WORKED gi. EXAMPLES all FOR THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS BCA ARUP TiETZThis book of worked examples has boen prepared by. British Cement Association Ove Arup & Partners and S.B Tietz & Partners The work was monitored by the principal authors: ‘A. W. Beaby 850 PhD. CEng, MICE, MISIvetE, FACI Professor of Structural Design, Dept of Civil Engineering, Universty of Leeds (ormerly Director of Design and Consteuction, British Cement Association), B.S. Narayanan Beier, MS, DIC, Ofna, Fist Partner, SB. Tietz & Partners, Consulting Engineers, and A. Whitle na(carat), CEng, MICE Associate Director, Ove Arup & Partners, and edited by: A J. Threlfall Beng. Consultant (formerly 2 Principal Engineer at the British Ceront Association) ‘This publication was jointly tunded by the British Cement Association and the Department ofthe Environment to promote and assist the use of DD ENV 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Part 1. ‘The Britsh Cement Association, BCA, is a research and information body dedicated to uthering the efficient and proper design and execution of concrete construction. Membership of BCA's Centre for Concrete Information is open to al involved in the construction process. BCA is funded by subscriptions from cement producers, through joint ventures, sales of publications, information and training courses, and the carrying out of research contracts. Full details are avaliable trom the Centre for Concrete Information, British Cement Association, Century House, Telford ‘Avenue, Crowthorne, Berkshire RGN 6YS. Telephone (0344) 725700, Fax (0344) 727202 (Ove Arup & Partners isan international frm offering a wide range of design and specialist services for the construction ingusty, S.B Tietz & Partners offer consultancy services in civ, structural and trafic engineering, ‘A catalogue and prices for BCA publications can be obtained from Publication Sales, Centre for Concrete Information, at the above address. 43.505 Published by First published 1994 British Cement Association Century House, Tellord Avene, emetic Crowthome, Berke RGM 6YS Price group M ‘Telephone (0344) 762676 © Briish Cement Association 1994 Fax (0944) 761214 From 15 Apt 1895 te STO Coote snl bo (01388) [Ml adic or inematen tom be Bash Cement Assan tended for thse who wil eal he sgncaroe and tations fs cores Gnd ste vesponobty fet uee and appleston No lity (cus at foe neggeee or any lee eeutg fem auth ache or rican Slecuteted Resour should rete ht a1 BCA pubieons he sabes fo reson ro tne 2 ime and rou Meare enawe tht ty ee ‘essen af the let vrsonWORKED EXAMPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS Based on BSI publication DDENV 1992-1-1: 1992. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 1. General rules and rules for buildings. Published by the British Cement Association in conjunction with: Ove Arup & Partners SB. Tietz & Partners The Department of the 18 Fitzroy Street 14 Clerkenwell Close Environment London WiP 68Q. Clerkenwell 2 Marsham Street Tel: 071-636 1531 London EC1R OPQ —_London SWIP 3EB Tel: 071-490 5050 Tel: 071-276 3000 July 1994FOREWORD Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures, Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings (EC2)” sets out both the principles for the design of all types of concrete structure, and design rules for buildings. Rules for other types of structure and particular areas of technology, including precast concrete elements and structures, will be covered in other parts of EC2. C2 contains a considerable number of parameters for which only indicative values are given. ‘The appropriate values for use in the UK ate set out in the National Application Document (NAD}"” which has been drafted by BSI. The NAD also includes a number of amendments to the rules in EC2 where, in the draft for development stage of EC2, it was decided that the EC2 rules either did not apply, or were incomplete. Two such areas are the design for fire resistance and the provision of ties, where the NAD states that the rules in BS 8110 should be applied. Attention is drawn to Approved Document A (Structure) related to the Building Regulations 1991, which states that Eurocode 2, including the National Application Document, is considered to provide appropriate guidance for the design of concrete buildings in the United Kingdom Enquiries of a technical nature concerning these worked examples may be addressed to the authors directly, or through the BCA, or to the Building Research EstablishmentCONTENTS 1 Ww 12 2 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 a1 32 33 34 35 4 4A 42 5 5A 52 53 54 55 56 57 6 61 62 7 7A 72 INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Introduction 5 Symbols, 5 COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Introduction 5 Basic details of structure. materials and loading 5 Floor slab 7 Main beam ses 20 Edge beam (Interior span) 30 Colurns .... 34 Foundation 39 Shear wall 43 Staircase - 49 BEAMS Introduction 53 Design methods for shear 53 ‘Shear resistance with concentrated loads close to support 63 Design method for torsion 70 Slendemess limits 81 SLABS Solid and ribbed slabs 82 Fiat slabs 109 COLUMNS, Introduction . 132 Capacity check of a section by strain compatibility 132 Biaxial bending capacity of a section 137 Braced slender column 441 Slender column with biaxial bending 143, Classification of structure 147 ‘Sway structures 151 WALLS Introduction 184 Example . 