Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is

Continuous and X Is Categorical

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 1 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

Concept

t-Tests tell if a population’s mean is greater than, equal to, or less than:
 A target value (for 1-Sample t-Tests)
 Another population’s mean (for 2-Sample t-Tests)

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 2 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 3 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical
Steps in Hypothesis Testing

Step 1: State the practical problem.

Step 2: Establish the hypotheses.
Step 3: Decide on appropriate statistical test.
Step 4: Set the alpha level.
Step 5: Determine initial sample size. Calculate the power.
Step 6: Develop the sampling plan and collect the data.
Step 7: Use the appropriate graphical tool to explore the data.
Step 8: Check data assumptions (change choice of tool if appropriate).
a. Normality
Step 9: Run the statistical test and determine the statistical conclusion.
Step 10: Translate statistical conclusion to a practical conclusion.

Practical Statistical Statistical Practical

Problem Problem Conclusion Conclusion

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 4 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical
FILE: ANALYZE-1-SAMPLE t POPULATIONS.MTW
Example: 1-Sample t-Tests
Using the data from example “Population 1,” does the confidence interval for the
population mean include the target value 85, i.e., null hypothesis?
EXAMPLE: Ho population mean = 85
Ha population mean 85
Here the confidence interval for the mean, includes the null hypothesis (H o). Therefore, fail
to reject the null hypothesis.

Individual Value Plot of Population 1

(with Ho and 95% t-confidence interval for the mean)

_
X

Ho

70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Population 1

Session Commands
MINITAB®: Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t
 Samples in columns: “Population 1”
 Check “Perform hypothesis test”
– Hypothesized mean: 85
 OptionsConfidence level: 95, Alternative: not equal
 GraphsCheck “Individual value plot”

One-Sample t: Population 1

Test of mu = 85 vs. not = 85

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95% CI T P

Population 1 9 85.39 9.49 3.16 (78.10, 92.68) 0.12 0.905

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 5 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical
Example: 1-Sample t-Tests (continued)
Using the data from example “Population 1,” does the confidence interval for the
population mean include the target value 75, i.e., null hypothesis?
EXAMPLE: Ho population mean = 75
Ha population mean  75
Here the confidence interval for the mean does not include the null hypothesis (H o).
Therefore, reject the null hypothesis.

Individual Value Plot of Population 1

(with Ho and 95% t-confidence interval for the mean)

_
X

Ho

70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Population 1

Session Commands

MINITAB®: Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t

 Samples in columns: “Population 1”
 Check “Perform hypothesis test”
– Hypothesized mean: 75
 OptionsConfidence level: 95, Alternative: not equal
 Graphs—”Individual value plot”
One-Sample t: Population 1

Test of mu = 75 vs. not = 75

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95% CI T P

Population 1 9 85.39 9.49 3.16 (78.10, 92.68) 3.28 0.011

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 6 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

Session Commands

MINITAB®: Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t

 Samples in columns: “Population 1”
 Check “Perform hypothesis test”
–Hypothesized mean: 85
 OptionsConfidence level: 95, Alternative: greater than
 GraphsCheck “Individual value plot”

One-Sample t: Population 1
Test of mu = 75 vs. > 75
95%
Lower
Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean Bound T P
Population 1 9 85.39 9.49 3.16 79.51 3.28 0.006

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 7 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

Session Commands

MINITAB®: Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t

 Samples in columns: “Population 1”
 Check “Perform hypothesis test”
–Hypothesized mean: 85
 OptionsConfidence level: 95, Alternative: less than
 GraphsCheck “Individual value plot”

One-Sample t: Population 1
Test of mu = 75 vs. < 75
95%
Upper
Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean Bound T P
Population 1 9 85.39 9.49 3.16 91.27 3.28 0.994

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 8 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical
FILE: ANALYZE-1-SAMPLE t POPULATIONS.MTW

 EXERCISE: 1-Sample t-Tests

Determine if the population mean for Population 2 and 3 is greater than, equal to, or less
than 75, using a 95% confidence level.

Population 1 Population 2 Population 3

85.3 72.3 76.1
97.1 97.3 86.4
67.9 91.3 75.8
77.6 72.7 88.7
99.3 86.7 77.8
84.0 102.2
82.4 85.1
86.1 73.5
88.8 74.4
96.6
90.2
84.4
84.9
81.0
87.5

25 Minutes

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 9 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical
What You Have Learned: 1-Sample t-Tests

Step 1: State the practical problem and objectives.

