A History of the English Language (Chapter 3)

PORTAJADA, Emmanuel, M. AB English 1B ELS 100

1. +

2. Sanskrit: Old English:

bhar þu
pitar þrie
pada beran
trayas fæder
tvam fot

3. Latin: Modern English:

noctis tooth
gelu night
cannabis kin
dentis glacial
gens hemp

 noctis – night: did not undergo the shift (sound change)

 gelu – glacial: did not undergo the shift
 cannabis – hemp: shifted from voiceless stop [k] to voiceless fricative [h]
 dentis – tooth: shifted from voiced stop [d] to voiceless stop [t]
 gens – kin: shifted from voiced stop [g] to voiceless stop [k]

4.

Languag hundred
e
A sã
B tʃɛnto
C siɛnto
D kɛntum

 (A) French, (B) Italian, (C) Spanish, and (D) Latin

5. Some Indo-European words I looked up within the discussion of the chapter:

 (bhrāter-) bhrātā–brother: changed from an aspirated voice stop [bh] to a voice stop
only [b]; Grimm’s Law.
 (ten-) tenuis–thin: changed from a voiceless stop [t] to a voiceless fricative [θ]; frication.
 (dekm̥ ) decem–ten: changed from a voiced stop [d] to a voiceless stop [t]; devoicing.

6. +

7.
a. jalena: instrument
b. nagarat: location
c. aham, tam: subject, object