154 FOUNDATIONS Ground bearing footings 158 Pilecap design 172 8 SPECIAL DETAILS 81 Corbels e100) 82 Nibs 185 83 Simply supported ends 188 84 Surface reinforcement 191 9 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 91 Introduction 193 92 Design data 193 93. Serviceabilty limit state 195 94 Uttimate limit state 204 95 Minimum and maximum areas of reinforcement 207 96 Reinforcement summary 207 10 SERVICEABILITY CHECKS BY CALCULATION 101 Deflection 208 10.2 Cracking 219 11 DEEP BEAMS 41.1. Introduction 222 11.2 Example 222 12 LOAD COMBINATIONS 12.1 Introduction 236 12.2 Example 1 = frame 237 123 Example 2 = continuous beam 1 240 124 Example 3 = continuous beam 2 243, 125 Example 4 = tank 245 13. DESIGN OF BEAM AND COLUMN SECTIONS 181 Concrete grades 246 182 Singly reinforced rectangular beam sections: 246 433 Compression reinforcement... 248 134 Flanged beams 249 135 Symmetically reinforced rectangular columns 249 REFERENCES 2564 INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS 1.1 Introduction and symbols ‘The main objective ofthis publication is to illustrate through worked examples how EC2"” may be used in practice. It has been prepared for engineers who are generally familiar with design practice in the UK, particularly to BS 8110" ‘The worked examples relate primarily to in-situ concrete building structures. The designs are in accordance with EC2: Part 1 as modified by the UK National Application Document”, Where necessary, the information given in EC2 has, been supplemented by guidance taken from other documents The core example, in Section 2, isa re-design ofthe in-situ concrete fice block sed in the BCA publication Designed and detailed (BS 8110: 1988), by Higgins & Rogers. Other design aspects and forms of construction are fully explored by means of further examples in Sections to 12. Equations and charts for the design of beam and calumn sections, taken from the Concise Eurocade for the design of concrete buildings®, are given in Section 13. Publications used in the preparation of this book, and from which further information may be obtained, are listed in the References. Unless otherwise stated, all references to BS 8110 refer to Part 1 ‘Two conventions have been adopted in the preparation of this book. Statements followed by ‘OK’ mark places where the calculated value is shown to be satisfactory, Green type is used to draw attention to key information such as the reiniorcement to be provided. ‘The calculations are cross-referenced to the relevant clauses in EC2 and, where appropriate, to other documents; all references in the right-hand margins are to EC2 unless indicated otherwise The symbols used throughout the publication are lsted and defined below, and are generally those used in EC2 itsel. 1.2 Symbols A Avea of cross-section ‘A, Atea of concrete cross-section Aq Area of concrete within tensile zone Aape fea of concrete tensile Zone external to links A, Area enclosed within centresine of thin-walled section ‘A, Area of prestressing tendons ‘A, Area of tension or, in columns, total longitudinal reinforcement A’, Area of compression reinforcement ‘Ann Minimum area of tension of, in columns, total longitudinal reinforcement Acgoy fea of tension reinforcement provided Acq tea of tension reinforcement required Aran tea of surface reinforcement Az Atea of transverse reinforcement within flange of beam A, Afea of tension reinforcement effective at a section of, for torsion, area of additional longitudinal reinforcement ‘ay Atea. of shear reinforcement of torsion links Minimum area of shear reinforcement E.g Effective modulus of elasticity of concreteINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS m Poms mn 74 y : rT FTO Ho aoe xagese x x zs = = &¢ = = = = 3 2? ? Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement or prestressing steel Force due to concrete in compression at ultimate limit state Force in tension reinforcement or prestressing tendons at ultimate limit state Design value of tie force in pilecap Design value of support reaction Tie force in corbel or due to accidental action Vertical force applied to corbel ot, for sway classification of structures, sum of all vertical loads under service conditions Characteristic value of permanent action or dead load, Characteristic dead floor load Characteristic dead roof load Overall depth of tank Horizontal force applied to corbel Second moment of area of cross-section ‘Second moment of area of uncracked concrete section Second moment of area of cracked concrete section ‘Second moment of area of beam section ‘Second moment of area of concrete section ‘Second moment of area of column section ‘Second moment of area of slab section Second moment of area of section in x direction Second moment of area of section in y direction, St Venant torsional stiffness of rectangular section St Venant torsional stiffness of total section Deflaction-curvature factor dependent upon the shape of the bending moment diagram Reduction factor for calculation of second order eccentricity Coetficient taking account of decrease in curvature due to increasing axial force Bending moment Moment of force, F,, about tension reinforcement Moment causing cracking Moment of force, N,, about x axis Moment of