CHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN ~ AMINOAXIT ~ PROTEIN CHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN - AMINOAXIT - PROTEIN I_ KHAI NIEM, PHAN LOAI, DANH PHAP VA DONG PHA’ 1. Kha nfm Amin 14 hop chét lm cor dutoe ta0 ra khi thé mét hode nhién nguyén ti hidro trong phan nt amoniac bing mét hose nhieu g6c hidrocacbon. Vi du: (CH - NHa ; CH -NH- CH , CH3 -NH- CH3 ; CH=CH - CHyNHp ; CeHsNE CH; 2. Phan loai Amin duge phan loai theo hai cach thong dyng nhat: @) Theo aie diém edu tg0 ctia gée hidrocacbon: amin thom, amin béo, amin ai vong. Vi dy (CgH3NH (anilin) CqHsNE (etylamin) 4) Theo bc ciia amin: Bac amin: la sé nguyén tie H trong phan tit NH3 bi thay thé bai géc hidrocacbon. Theo dé, cic amin dirge phan loai think: amin bac 1, bac 2, bac 3. Vi du: (CH - CH - CH -NHy CH, - CH, -NH- CH; (CH) amin bac 1 amin bac 2 amin bac 3 3. Danh phap @) Céch goi ten theo danh phap ede — chute : ank + yl + amin 1) Céich goi ten theo danh php thay thé : ankan + ¥ ti + amin 6) Ten thong throng chi dp dung véi mot s6 amin Hop chat Tén goc — chite ‘Ten thay the Ten thong CHyNH, ‘metylamin metanamin (CHy-CH(NH,)-CHs, isopropylamin propan-2-amin CH-NE-OH; etylmetylamin ‘N-metyletanamin (CHs-CH(CH)-CHy NH 2-metylpropan-L-amin (CHs-CH:-CH(NH)-CH: sec-butylamin butan-2-amin (CHR);C-NHS tert-butylamin 2umetylpropan-2-amin (CHs-NH-CH.-CH:-CHs metylpropylamin ‘N-metylpropan-1-amin CHS-NH-CH(CH,)» isopropylmetylamin -metylpropan. dietylamin Neetyletanamin etyldimerylamin N.Nedimetyletanamin phenylamin benzenamin anilin ~ Ten cée nhOm ankyl doe theo thie ye chit cai a, be | ‘Véi cac amin bc 2 va 3. chon mach dai nhat chita N lam mach chinh, N cé chi sé vi tri nhé nha. Bat mét nguyén tir N tnrgie méi nhém the ciia amin - Khi nhém -NHL déng vai trd nhdm thé thi goi la nh6m amino. Vi du: CH,CH(NH,)COOH (axit 2-aminopropanoic) 4, Dong phan Amin c6 cdc logi ding phan: LuyenthithukhoanCHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN ~ AMINOAXIT ~ PROTEIN 2 mach cacbon: - Dong phan vi ti nhom chire - Dong phan vé bée cia amin T— TINH CHAT VAT LI fc amin -Metyl-, dimetyl-. timetyl- va etylamin 1a nhimg chat khi c6 mii khai khé chiu, de, d8 tan trong nur Sng ding cao hon la chat long hod rin ~ Anilin la chat long, nhigt d6 s6i la 184°C Knong mau, rit dc. it tan trong murée, tan trong ancol va benzen II - CAU TAO PHAN TU VA SO SANH LC BAZO 1, Cau trac phan tir cia amoniac va cac amin iN. att, aN, a we ey a v 7 ro re ou amoniac amin bacl amin bac 2 amin bac 3 2. Cau tao phan tir ctia amoniac va cac amin Heep whl mo RK #H # R ‘Trén nguyén tir nito d& cic amin dé c6 tinh bazo. 3. Dac diém céu tgo ctia phan tir anilin ~ Do géc phenyl (Ce) hiit cfp electron tyr do eta nito vé pha minh, sy chuyén dich electron oh theo higu ting lién hop p — p (chigu nw moi tén cong) lam cho mat d6 electron trén nguyen te CNH nite giam di, kha ning nbn proton gidm di. Két qua la tim cho tinh bazo cia anilin rat yeu & (khong lim xanh duge quy tim, khéng lam hong durgc phenolphtalein). ~ Nhom amino (NH)) lam tang kha nang the Br vao goc phenyl (do anh hong tia higu img +C). Phan tig thé xay ra‘@ ec vi tri ortho va para do nhém NH) day electron vao lam mat 46 electron 6 cfc vj ti nay ting lén 4. So sam lyre bazo: a) Cate yéu té én Ineong dén hee baze etia amin: ~ Mat 49 electron trén nguyén tir N: mat d6 cing cao, Ive bazo cing mauh va nguge lai - Higu img khong gian: goc R cang cong kenh va cang nhicu goc R thi lam cho tinh bazo giim di. phu thudc vao gc hidrocacbon. Vi du tinh bazo iia (CH:):NH > CH:NEb > (CHs)sN : (CsH:)2NH > (CoH: b) Phurong phap Géc day electron lam ting tinh bazar, g6c hit electron lam giam tinh baza. Vi du: p-NOy-CeHiNH) < CaNH) < NH < CHsNH2 < C:HsNHD < CsHsNE2 IV - TINH CHAT HOA HOC Luyenthithukhoa.vaCHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN ~ AMINOAXIT ~ PROTEIN 1. Tinh chat ca