9 = et. FEEDBACE BMPLFIERS = Feedback open leap ampifton. @.. ‘1 2a, Bw — chaachovttce ar anplfin. Loin cas beocierel M4 usta & techn pe Called feedback: pubou : pation olp ¢ . sd enn - ty Bs ae tp» Herbal. is 7 When x ona Cottage Or current) back -to Posttive feedback ~When the teatbask Voltage or cussant 8 £0 applied. ag +6 tncmase The |p am it is called _Postlive Sodback -Brhis the jesdback te ‘enphase— wwtth Tie tap signal Ek tg abe called direct or egennatie. —predback, postbve. \ “Bince poatde-feedbadk causes cree dictoelion & maatalely # IS Seldom used ta arralifiers “oocgue| becaue of tts capobiily of Psat the power of ovigeral Aeguall tis a oscillatory out a Aeackiors oulpud- te tnput ig Called feedback, Nepplte! —fpedtack: : When “tx feedback Voltage ot Ctingect ts £0 applied, os tp dacsas. the Ip oR Be ts coltod, Negative jetback: 4s hig “the. -feedbaak to’ fo: phase oppesttion with te ‘ep stqred -.7t ie ale called SY Negabie -éatzack Actus inverse. o- d | amplifier goin but tas, Tusmexous nartoge B gain stability ® Reduction Wn, TO linea distortin ® Reduction in ToBe, , @Oouare to BW OF Hmpssvamest 10 reRpOM ES “® Docvose in vopd- impedasnce, © Detrsase 1 output venpelare. |—Used in arnplife™ cerole « Refuctio’y in gain can be, presented intueasing “Me ausohe 7) Prnamanectal heNhe Feedback Nho ako emsuses Trak Peedbod wilage YF te Wo I" ase oe +o the MP stayed Ng. la inctatamcous volage - cake He ampliior imp 700 Vin = Vg VE = Vsg—B Vout Thus olp V will be tow thoh robo cout be obtaimed if akine ox VIA =ACW-Bvow) — Fecdlnadk were ‘ot employed Vos (teA@) = Mg s "i of) aarp | Thay ig due to Ne pet thas ‘pv hos become. eae toe ne, Sup py Voltage becouse Negative feedback “Te overall Voltage gain You veut, ip Noel rreducodt Block oe aa serie wrth feed bock AS AB Treedbock lien vith feadbocr ss | Yadiop Je ‘eedbock. 4 Arop lef ) Frauar (29“Ce, » SSE LLL to Ce qpomtty etn. 7 “ie voltage Oy Custont te, Carmrpled by mean) ‘ Aancpling who Cor Gamplat) and ts fd fo. Me ack, fro» Ma olp gf the pedbaok aso stohtdh hag O patio olp Seaal ig combined with the external (gousae) signal Bisoiigh oa mer. rabizeak amd fed Weta “th baste annplifier - Fe different Books. of- Redbook amp life ae . 4-Stenal Sour: We block is ettha o signal voltage Vg im ABiues wold Seystos Re oF Zetgnal cussent Ts In posal wlth sextatot Re, i i eit pon p Raedboacke Nehunaki The: fesdbork Mtekumye i usually fpr ojo pase San po sinc mk HS TN “ok atch ymduclst. and. capadlare, ("mast offer pesishndy. De pectin 's sels 6 “oo Ot cussant) TO se. pate % a. Apeheioe of output energy Cottage ow : Fre osmplifion® : 2 Soomnpling Neluork: Sacnpling nw’ ann a hao tae ariel valage Neliirsk, amd Custenk arnpltng: networks’ 6 Ahown belao- Oudpuk: vatage 1% fosro pled v1 mg. -fedbock wfto ether Bhurnk— atants tre oukput o& in ee wotth the Output ‘We Jota. ie known as, voltage & erode. Larnplt amd. lait 1% knousn os Cursont “ot Up) Corsent Sarnpling nfo CustrarteSamnge- \ing- oF EL a: 4-Compaalor or Mie Nehoook: Mixes also known 2s tompayO favo Bape. ymamely. dertes mivtoy dard Abu “mine. ag ee 2 A. diffeonbial’ amplifier. ‘ihich has Lito Input andl ene. wn of > Proportional to dlffeuna