force, N,, about y axis First order moment Design moment of resistance Moment of force, Naqg, about mid-depth of section Moment of force, N'g,., about mic-depth of section Moment of force, Nay, about mid-depth of sectionINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS == fe = § é& = = g fg = 5 * x= i = Z2e z 2 2 zp Pn ao zr Design value of applied moment Design moment in x direction Design moment in y direction First order moment at end 1 First order moment at end 2 Design moment in column strip Design moment in middle strip Moment in span Moment at support Maximum moment transfer value Moment about x axis Moment about y axis Axial force Axial force due to concrete in compression Design resistance to axial force Design resistance to axial force due to concrete Design resistance to axial force due to concrete of hypothetical section of depth x >h Design resistance to axial force due to reinforcement Design value of applied axial force Mean applied axial force Prostressing force or point load ‘Average prestressing force along tendon profile Initial prestressing force at transfer Mean effective prestressing force at time f Final prestressing force alter all losses Maximum inital prestressing force at active end of tendon Required prestressing force Final prestressing force at service Characteristic value of variable action or imposed load Characteristic value of imposed floor load Characteristic value of imposed root load Reaction at support A Reaction at support 8 First moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of section First moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of uncracked section First moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of cracked section Design value of tensile force in longitudinal reinforcement Maximum torsional moment resisted by concrete struts Maximum torsional moment resisted by reinforcementINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Spee x ASS5 a SESS gge "ESSS85 » 2» » » woes s oe s o Design value of applied torsional moment Torsional moment applied to flange ‘otal applied torsional moment Torsional moment applied to web Shear force at support A Shear force at support B Design shear resistance provided by concrete Shear force at exterior support Shear force at interior support Design shear resistance of member without shear reinforcement Maximum design shear force to avoid crushing of notional concrete struts Design shear resistance of member with shear reinforcement Design value of applied shear force Design shear force in x direction Design shear force in y direction Maximum design shear force Design shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement Section modulus at bottom fibre Section modulus at centroid of tendons Characteristic value of wind load Section modulus at top fibre Distance or deflection or maximum drape of tendon profile Deflection based on uncracked section Deflection based on cracked section Distance of load from face of support (corbel) or from centre-iine of hanger bars (rib) Deflection due to concrete shrinkage Distance from face of support to effective centre of bearing Horizontal displacement of the envelope line of tensile force Total deflection Distance between positions of zero and maximum bending Deflection at distance x along span Values of a, at ends of span Width of section or flange width or lateral cover in plane of lap Average width of trapezoidal compression zone Width of effective moment transfer strip Effective width of flange Minimum width of support beam Width of rib Width of supportINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Mean width of section over the tension zone Minimum width of section over the effective depth Cover to longitudinal torsion reinforcement Support widths at ends of beam Effective depth of section Depth to compression reinforcement Average effective depth for both directions Depth to bar considered Distance of critical section for punching shear from centroid of column Effective depth of flange Effective depth for punching shear check in column head Maximum effective depth for both directions Minimum effective depth for both directions Effective depth in x direction Effective depth in y direction Effective depth to bars in layer 1 Effective depth to bars in layer 2 ‘Additional eccentricity due to geometrical imperfections ‘Additional eccentricity in the y direction ‘Additional eccentricity in the z direction Equivalent eccentricity at critical section First order eccentricity in y direction First order eccentricities at ends of column Total eccentricity Eccentricity in y direction Eccentricity in 2 direction Second order eccentricity Second order eccentricity in y direction Second order eccentricity in z direction ‘Stress in conorete at bottom fibre Design value of ultimate bond stress Design cylinder strength of concrete Cube strength of concrete at transfer Characteristic cylinder strength of concrete Effective tensile strength of concrete at time cracking is expected to occur Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete Characteristic cube strength of concrete Design tensile strength of prestressing steel Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing ste!INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS soe 733 k, Design value of ultimate bearing stress ‘Stress in reinforcement