RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1.What is respiration?

Ans:Respiration is a physiological process by which oxygen is transported from the atmosphere to the
cells for oxidation of ingested food materials and elimination of carbon di oxide from the cell s to the
atmosphere.

2.what is pulmonary ventilation?

Ans:Pulmonary ventilation is the total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each
minutethis is equal to the total volume times the respiratory rate per minute.

3.what is alveolar ventilation?

Ans:The rate a which new air reaches the new gas exchange areas of the lungs is called alveolar
ventilation.

4.What is recoil tendency of lungs?

Ans:The lungs have a strong tendency to collapse & pull away from the chest wall.This is called the recoil
tendency of lungs.

5.What is surfactant?

Ans:Surfactant is a surface –tension-lowering agent and chemically is a complex mixture of several

phospholipids,proteins & ions

6.define compliance of lungs?

Ans:The extent to which lungs expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure is called their
compliance of lungs.

7.define vital capacity.

Ans:It is the maximum volume of air that a person can expire forcefully after a forceful inspiration.

8.define tidal volume.

Ans:It is the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath.

1.what is cardiac output?

9.define insiratory reserve volume.

Ans:It is the maximum extra volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after completing a normal tidal
inspiration.

10.Define expiratory reserve volume.

Ans:It is the maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the enfd of a
normal tidal expiration.

11.What is spirometry?

Ans:The process for studying pulmonary ventilation by recording the volume of air flow into and out of
the lungs.

12.What is oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

Ans:The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is a graphical representation showing the progressive

increase in the percentage saturation of hb by oxygen as the blood partial pressure of oxygen increases.

13.Define Bohr effect.

Ans:A shift of the oxygen-haemoglobon dissociation curve in respose to changes in the bloos carbon
dioxide and H ions has a significant effect in enchancing oxygenation of the blood in the lungs and then
again in enchancing release of oxygen from the blood in the tissues.This is called Bohr effect.

14.What is p50?

Ans:It is the partial pressure of oxygen at which 50% of the haemoglobin is saturated.The normal p50 for
arterial blood is 26 to 28 mm Hg.

15.Define Haldane effect.

Ans:Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin tends to displace carbon di oxide from the blood.This effect is
called Haldane effect.

16.Define chloride shift mechanism.

Ans:The CL content of the RBC in venous blood is greater then that in arterial blood ,this phenomenon is
called chloride shift mechanism.

1.what is cardiac output?

16.What is respiratory center?

Ans:The group of neurons in the brainstem which regulate respiration rhymically are collectively known
as respiratory center.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1.What is cardiac output?

Ans:The amount of blood is ejected by each ventricle is called cardiac output.

2.Define cardiac index.

Ans:The output of the heart per minute per square meter of the body surface is called cardiac index.

3.What is venous return?

Ans:It is the amount of blood that comes from the periphery to the right atrium of the heart per minute.

4.What is blood pressure?

Ans:It is the lateral pressure exerted by the moving column of blood on the walls of the blood vessels
while flowing through it.

5.Define ESV.

Ans:It is the amount of blood which remains in each ventricle at the end of a ventricular systole.

6.What is stroke volume.

Ans:It is the amount of blood that is pumped out of each ventricle per beat.

7.What is baroreceptor?

Ans:Baroreceptors are spray type nerve endings that lie in the walls of the arteries,they are stimulated
when stretched.

8.What is pulse?

Ans:Pulse is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial wall produced by the pressure
changes during systole and diastole.

1.what is cardiac output?

9.what is ECG?

Ans:The recording of electrical changes of the heart in each cardiac cycle from the surface of the body is
called electrocardium.

10. Cardiac Cycle

Ans: The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next are
called the cardiac cycle.

11. diastole & Systole

Ans: The cardiac cycle consists of a period of relaxation called diastole, during which the heart fills with
blood, followed by a period of contraction called systole.

12 preload & afterload

to specify the degree of tension on the muscle when it begins to contract, which is called the preload,
and to specify the load against which the muscle exerts its contractile force, which is called the
afterload.

13. shock/circulatory shock

Circulatory shock means generalized inadequate blood flow through the body, to the extent that the
body tissues are damaged, especially because of too little oxygen and other nutrients delivered to the
tissue cells.

SPECIAL SENSES

1.What is light reflex?

Ans:When a light is shown into one eye,the pupils of both eyes normally contrict,this
reaction is called light reflex.

2.What is accommodation?

Ans:Adjustment of optical apparatus for near vision is called accommodation.

3.Define binocular vision.

Ans:The process of seeing one object by two eyes as a single object is called binocular
vision.

1.what is cardiac output?

 4.Define deafness.

Ans:The clinical condition characterized by partial or complete loss of ability of hearing is

called hearing.

BLOOD & GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

1.What is blood?

Ans:Blood a specialized connective tissue in which there are liquid substance and formed
elements suspended in plasma which circulates in a closed system of blodd vessels.

2.Define haemoglobin.

Ans:Haemoglobin is a conjugated protein which carries oxygen in RBC.

3.What is erythropoiesis?

Ans:The process of production,formation and maturation of RBC under normal

physiological condition

4.What is jaundice?

Ans:It is a clinical condition characterized by yellowish colorization of skin,screla and mucous membrane
excess conjugated bilirubin.(more than 2mg/dl)

5.What is immunity?

Ans:Human body has the ability to resist almost all types of organism or toxins that tend to damage the
tissues and organs.This capacity is known as immunity.

1.what is cardiac output?