belibeea Me gral at~ Bho Lay ; imc etal Used 0, a mixx ot Comparaller. - Ae ' (6) Shunt wend ot patee Souter i 2 ¥ ire on = The Aymbol A to “pute (2) Axpeiaente Hho. Actio of te ould: Sire “lo te input Aaral of the | basic Prplificn. +” | alte Vout voltage gaim Ay | me hamster ve 0 Vouk 1 4 The trams voli. "Dat fg cusaant gain Ay The. Aalio vee is P sejoud Jo ag Hsamsagséttamee Rey. ductame: Gm . The satin Bad 9 sefpsed 10 sawnscondu 4 au ke ented eo as a frameypt qc" of best aplft. without foodback - Te Aymbel As defined as the Sahio of We output Aired ds inpa- Argel af the scvenplifie— a ae Alpwn 1 %y 2) t% Shown | ag Pramefs 4aim Of ~the with deottack |Lqprione We ‘IP signet givin do due amplifier + ; Te Np = Vat Vp- Vere te ‘lp vig opplied fo Soe bane: 0 jolly , comptes is tavucred Hoy invaaning Mo &*|” mundi otty Ap 2 Ne = Ne Ns WVyp esol se te PL WiNMe, LB i-pp No Vo Here [Del Pla). The product of He opr loop gor 4 Hae feed bark ferton ty told Har loop gov'n te PPR \Pplel, dun Dy = 0: Nigakve fedbauk - Ty He feed bark siqnol Vig ts out ok phase with fIp signe) Ve ten Via VerVy ond Ler) pendingly op is devuored - Ry = Ye = Ve ve VirVe . wee "i oF Veit vp ote A +R Pp Hen Ag] ele): Lp ipploml Ha Ay = dR:© bach of Negative Ceedbatle ! \ *) S4abI sation Gain S— The Vortadiony fa temp, Ppp Ne Hages , Sy eiag of Lomrpontnts (om) Vartadions ta Prenniites Poranclens wi Mn naplounun + ONL some of Hae foto n» dhol hat Hae gate of On emuplift or & oun it do Change. However He oVevall que + Hae ompliticn ton be mode. Independant ob there Variehtens if Vaatve fedbouk iy wed Tha & an trupe nto duantage of Ve fedba , The gave of tae emplitier wlth ve fedbok js Bye By AY P flossing 4D wht we gut df 2 Peopiy de Grape Bo (tap) — ne dAt = Ja "woruto a oe (sp) The dum Ja, prnnd> He frotcnal Ae fies vig’ ger? with ta fprtional chang. The Jum choge in oomph: dbak gna dA denotes dee oo A M9 S49 Om Wwitod Feclbark . Th calla seani divide Men) Ai wp ‘dA Sennitrity > (BA 4 dA } Ir A BR >) Trucos op Pondwietth t= The Predud op vq Gein @ Bo “pa ompl bay Wl Fhoup Sudbuk 2 wih, fadbak remmainy flu Come As ¥ Buy, = Ay Bw -= be (trap) 4 wg = fy (rap) tus = Se lea PB Boa > BondwidHy wilh feedbart Fug > Op pes Cab ofp faeg, with, Seedbart Lyg > bw tak edge Feug, wit Ledbay ENomple® tot Aztoo Bro} Ay = tes = Jo \+¥o P=loo Brel py 7 feo BW Io IFio Gain a - ep wiftost Ladbork f fig B Bwf ———> 3) Deomored Distomdion— Cort open Lop vg que & a -+ofol homeaic disfo Thin with Har totaoduchen of —Ve fed bak the disdenten coil) neduce to D itPp Dp = dis an onspli fies with an nhey D-A ¢ yas foun Mie KP e 4) Decntaned Notre Thue o med ° * sits, o wphlew mca on He ouhVe die Woe we On aneph iia dupundeng up duad b 5 . HN tan be rueduce f q Uinta Ne fad ba Hue anise fetor ieapy \ Hee JN \ ras IP inspedanu t= An orplifin show Id ilr feapedonu s6 trod TL eoill aot load Ha Preceding stags tow) ip VAG sounees TOP topedante wIHy feed bake is giver by : Dy = ili ap) 6) Deine in O}P inapedoru !— An omupliferes with lous CIP inpedane. 