Stress in concrete at top fibre Design yield strength of reinforcement Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement Design yield strength of longitudinal torsion reinforcement Design yield strength of shear reinforcement or torsion links Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement or torsion links Characteristic dead load per unit area Overall depth of section or liquid in tank Reduced value of h for separate check about minor axis of column section with biaxial eccentricities Active height of deep beam Overall depth of corbel at face of support Overall depth of flange Depth of column head Larger dimension of rectangular section ‘Smaller dimension of rectangular section ‘otal height of structure in metres Radius of gyration of section Coeticient or factor Restraint coefficient at end A, Restraint coefficient at end B Restraint coefficient at bottom Minimum reinforcement coefficient associated with stress distribution Restraint coefticient at top Crack spacing coefficient associated with bond characteristics Crack spacing coefficient associated with strain distribution Length or span Length of tendon over which anchorage slip is taken up Basic anchorage length Minimum anchorage length Required anchorage length Diameter of circular column Height of column between centres of restraints Effective span Effective span of slab Distance from column face to edge of column head Clear distance between faces of supportINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Distance between postions of zero bending or effective height of column for deep beams, clear distance between faces of support Length of compression flange between lateral supports Required lap length or floor to ceiling height in metres Minimum lap length Greater of distances in metres between centres of columns, frames or walls supporting any two adjacent floor spans in direction of tie under consideration Effective span in x direction Effective span in y direction Lengths between centres of supports or overall dimensions of rectangular column head Minimum design moment per unit width Utimate design load per unit area or number of tendons or number of sub-divisions. ‘Average loss of prestressing force per unit length due to friction Equivalent load per unit length due to prestressing force profile Characteristic imposed load per unit area Radius of bend or radius of curvature Radius of curvature based on uncracked section Radius of curvature based on cracked section Radius of curvature due to conorete shrinkage Radius of curvature due to concrete shrinkage based on uncracked section, Radius of curvature due to concrete shrinkage based on cracked section Total radius of curvature Spacing of shear reinforcement or torsion links or horizontal length of tencion profile Spacing of transverse reinforcement within flange of beam Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement or torsion links ‘Average final crack spacing Thickness of supporting element or wall of thin-walled section Minimum thickness of wall Circumference of concrete section or critical section for punching shear Circumference of area A, Design shear resistance per unit length of critical perimeter, for slab without shear reinforcement Maximum design shear resistance per unit length of critical perimeter, for slab with shear reinforcement Design shear resistance per unit length of critical perimeter, for slab with shear reinforcement Design value of shear force per unit length of critical perimeter ‘Support width or quasi-permanent load per unit length Design crack width 7INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Fa Yom Yoow % 1 15 Minimum width of support Neutral axis depth or distance along span from face of support or distance along tendon or column dimension in x direction Maximum depth of concrete in compression in direction of minor axis for column section with biaxial eccentricities Depth of concrete in compression at position of minor axis for column section with biaxial eccentricities Drape of tendon at distance x along profile or column dimension in y direction Distance from centroid of uncracked section to extreme tension fibre Lever arm of internal forces Distance from centroid of section to centroid of tendons Reduction factor for concrete compressive stress or modular ratio or deformation parameter Value of parameter based on uncracked section Value of parameter based on cracked section Effectiveness coefficient for anchorage Effective modular ratio Reduction coefficient for assumed inclination of structure due to imperfections Moment coefficients in x and y directions Effectiveness coefficient for lap Coetticient with several appications including shear resistance enhancement, effective height of column, St Venant torsional sifiness, punching shear magnification, design crack width Reduced value of shear resistance enhancement coefficient Coetticient associated with bond characteristics Coetficient associated with duration of load Partial safety factor for concrete material properties Partial safety factor for actions Partial safety factor for permanent action or dead load Partial safety factor for permanent action, in calculating lower design value Partial safety factor for permanent action, in calculating upper design value Partial safety factor for actions associated with prestressing