Step 2: State hypotheses:
a. Ho: There is no difference
b. Ha: There is a difference—Direction of difference
Step 3: Determine the statistical test to use.
Step 4: Set alpha level (usually 0.05).
Step 5: Determine sample size and calculate the power (1-β).
Step 6: Develop data-collection plan and collect data.
Step 7: Use graphical tools to explore the data.
Step 8: Test for normality (Anderson-Darling test).
Step 9: Run test and state statistical conclusion:
a. If p ≤ alpha, reject Ho
b. Otherwise, fail to reject Ho
Step 10: Translate statistical conclusion into practical conclusion.

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 10 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

2-Sample t-Test

Answering this question requires a 2-Sample t-Test.

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 11 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 12 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 13 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical
Steps in 2-Sample t-Tests

Step 1: State the practical problem.

Step 2: Establish the hypotheses:
a. Ho: There is no difference
b. Ha: There is a difference—Direction of difference
Step 3: Decide on appropriate statistical test.
Step 4: Set the alpha level (usually 0.05).
Step 5: Determine initial sample size. Calculate the power.
Step 6: Develop the sampling plan and collect the data.
Step 7: Use the appropriate graphical tool to explore the data.
Step 8: Check data assumptions (change choice of tool if appropriate).
a. Normality
b. Equal Variances (check box appropriately)
Step 9: Run the statistical test and determine the statistical conclusion. If P-value ≤ 
reject Ho.
Step 10: Translate statistical conclusion to a practical conclusion.

Practical Statistical Statistical Practical

Problem Problem Conclusion Conclusion

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 14 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

Example:

 Establish the hypotheses.

Ho: μA = μB
Ha: μA ≠ μB

 Check for normality using the Anderson-Darling test.

– If normal, run the 2-sample t-Test
– If non-normal, run the Mann-Whitney test for 2 medians. Then,
the hypotheses are:
• Ho: medianA = medianB
• Ha: medianA ≠ medianB

This is discussed in the “Nonparametric Tests” section of this manual.

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 15 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

Session Commands

MINITAB®: Graph > Dotplot > Multiple Ys > Simple

 Graph variables: “Population A” and “Population B”
MINITAB®:Graph > Individual Value Plot > Multiple Ys > Simple
 Graph variables: “Population A” and “Population B”

Note: Data points are displayed in aligned dot plots for comparison.
Note: Data points are displayed in two vertical value plots (A, B) for
comparison.

*Green Belt Tool

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 16 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

Session Commands

MINITAB®: Stat > Basic Statistics > Normality Test

 Variable: “Population A”
 Tests for Normality: Anderson-Darling

MINITAB®: Stat > Basic Statistics > Normality Test

 Variable: “Population B”
 Tests for Normality: Anderson-Darling

*Green Belt Tool

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 17 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical

Session Commands

MINITAB®: Stat > Basic Statistics > 2-Sample t

 Samples in different columns
 First: "Population A"
 Second: “Population B”
 Leave “Assume equal variances” unchecked

Additional Discussion Question

In this case, equal variance was not assumed for the two samples. Is it
reasonable to make that assumption? What happens if equal variance is
assumed?

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 18 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical
FILE: ANALYZE-2 SAMPLE T EXERCISE.MTW

 EXERCISE: 2-Sample t-Tests

1. Consider the following Before and After yield data. At the 95% confidence level, has
there been a statistically significant increase in yield?

Before: (95.8, 94.7, 94.7, 94.6, 95.1, 94.9, 94.9)

After: (98.0, 97.3, 96.8, 98.3, 97.4, 95.6, 95.5)

2. Conduct appropriate graphical analysis.*

3. Using the data, answer the question: At the 95% confidence level, are the average
yields the same?

15 Minutes

*Black Belts use at least three.

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 19 6507 SSGB.0910 v4

 Analyze: Testing Hypotheses When Y Is
Continuous and X Is Categorical
What You Have Learned: 2-Sample t-Tests

Step 1: State the practical problem.

Step 2: Establish the hypotheses.
a. Ho: There is no difference
b. Ha: There is a difference—Direction of difference
Step 3: Decide on appropriate statistical test.
Step 4: Set the alpha level (usually 0.05).
Step 5: Determine initial sample size. Calculate the power.
Step 6: Develop the sampling plan and collect the data.
Step 7: Use the appropriate graphical tool to explore the data.
Step 8: Check data assumptions (change choice of tool if appropriate).
a. Normality
b. Equal Variances (check box appropriately)
Step 9: Run the statistical test and determine the statistical conclusion. If P-value ≤ 
reject Ho.
Step 10: Translate statistical conclusion to a practical conclusion.

Practical Statistical Statistical Practical

Problem Problem Conclusion Conclusion

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. 20 6507 SSGB.0910 v4