1, wepable ot d lead Littout mush Loss» is gee by 5) Daenose in i heave Li 9h elivuiag mone powwel de Hue Th ofp Petedann volt, ford bark et = WR) Fdvendag en “he _fedbaue t- ') Gain chavits The Vig gain “te fadbok fs gian an Op= 8 [ (rap). Hen Hu S¥prunio beens Ap = “fudbae nap eae PR>>] Vp fe, overall geo Fe Pe is todpandad op intened gain ancl dipinds ealy on tecdbaus vat B- 2) Reduced ‘ssuced Noatiacan Disfontien I A loge Signal Stage lias nen -lineon didontion tolith iu Meduce, ob by a factor, (Ap) volun ore fedbotk iy uneg . 8) Redued “Note t- Tht b chs Soni fie vouch 4 neduced Negative fdbauk ty) wed . SYS a Asie Wg fo te by & poste» Ci+ap) volunMe Rls rte Erered Bi’ The Bu of a7 enipll fees ebitaoul bal 0 wot to fla sepaia tion bw Sap frugy!s ch Fa EB is He gate tian gain bard width pandul~ Ak Bw oly Ve fedback Ha onipli fin gain is Hudutea & sto Gain Bw prcdish lean fo tuxain convent in boll, Lan bo ole Viounly Hu Bw will Hemant to tonspanna ie forte nediution fh gun: 5) rcrusned U[p towpedann <= ‘Tha iI inpedane He onphpa with ve feed book ta inane by fever ob (rap) t) Redued ofp inpedanu — The ofr teapedone Phe antplifeer voit, ve ped bask fr medued by & faster ¢ Gee) .sed Op Aoprezertt any oma. ‘hee ous sets: 1, @ | Vouk. A Toul- . eee NS Oe Tut- ys 1 Te NE) Sa Gent ov, Nout. Ra $ pith Feedback _ Without fed doth, | ) Voltoge Sentech » ono Vattoge et ) Voltage shut 2) Cussent —plifie 3) Cussent- BenLeh, 3) “Fomeaesislonts asmplidter 1H) “Fransconductana anplifer= » Cussconle Mount: Without fealfoack > Voltage henplifion: Voltage aroplifitte ase ieee ep en “ fnpu vetlage Aiqval ord pasvide o d i" The. voltage armphifee je vollage consoled Vella euace he rap iengedaee Should ‘be high asd nee Afould be Dow - pat \ Rp 7 RS, HH io we’, ond if foad outloud ‘roped HH Voltage evenpl - TE the fopab veutstarnG., josithowte RL>> Row! them Vouk @hVta wd | 2 gain Ay = Voud oy Voltag re v Neck 9 ah wt “dor Ng t i a) 1 1 1 ; nwo fea Nou t T Fqpiatent canquih 9) an-hoplifien% Cusaent Armplit@r The. teapot Signal Ie 0, cussant am a a casters om thus the Aipeal Boule nog 3 1S exsench conveniently Ropsrosonked by ik Novtin €qpl " “he oudpule uoily of eobexnt fe custanh» Te camsert corp ' is Cussent Grribolled cussent Our is eisertially a we oe : a! . 1 Joub =P BO Rin Séitty “Zr SR | : . _{ May § TE he" rnpuk seuistace Rin.2cRs then Tin Ts ard If RL ex Boul stun By = Tout = ABin o Cussenk gai = Dow ee ee An Veal cussint amplifier should have gpt0 inpit crenickamea ound. infinite. output: Sedctante. oe Tram condtuctames. Amplifiers 3 ~bameonductane aniplifons the trp: Sigel & a Voltage rd Ne oidpiltiqnal te Cussork Te Veoh Isamgconductama. ampifio parvides am Oakpat cussent which re poeportions to the Atynal Voltage» eark——-—+ ~—--) | q iS ‘DoweTL | f 4 + 1 ed \ 1 l =~! ‘ TE Re Veltage sens A pvalante Coeur Vellage Gein (Ay - o= hg Vo = A(vs- Ye) Yo = A Cc - pve) ‘0 = Avs -ABVo ‘o-YPV> = Avs = Ne A : YoC wD = Ave => Me. = Ab,si Ye = Vinavg Le Mo = Nee a , Vos vinxve = “VE = Be ard Yor Pip = Mint Avio a Rip = CITA) (i =e) The. rnpuk bmpedamen i tatazatal by jpde Uirhp) Ourque t amcelRog) «78 derive The €* presser fe outed. emp vomt, we shove to dixcennect Ry value A opp retinge ‘atthe OPE Bide then due te fis, wetloge. cument 2 Yr br the, cecal Rog = L Pe yea We ME © © VERE Viana = EAB (ovat =D O q ev (itp) - Fo Ro = V(renp) = PosLVAB 2 Raf = is TAB ' Tia. owkpuk ‘rpedama decuaged bd a act Orbe}' He tit, othe Input ‘atiral fe cummml £ fee ce t. Cutsent Shung To” Sarat 12, alo cuttin: 3: Gov (Atgy: yi To= ATi Te = ACI¢-TH) Jo = ACIS P30) Tp = ATs Ape Topitapn = AS fe ‘ hig Be = Tea(9004 apply output: vollagelyat: outpub: ide es T= Se Att Me Jo 2 AGHPYAY ¥ Toap Tr - Vow : 0 Apto 7 Tp = ply Tot apto = x : 2 To (It Ap ax D Ro(tt AB) = y ec + Consent Soxeg “Th ths the Tp Sarat weloge © dlp Signal Te Ostet ro Gy =F + Equivalmk darcuik pt curser! Sorics feedback AemplifinD Gain CN) s Ty = Avio D Thpul ‘Arapedame. Rit) ag = Me em T =A Ce¥$) as 1 = Ng Blo) Jo Crap) = Ave N= Soe NB Pe | = vo B AYN) on y= vina plnvt We wh 2 yin ZS) o Ay = To_= AL xe vs V4 Ripe Ay IRB) Wp soxistamte b; Inexcared wep (HA) 3) Output Bapedance 176 determine the ofp lempedamce with edbacl Aigconnect RL and apy voltage Vv at le oukpwt &de , due +o shes, voltage ) Curssorst 2. ‘flows toto Ve cere va Roe = Ye , Dz Avint DF = Aye + ab Np Ro To =-AyPTp+Vv Ty + Apt) = wR 8o Bo (t+AR) =v ko The ofp sesintante ie, imcrcatetl by a todo Cr+ng)“ts “thts “The Input Adgral fe content and @ Gluant : Agra fs vollage (Fag - eT . “t| Shp peal PS “Vellae. Shunk: Bpivale Giese ).Gatn Laue) ©) Tape ‘Simpaloma Rik = 2 No = ATin t - fo Me Tine Tg, Vo <& Us TE) “Te Deh " Vo = ACIs- pe) Rey. = io Vo Ape = ATS tas Plo Mo(\4ap) = ATS af = we Ay 2YO- _ Bee PA is TK Mi = Mio 8) Cubpat Tepedames eof) Te Aired Fo discret a AP) xerieg A Aide ar ans app te voltage’? ak the op Ae a = BL ac oan cutsink 1 Aus ta Me SPOS ne te - ‘Twpedamte 15 decscased by asp) f= a Ty: yo atm y-atte) - vw AT — — aa £ = Ve apywe YN 3 Casa -a) a Osgillatts sai 8 a A ctreuPh eohich 15 used 4o generate a pevtodre voltage woth, ~ SPRY aes Ae finpsck Stal f3 called ad an asuttat he.” Beck draqscors oh an cystiati- Cteetronie. [watt OSetllateh Coots of 3 elements. Deoserttetty veut / tank cfrceatt Dede, ang (eed Bark Alcbade tists CF alys called 0 (Cank-ereeett woluch consists of an taduehue clare & , Colinedled th parallel ato copacrhh of a . Gpattlance 9 The Fequcary a asccllations depends upon “tue valved Land ¢ The Pegueny dp asultahion Ase verorant A natural Fregueny } | ec 9 freplher "Ra ctee None ampliiel Xecewes Se poset Frorn hs alton Side poner Sippy ond convatls 1 Pinto ac pews A sippy ty tater Gvadt © 2 Feed bok refuse’ The feed bach mutooihn syiies a pal output Powe tn the dank dh csetttatty ext 7 phase fo ard hy seh tations. Lente feed be i Positive Tae syst ‘7 APL concehor] A to emplhey 2g unitienay A ” tented a " 4 Bat hansen { APs feedtace buh |Leap gain ea crite - —_——__. by te Le tank otal foscraty CP TEAM she =o hin saa - tapul 20 50 Wes conden anpibiat inky ad Gseiteld =ye ; , OseM AR ts alto clefined af a clrewt poith FENG ONO oy 2 dnal wthod requis wy oy edternal applied tnpet segnal Tas OSetady envals de eneigy tato oe Cnegy ala very high fregucenty , Sor, Sunchon df oxstladd & oppostte fue fackonivg oon veedher ne tenctron a] an oscllath ts Similar bhed 4 on aniplsfier errestt Te main b-Herence betiveen ampli fee and escellath #5 Tet ong ge a ° needs an mpd Stynal given onternally. Bahan ovlletd no rl ena énput is givens but “the Small pat d] the. cudsut Ps Hed a8 input sh te oscillated vast as feed back. y ie odped output S| Aer) Sel esate STI + De Powe impul i De power dot classthechory [tyes A exerttedta Oxellotds may be clossified th a vatrety of voy, 9) AccAding “to “he natere a genetaled coave-fn \ : . ») AceRaieg to ha freguenty ah ha genctafecl spats, 0° 18 7 t lta CF % Aa&ding te he ration. G_gerdaled eoovedim:. 