Answer to the question no -

What are the main arguments of Marxian Theory and Divine Theory on the origin of State? Please
discuss.

State is defined as a definite territory that is occupied by a certain number of people with an
organized government which is subject to no outside control. There are various theories about
the origination of states and the divine origin theory is the oldest. This theory basically talks
about the divine right of the king to rule over the people with absolute authority and power.
Supporters of such theory believe that the state was created by God to be governed by his
appointed representative or agent that is the king. So, in essence the king is merely the vessel for
Gods rule and every decision taken by the king is Gods will. Thus, there is absolutely no scope to
question the legitimacy, authority and decision of the king. Resistance from the people regarding
any subject is considered a sin. The king or ruler is directly answerable to God himself which
puts him above the law of man. Needless to say, that in such a system people had absolutely no
freedom of speech and everything was centrally decided by the king. All sorts of policies
regarding economics, education foreign policy was under the king
The marxician theory of the origin of state is the brainchild of Karl Marx. This theory basically
argues that sate is a superstructure that was formed by the elite class of the society to facilitate
the exploitation of the lower classes. As there was no concept of monetary wealth in the
primitive society there was no need to form a state and exploit people. Only when people
evolved and the concept of wealth and private property was understood, various classes were
formed and manifested. Anyone who controlled the modes of production was basically at the top
of the social class and was dominating the weaker and lesser classes. For this oppression to
continues effectively the concept of state emerged that would safeguard the elites in every way.
Thus, this class antagonism is the fundamental core of state formation. They used the state as a
tool and instrument of oppression, domination and means to increase their wealth. The various
organizations of the state work hand in hand with such elites to continues the cycle of dominance
and wealth making.
Identify the ideologies on the following agenda and write down the goals it tries to achieve: a. Limited
Government, b. Gender Equality, c. Environmental Stewardship.

Limited Government- Limited government is one of the fundamental characteristics of classical

liberalism. We know that John Locke, the father of classical liberalism, based this theory on the
argument people are rational beings inherently and works for their own good. Thus, a
government is not required to make people rational and govern their lives. The government in
such a ideology has specific functions to do and has certain range of jurisdiction. They will make
laws in conformity with the laws of nature and implement it. In essence they have been created
to get rid of certain annoyances of the rational people. There are people who will break the law,
it is their duty to stop them and bring them to justice. Legislating and advocating are such
activities of the government. They will help to facilitate trade and commerce so that capitalism
can thrive. Ensuring Rights to guns, abortion, religious freedom are some examples of their
activities.
Gender Equality- Gender equality is the fundamental and core concept of feminist ideology. The
activists of such movements only demand equality among the sexes in all sectors imaginable. We
know that every person is born free and equal so the concept of equality should be inherent
withing us. But that is not the case as we see deep rooted patriarchy everywhere. In terms of
status, recognition, economics and social matters the equal rights of females are extremely
important. Half of the population of the world is female and without giving them rights and
economic equality and freedom proper and sustainable development cant be achieved. The
government must set policies like free education of girls and providing stipends, equal work
hours and wages for women, extended maternity leaves, specialized loans so that women are not
marginalized and equality is established.
Ecological Stewardship – Ecological stewardship is a primary component of environmental
ideology. This basically says that human beings have an obligation towards the nature. That is it
is our primary duty safeguard and protect the natural flora and fauna of our land. It also means
creating sustainable development and not use the resources illogically. We have seen that how
we are wasting our resources by mismanagement and pollution. We have depleted our natural
resources and forests to an alarming rate. That is why the concept of ecological stewardship is so
relevant in the twenty first century. If we destroy the environment then nothing will be left for
the next generation. Thus, we should act as stewards for the next generations and focus on
sustainable development. The policies set by by the government should reflect this as well for a
higher standard of living, preservation and efficient use of resources, natural beauty and
agricultural boom.
Write a brief summary on Bangladesh Constitution highlighting the main features in your own words.

The constitution of a country is regarded as the fundamental law of the nation in matters relating
to the institutions of state, basic rights of the people and so on. It is the highest authority or law
of the country and embodies the collective will, aspiration and dreams of the people. The
constitution of Bangladesh is closely influenced by the values gained by the language
movements and subsequent liberation. The fundamental principals of state policy are
nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism. The people of this country are known as
bangalees which is the fuel of nationalistic pride. All our culture, values, morals, laws and way
of life collectively shapes this nationalism. On matters of economics we follow the socialist
economic system so that nobody is exploited by their fellow citizens. Various resources can be
owned by the citizens for their own purpose however the government will take economic steps to
help the less privileged and flourish trade and commerce. The government will be selected based
on election and parliamentary system will prevail in the country. The prime mister will form the
cabinet which will make public policies and reflect the aspiration of the people. In terms of
religion our country is completely secular even though it says in our constitution that the state
religion is Islam. The government will ensure that the minorities are not dominated or ill-treated
in any way. Every person is free to follow their own religion and live their life accordingly.
There are mainly three branches of the government which are known as the legislature, the
executive and the judiciary. The legislature is basically the parliament where laws will be made,
the executive will ensure the implementation of such laws and the judiciary will ensure justice
for every citizen. The separation of power jurisdiction between these branches are maintained as
well to ensure rule of law. The citizens are all equal in the eyes of law and they have some
fundamental rights. Every citizen is entitled to the right to vote, get justice in court, freedom of
speech and so on. Everybody has the right to gain property and get free education, government
services and so on. It can be said that equality and fairness are the key themes when it comes to
the rights of the citizens.