block

All units in seconds
Mobility Anchors
During mobility, the U-plane
data path continuity to the PDN
is maintained using mobility
anchors. These are network
element instances which are
permanent members of the U-
plane path and located such
that the path from the anchor to
the PDN does not change.
Mobility anchor point

Mobility Anchors
Mobility scenarios and anchor points

IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
The IMS is an all-IP architectural framework for delivering a range of multimedia services over IP networks. These
include services, such as speech, that traditionally transit CS networks.
The first iteration of IMS appeared in Release 5 of the 3GPP specifications, when it was represented as a possible
means of evolving core networks from circuit switching to packet switching, enabling the development of Internet-style
packet-based services to subscribers over UMTS networks. The IMS specifications were further developed in
Releases 6 and 7. At Release 8, 3GPP integrated IMS into the LTE/SAE specifications, as a solution for offering
voice and content-rich multimedia services over the IP network.
The signalling protocol chosen for controlling real-time multimedia sessions via IMS in LTE networks is SIP (Session
Initiation Protocol), defined by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). Voice data is tunnelled through the IP core
network inside IP packets. The advantage of such an architecture is that all services are handled through a common
control architecture, by means of SIP sessions.
The implementation of an IMS is extremely dependent on sufficient IP QoS mechanisms. It is also possible for
operators to deploy an IMS in parallel with retained MSC functionality. Indeed, it seems highly likely that, given the
considerable investment operators have made in their existing networks, operators’ legacy networks will stay in place
for some time to come.
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
The figure below shows the differences in service delivery over IMS when a UE is in LTE coverage and when it
falls back to UTRAN or GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network) coverage.
MUCHAS
GRACIAS
por su atención
Av. San Luis 1771 San Borja, Lima – Perú

TDMA FDMA CDMA OFDMA

• Time Division • Frequency Division • Code Division • Frequency Division
• Orthogonal subcarriers
f f f f
t t t t
f f f f
eNBID#A eNBID#B
X2-Interface
S1-Interface MME
S1-Interface

Tecnología de Acceso Radio GSM, UMTS, LTE

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA

CAFAE del Instituto Nacional de Investigación

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RADIO ACCESO

INTERFAZ AIRE DE LOS SISTEMAS

Evolved Packet Core

Principios de Transmisión en Sistemas de Comunicaciones Móviles

■ Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular

1900M 15M 5M 12.5M 12.5M 2.5M12.5M

1850 1882.5 1910

2.6G 36M 54M 40M 72M

Peru Mobile Frequency Bands AWS

TECNOLOGÍA DE RADIO ACCESO GSM

GSM - Bandas de Frecuencia

TECNOLOGÍA DE RADIO ACCESO GSM

TECNOLOGÍA DE RADIO ACCESO GSM

TECNOLOGÍA DE RADIO ACCESO GSM

TECNOLOGÍA DE RADIO ACCESO UMTS

TECNOLOGÍA DE RADIO ACCESO UMTS

TECNOLOGÍA DE RADIO ACCESO UMTS

3GPP TS 36.104 version 11.4.0 Release 11

LTE Multiple Access Radio Interface

LTE Multiple Access Radio Interface

 Error detection on the transport channel and indication to higher layers

The fluctuation of received signal power is called ‘fading’. If the power is

As all received components will have travelled different path lengths, it is

Defeating Multipath-Induced ISI with the Addition of the Cyclic

Each carrier uses an upper and lower guard band to

OFDM allows a tight packing of small carrier -called the

No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference) in OFDM due to

…intercepts the ‘nulls’ of the

Guard (no power) Guard (no power)

 OFDMA® stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

 It is a registered trademark by Runcom Ltd.

 But still it is difficult to run highly variable traffic efficiently.

 Such block is simply a set of some subcarriers over some time.

 A single user can then use one or more Resource blocks.

– The higher the peaks, the greater the range of power

– Having a UE with such a PA that works over a big

– Not best suited for use with mobile (battery- powered)

• One user is always continuous in frequency

• Smallest uplink bandwidth, 12 subcarriers: 180

Radio Channel Access Codes

Transmit antennas Receive antennas

Control ChannelControl Channel Traffic ChannelTraffic Channel

Downlink Signals Uplink Signals

Voz sobre IP en LTE

Codec’s AMR - Segmentación

Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) – Transmit Diversity

Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO)

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

Transmit antennas Receive antennas

Multiple User MIMO (MU-MIMO

 Substantial increase in peak data rates

Source : E r i c s s o n r e v i e w - Transmission modes in 3GPP LTE Rel-8

Mapping of Reference Signals

ARQUITECTURA DE LOS SISTEMAS

– EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE by 3GPP

MME: Mobility Management Entity

Packet Data Network Gateway

• HSS: Home Subscriber Server

Evolved Packet Core

Evolved Packet Core

30…50ms radio link interruption during HO

Evolved Packet Core