7 4 LLY TD enerared coos iim % 4 a types r t 1 tats ) Stousoidal & hadmonre ocelot Te OSetllafks, wolicty produce Strusoidal & nearly a stn al eaavederm of odetintic Fregueny att: Known a Stausotdal oscrltaths. 3 Non -Stausoidal 3 Polonartion o6ertleBs Tr cserllath wolucty produce teary nv conju a Sysave unvey, WE y (a1 uonves pubes & camrndt, waver ate Krewe 9 relaxation oserathy. s igiaudo fh ny gange a y sange Cie afew Hg - 2orn3) at knter o% Audio Breguency put{talds + J M eyueny osuTllads = The cxestllatts woven gravate spnals tah, tadio fegueny van: i tio Freguemy vonge Ci€ Bowng— Bonita) wt brown ad fadio hepuen Det Hats, ’ Tn add tien te hese we alte have so Yeg bi ‘avery ovrllalbs (Bont — Recut) lve bigh frequen ostllatts — Coeomti~ 3643) DS pure rencane sullatds Cagna— sever? ota) exnusrdal osettlatds nay be hartya subdivided tats billowing “fut cadegoes 5 + Sie Esestlloths asivg tuned \puned ceo, BLE feed bacte oceieltectts - . pe deed back ae pets. Tar volues ah b aed af ese ttahions - Cxorsples (tathy . col hits and Tuned collects oserlte gat Known delnmine ths freaver’y osoltaths ove * flex Oiocd #6 eke ii . 5. Ft phose sill ote Wi oes tah oN csetehY Te CreyeplAd ane phase shell ote tats of testype of Cok hs watag Bc petisd are known ay» fe pler® Iarage cserlath- 4 Prarcheatty hase, ads Lael AB audio Leperty and torr siange - we ogertiatdts Uoluch use an achive Be negative Revsbrce |srlaRs device “he vt vellege chavactlerisic Cave A ngptve wortntn Some tong ee shes tunnel diode eertlote posseme < c oye oper: fon ais Known ab Negative Yeoutence, puceltatd “Crewsple feFO, ad oC: Wott. echire, Crystals are ured in -Pilece dnc *, Cupel oul hee Werte Cetite “ey (atts art Called ots ctrat fg bie Freqensy slabrily These ateltatt compte oserltatts . Batkhausen a Certetn condita ok vequirod 4a be hilfitled FA susfetned Oserlations ond “hase Condon au "Tee loop gain af “ha creat must be Spal to (slp qredertan) unity. 1© J ABl ay °) Tue phase shite anounal fu Cra must be 200 den Sadany- 6 Zab =e & QIN Bacians - “These 2 comdrtions Ay Seated ostllaction cat Called as Barkhaustn Crflevis”, y Vadamped osertlators ie IAbl =) 4 Phare SILL around the loop PSO en ofp ccetlladS ustth Contlont frequeny v @t calle os sustained Oseritations TA - Effect d IAP) en he Seating A ocerttechiors: ond voltage Tage Outpt fagnal ») Denped exponerdal decoy cverltetine: 1 AB] <1 , Phase ShHLascund loop cet |yT™ be Type oscritotts Okerllatbs ,Lolsch use Mrductance ~ Capaclance CL-¢) Coreutts ob Mere Gok Qosertiatty cereurts are called LE Aetletss ze oserllaths ait popetot AB genwuatng hgh Resueny cocdputls «There ta latye vortty Ge escrltahts Such os fumed collectd cxclems, colvet's osoletbS, Hortley oserilass , Clapp orcrllaths ; crytol ascrllots Ue General form aan Le cnsllatd Tr cha genetat dhen Jeon seal Chown below ,any hte ache dewees Suche Yacustmm Gube BIT PET 8 opamp may be Used in Te anpeFer Sechen. 