Food an energy source

Energy From Glucose

glucose is a monosaccharide one of the simplestcarbohydrates

Fructose is also a monosaccharide

All monosaccharides have the molecular formula

6 H1206

Molecules of the monosaccharides contain a number of

polar hydrouyl groups enabling them to form hydrogen
bonds with water as a result monosaccharides are highly
 Starch is a polymer of glucose

the in which polysaccharides are

process
broken
down into monosaccharides is hydrolysis

Cellular Respiration
Glucose isthe primary energy source for the cells of plants
and animals and is used to obtain energy by a process
known as cellular respiration

There are 2 types of cellular respiration

Aerobic respiration requires ouygen and is the main source of

energy for the human body

Anaerobic
respiration doesn'trequire ouggen and yields less energy
 In aerobic respiration glucose is ouidised to carbon dionide and
water through a series of reactions The overall equation
is 4
for aerobic
respiration
6hr06 capt 602cg 602cg tbttzo.ci OH 2860Wmot

In humans an alternative found respiration called

anaerobic respiration can muscles during
occur in
prolonged and vigorous enercise when the supply of
Onggen is limited It can result in a buildup of
lactate ions CH CHCONCOO which can cause painful
muscle cramping The overall equation foranaerobic respiration
in humans is to
CbHis06cap 2CHZCH.COtKOO cagzt2HtcagjOH l20h1mot

Both anaerobic and aerobic respiration is ectothermic

anaerobic respiration is a fasterpreen than aerobic

respiration
Energy Values of carbohydrates proteins and fats

The available to the body from a nutnent or bed

energy
is called its energy value

Fats and oils have asignificantly higher energy value

than carbohydrates and proteins this is due to thedegree
to which these molecules can be ouidised
 Carbohydrates tend to contain more
onygen atoms than
fats At level the carbon atoms in the
a simple

carbohydrate molecules have a higher degree of ouidation

o Fats and oils have greater potential for ourdatum and
release more energy on combustion

The following equations compare the combustion of a

trisaccharide made up of 3 glucose units Cis Hs2016 and
the combustion of linoleic acid CisHozOz a fatty acid
with the same number of carbons and hydrogens As more
Ouygen is required to ouidise fatty acid than the
trisaccharide more energy will be produced

Energyavailable to the body

The table above shows that the energy reward
when food is burnt is often greater than
the energy available for the human body to use
after the food has been digested which is due to
incomplete adsorption of nutrients by the body after digestionofthe
food
incomplete ouidation of nutrients such as proteins and
 heat loss not all of the energy released by the onidatron
of glucose available for use in cells as some is lost in

waste heat

humans tach the cellular which is required to

enzyme
hydrolyse cellulose Cellulose is dietary fibre and provides
little energy

Calculating the energy value of hoods

 Example Question

1
Carbohydrates 17k1g protein 174g fat 37k2g
it all adds up to 100g so assume its all out of 100g

Carbs 53 17 901HI protein 8 17 136h

Fat 4 37 1484

Energy value 9011 1367148 I

11.94dg
Too