force Partial safety factor for variable action or imposed load Partial safety factor for steel material properties of reinforcement or prestressing tendons Ratio of redistributed moment to moment before redistribution Strain in concrete at bottom of section Basic concrete shrinkage strain Final concrete shrinkage strain Minimum strain in tendons to achieve design tensile strength Strain in tendons corresponding to prestressing force P,, 2INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Pre Py Pu Puma PyPs Strain in reinforcement Estimated concrete shrinkage strain Mean strain in reinforcement allowing for tension stiffening effect of concrete Utimate compressive strain in concrete Initial yield strain in reinforcement Distribution coefficient Moment coetficient ‘Angle of rotation or angle between concrete struts and longitudinal axis Siendemess ratio Critical slenderness ratio Mean slenderness ratio of all columns in storey considered Slenderness ratio beyond which column is considered slender Coefficient of friction between tendon and duct or applied moment ratio Limiting value of applied moment ratio for singly reinforced section Efficiency factor or assumed inclination of structure due to imperfections Reduced value of assumed inclination of structure Longitudinal force coefficient Tension reinforcement ratio or density of liquid Compression reinforcement ratio Longitudinal tension reinforcement ratio. Longitudinal tension reinforcement ratios in x and y directions Effective reinforcement ratio Shear reinforcement ratio Minimum shear reinforcement ratio Principal and secondary reinforcement ratios in sold slabs Stress in concrete adjacent to tendons due to self-weight and any other permanent actions ‘Average stress in concrete due to axial force Initial stress in concrete adjacent to tendons due to prestress Initial stress in tendons immediately after stressing (pre-tensioning) or immediately after transfer (post-tensioning) ‘Stress in tension reinforcement calculated on basis of cracked section Value of 6, under loading conditions causing first cracking Basic design shear strength Factor defining representative value of variable action Value of ¥ for rare load combination Value of ¥ for frequent loading Value of ¥ for quasi-petmanent loading Mechanical ratio of tension reinforcement Mechanical ratio of compression reinforcement 3INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Mae aM AN, ott) Limiting value of w for singly reinforced section ‘Total vertical force applied to frame at floor j Anchorage slip or wedge set Variation of longitudinal force in section of flange over distance a, Equivalent horizontal force acting on frame at floor j due to assumed imperfections Moment of force AN... about mid-depth of section Reduction in design moment at support Design resistance to axial force due to concrete in area of hypothetical section lying outside actual section Average loss of prestressing force due to elastic deformation of concrete Loss of prestressing force at active end of tendon due to anchorage slip Loss of prestressing force due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation at time t Loss of prestressing force due to friction between tendon and duct at distance x from active end of tendon ‘Variation of stress in tendon due to relaxation Bar size or duct diameter or creep coelficient Creep coefficient, defining creep between times t and t,, elated to elastic deformation at 28 days (01) Final creep coetficiont2 COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.1 Introduction Design calculations for the main elements of a simple in-situ concrete office block are set out. The structure chosen is the same as that used in Higgins ‘and Rogers’ Designed and detailed (BS 8110: 1985). Calculations are, wher- ‘ever possible, given in the same order as those in Higgins and Rogers enabling a direct comparison to be made between BS 8110 and EC2" designs. For the same reason, a concrete grade C32/40 is used. Thisis nota standard grade recognized by EC2 or ENV 206®, which gives grade C35/45 in Table NA.1 ‘Some interpolation of the tables in EC2 has, therefore, been necessary. The example was deliberately chosen to be simple and to cover a considerable range of member types. Comparison shows that, for this type of simple structure, there is very litle difference between BS 8110 and EC2 in the complexity of calculation necessary or the results obtained. 2.2 Basic details of structure, materials and loading These are summarized in Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1 Table 2.1 Design information Intended use Laboratory and office block Fire resistance 1 hour forall elements Loading (excluding selt-weight of structure) Root = imposed (kNi®) 18 = finishes (Nin 15 Froors imposes incluging partion alowance (kNim#) 40 = frishes (Nin?) 05 Stars = imposed (Ni?) 40 = fishes (Ni) | os Edernal cladding (kN) 50 Wind toad Speed (m/sec) 40 Factors 5 10 = os 5 19 & a Exposure class 2b (external) and 1 (eternal) ‘Subsoll condtions Sift clay — no sulphates ‘Allowable bearing pressure (kN!) 200 Foundation ype Reinforced concrete foatings to columns and walls Materials Grade 32/40 concrete with 20 mm maximum agoregate Characteristic stength of main bars (Nin?) 460 Characterisie sang of inks (Nine) 250 Saltweight of concrete (Wm) 24 = 1 J 8