2,» trend 2s om Te Ceachve clement’ | Consshiuclieg “he feed back “ank Grams Lolods cicdermuine, “he Pregumency A esetttations. Here 21 Kx Sere a on ac voltage devidel FB Tex output Voltage aay Seed back Spal, Tas voltage cro xy ea te The Reba Te Seynal: ©) Genor al om on Ose lla .Vga sS v 2, |] [Seeds the, all [rere e (tts) + apathlve Ryprbie Sob Tethe Zr ty hie (Qprda) dy ts 2 Wwe (44934) + Ui F222 3 ee —— : ‘ za [hrelaara) 2.28 | . hie Qirtatti) +2227 Yaa& ue 4 y “9S goo fa CE onpliBer sth out load back Ps gien a3 A: whe 2u Avs Me = “hte Tite - hie Nie hee Te Tue O|P voltage belicen Jk 2 Terinald & ghven B Voun © [rar 2ohies he Geen (ots) y 222s), ashe — Sa Drx hie T+ vellige deed Gace. to hu tapul terminals 243 & given by \p = Qahie % 2athre so Yoost bee Pechon, p 2 en > te en hie Cdpata) + E23 M909, applying 4 ~ epprying hs Etteria 4 eseritahen | pe A6=) we have bret | Byhie hie bre (att) tiga, 7! : | hepeebes RalBatPs) revo. CAG D ant = bee, Freqany a oserttetion, . To Ged Tee condition Wh sustoined oscillations, We have to equa Real term + 2er0 Lo _ Che) Ly . Oo 1a, Ee thts 5 tee! = bahge o ote ey hee = wred -! hee >, 4S Le A~ fe) Lee = 7 \ p. hfe * aM Ps fi chen oserllath covearts “Ha Coop gain marl be grater ran trorty to Cnwre “that The Crast oscrilates So Aas AsIp2&Beets ® oscrWaths ta: why “he feed Lack nehode i Comprised a | Ys These om cater ad Re oserltatils . “The exam ples { osetllabt and wen Brrge | : Ke Comapone Re oreslalis ve RO Phete chit ogeillat® hoc an used fh Low Progeny oppucahons . c page Bult Ogritakd : seth vs “The crveurd acsangement A a tanseeth pheae Shift oO ‘a pep-w tyanststh fa ce conhgurechion Ts at Shown below: a ANE oe ee ! ~- pate Are RA cd bae pehodk. _— 2 RQ Ra Provides de emibler bros Q. ble Combrnth'osy provides clempecatire Stability and preven ac atynal degeneretin and Re conbols Thue collec OL Voltage . The aretlath ofp volteye Ps Gpnerbivety coupled ly he load by Ce. tee feed back Synal rs coupled herough feed back yesishd R) i_ coves voitty aarp th slage tnpat serislance hie The Valus & Q) Should be Such Aral hen _clded with omptiher Stage taped Yesistamee hie, PC & equal t Rie Babe: Ry wore Tew toverting amepl hiek SJce onspti Kreg Provides a phase ~Shifh A eo" and Re nehobie produces A Phase shift f igo" between topd L outpd Rus total phase Shift became 3e0° 8 of usbich /SEsderbal requirement th Sustained ascrllahors , The Rc Phase ny wanctodk seve @& frequen cleterminieg cryeurt - ese oserlesh ove wed AK audio Regusny vange- : Freguceny a avrltatron Pn Ta equivalat crust Ae Te analysis ao transisth Phove shift oserllatA\ ts ox Shown below , Wwe. made~ y D hee Sf he fransisth ig usually Small aad Thedce Grom “ha overt Dhoe af tae Hansisth (very Smal §¢ Troe * much laagerton Re. Thun “ha effect d‘hoe con be neglected ran Geapttred Grasit with obove asumphors +s os. hilows . &®@ioe € < ze Se Se AP oe Ppoying vi ule Hh Sl00Ps we get 1 breMout t neplectedt oo Sse) RT, the Bee =0 3 O - Ra +[res Foe \3 -e3, Jw o- ea tfrer ts ji,-0 = © {