Project report

nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across
all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and
engineering. Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology.Nanomedicine is a branch
of medicine that applies the knowledge and tools of nanotechnology to the prevention and treatment
of disease.

Nanotechnology is being prepared for deployment in the fight against COVID-19 in a

wide range of areas four key stages at which nanotechnology could be introduced to
help the battle against COVID-19:
1. As an alternative to disinfectants preventing the virus spread
2. In diagnostic procedures
3. Delivering drugs to those already infected
4. Suppressing the immune response of COVID-19 patients
Developing strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a major application area for
nanocoatings. For instance, researchers have coated nanoparticles with a layer of antibiotics. Owing
to chemical affinity, the resulting nanopharmaceutical acts only on the pathogens and is inert to the
organism.
For instance, preliminary evaluations showed that silver nanocluster/silica
composite coating on facial masks had viricidal effects against SARS-CoV-2 11.
In another example, NanoTechSurface, Italy, developed a durable and self-
sterilizing formula comprised of titanium dioxide and silver ions for
disinfecting surfaces7
Surfaces coated with polymers containing nanoparticles of metals such as copper can release
metal ions, which are known for their antiviral activity and have already been suggested for use
in certain areas. The widespread nature of the COVID-19 crisis calls for a corresponding
widespread application of such measures. These nanomaterial coatings and alloys confer
antiviral and antibacterial properties through the release of ions, which disrupt the operation of
living cells. One of the key difficulties in tackling COVID-19 is its hardiness and ability to survive
on a variety of surfaces for prolonged periods  — often days on end. The beauty of a
nanomaterial coating is that it could provide protection continuously after just one treatment.
This is especially true if the material can be structured in such a way that the release of ions is
gradual. ‘Self-disinfecting’ surfaces would be of great use even after the COVID-19 crisis is
over. Nanomaterials are also employed in the production of vitally import personal protective
equipment (PPE) to help reduce the spread of COVID-19 to frontline medical workers. In
particular, nanomaterials could be used in facemasks and other PPE to capture and immobilize
viral cells. This task would likely fall upon silver nanoparticles, which have been shown effective
in this respect, severely limiting viral activity when loaded into filters. The use of nanoparticles,
however, could provide a more immediate ‘on-site’ test result without the need to send samples
away for lab analysis or the need for expensive equipment. 
The principle behind the application is the binding of gold nanoparticles with antibodies and is in
its very early planning stages. In the presence of further antibodies collected from the patient,
the nanoparticles cluster, shifting the color of the test swab from blue to red. This provides an
immediate indication of infection. A test of this nature could be of particular use in developing
countries and regions of the world with little to no medical infrastructure. 
Vaccine
Nanotechnology plays a major role in vaccine design," the researchers, led by UC San Diego
Nanoengineering Professor Nicole Steinmetz, wrote. Steinmetz is also the founding director of
UC San Diego's Center for Nano ImmunoEngineering. Vaccines are the most promising solution
to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Nanomaterials play an important role in
all aspects of vaccine design, delivery and administration. Nanop articles enable multivalent
antigen presentation and stabilization of antigens upon administration, they can serve as adjuvants to
boost the immune response, and they can act as carriers for the targeted delivery of antigens.
Nanomaterials are ideal for delivery of antigens, serving as adjuvant platforms, and mimicking
viral structures In the medical field, the application of nanotechnology is known as
nanomedicine, which includes the use of nanomaterials for diagnosis, treatment, control and
prevention of diseases It is likely that nanotechnology holds huge potential in the diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Nanotechnology could help the fight against COVID-19
through different approaches, such as avoiding viral contamination and spray by: (a) design of
infection-safe personal protective equipment (PPE) to enhance the safety of healthcare workers
and development of effective antiviral disinfectants and surface coatings, which are able to
inactivate the virus and prevent its spread; (b) design of highly specific and sensitive nano-
based sensors to quickly identify the infection or immunological response; (c) development of
new drugs, with enhanced activity, decreased toxicity and sustained release, as well as tissue-
target, for example, to the lungs; and (d) development of a nano-based vaccination to boost
humoral and cellular immune responses.

The study of nanotechnology  could emerge such big ideas with the capability of
changing the world.