‘Thermal physics SS Liquids Ina guid, the particles are cose together with weak bonds tractive force) between ‘them Its eas forthe parties to move past one another and asa esi liquids can be poured and can flow. AS te pats are already close together, they cannot be pushed much doser together and so liquids are incompressible, Gases Ina gas, the particles are very far apart with negligible (practically zero) forces between ‘them. Iti easy for the particles to move past one another and the gas can flow. ‘The particles can easily be pushed closer together and so gases are compressible. Substances that can flow are called fluids. All iquids and gases are fluids. Change in motion of molecules in a gas with temperature [As the temperature of a gas increases, the average kinetic eneray of the particles increases and so the average speed of the particles increases. Pressure due to a gas ‘The gas particles are moving fast in all directions. Ifthe gas is placed in a sealed container, ‘when the particles hit the sides of the container, they rebound and so exert a force on the ‘walls of the container. Hence there is a pressure on the side of the container equal to the {force exerted divided by the area of the side. (o = F/A, see section 1.7). the temperature of the gas increases, the average speed of the particles and the number of collisions per second increases. Hence the force exerted on the container by the partces is greater and so the pressure increases. Brownian motion: the movement of small pai or a liquid ew through rricosope 2igzag paths of smoke bits If smoke i introduced into a glass cell and observed through a microscope, the smoke particles ‘can cleatly be seen, The smoke particles appear to be in random motion, Ths is because they ‘are constantly being hit by the other rapidly moving particles, in the air, in the glass cell ‘This is evidence that the particles in air are in constant random motion. Itshows that massive particles may be moved by light, fast-moving particles.