cite ami @) Tinh bazo. rée dung len gidy que} thm dm hode phenolphtalein va tée dung v6i axit - Dung dich metylamin va nhiéu déng dling cua n6 e6 kha ning Lam xanh gidy qu tim hode lam héng phenolphtalein do két hyp v6i proton mn hion amoniac ~ Anilin va cée amin thom rat ittan trong made. Dung dich cia ching khong fa di mau quy tim va phenolphtalein CH;NE,+H,0 CH;NH,* + OH CH,NE)+HCl ———» [CH,NH,J‘cr metylamoni clorua CjHsNH, +HCl ——> CgHsNHytcr phenylamoni clorua CH)NH;*Cl +NaOH ———> CH,NH)+NaCl+H,0 CgHsNH;*Cr + NaOH ———> C¢HsNH + NaCl +H,0 b) Phan tng voi asit nitro :HNH; + HONO ~ C:HsOH +N; +130 min no b§c 1 + HNO. —* ROH +N; + H.0. Vi dy: x tao thanh mudi diazoni min thom bac I tic dimg voi HNO» 6 nhigt 6 the Vi di: CuHNH, + HONO + HC] "25 gay cr + 24,0 benzendiazoni clorsa ©) Phin img ankyl héa: amin bde 1 hode bde 2 rée dung vot ankyl halogenua (CHL, ..) Phan img nay dimg 4é digu ché amin béc cao tir amin bie thap hon. ‘Vi dy: CoHsNH2 + CHI > C3HsNHCH + HI & Phan tg cia amin tam trong mréc v6i dung dich mudi cia cdc kim loai co hidroxit két tia 3CH,NH, + FeC 3H,0 — Fe(OH); + 3CH,NH,CI 2. Phau tng thé @ uban thom ctia anilin NH, Br Br +38 > | + 3HBr 8 2,4,6-tribromanilin (két tia NH ang) V-UNG DUNG VA DIEU CHE 1, Ung dung (SGK hoa hoc ning cao lop 12 trang 60) 2. Dieu ché @) Thay thé nguyén tit Ff cia phan tit amoniae Ankylamin dutgc diéu ché tir amoniac va ankyl halogenua. Vi du: Luyenthithukhoa.vaCHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN ~ AMINOAXIT ~ PROTEIN $CHst +CHsI $083! NH; [> CEsNEh > (CH:)NH > (CHa B) Khu hop chét nitro Anilin va céc amin thom thong duoc diéu ché bing céch khif nitrobenzen (hodc dan xuat nitro trong tmg) bai hidro ‘mi sinh nhé tac dung ctia kim loai (nhur Fe, Zn...) véi axit HCL Vi du: CeHsNO2+ 3Fe+7HC] "= CéHsNH3Cl + 3FeCl2 + 2H20 Hod vigt gon li CgHsNH + 6H ea CgHsNH, + 24,0 Ngoai ra, cic amin con durge dieu ché bing nhiéu céich khéc AMINO AXIT I- DINH NGHLA, CAU TAO, PHAN LOAI VA DANH PHAP 1. Dinh nghta ~ Amino axit a Logi hop chit htu co tap chte ma phan tir clita dug thoi nom amino (NE) va nliom cacboxyl (COOH) - Céng thite chung: (HsN)x - R - (COOH)y 2. Cau tao phan tir ~ Trong phau tit amino axit, uhém NH va nhom COOH tuong tac véi nhau tao ion rong cue. Vi vay amino axit két tinh ton tai 6 dang ion long cue - - Trong dung dich, dang ion lucng ewe ehuyén mot phin nho thin dang phan tt R-(H ~ COOH R-(H- Coo” NE) *NHR, dang phan ti dang ion hrng ewe 3. Phan loat Dya vao cau tao goc R dé phan 20 amino axit co ban thanh cac nhom. M6t trong cac cach phan loai la 20 amino axit d@uge phn thin 5 nh6m nu sau: a) Nhém 1: ce amino axit 06 gde R khOng phiin cue ki murée, thude nhdm nay e6 6 amino axit: Gly (G), Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (1). ILe (D, Pro) 4) Nhém 2: cdc amino axit c6 gc R 1a nhin thom, thude nhém nay c6 3 amino axit: Phe (F), Tyr (¥), Trp (W) ©) Nhémn 3: cdc amino axit c6 goc R bazo, tich dign duong, thudc nhom nay cé 3 amino axit: Lys (K), Arg (R), His (2) @) Nhém 4: céc amino axit ¢6 gée R phin cue, khong tich dign, thude hom nay c6 6 amino axit: Ser (S), Thr (T), Cys (C), Met (M), Asn (N), Gin Q) Luyenthithukhoa.vaCHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN ~ AMINOAXIT ~ PROTEIN e) Nhém 5: cde amino axit 06 g6c R axit, tich dign am, thude nhém nay c6 2 amino axit: Asp (D). Glu (E) 4. Danh phap a) Tén thay thé: axit + vi tri + amino + tén axit cacboxytic tyong img. Vi du: H;N-CH,-COOH: axit aminoetanoic ; HOOC-{CH2],-CH(NH;)}-COOH: axit 2-aminopentandioic +b) Tén bén he théng: axit ~ vi ti chiv ci Hi Lap (a. B.7, 3. ¢, @) + amino + tén théng thirimg cia axit cacboxylic trong img. Vi du: (CHs-CH(NH2)-COOH : anit «-aminopropionic (CHy];-COOH : axit e-aminocaproic (CH]s-COOH: axit -aminoenantoic ¢) Tén théng throng: cc amino axit thién nhién (a-amino axit) déu c6 tén thudng, Vi H,N-CH,-COOH cé tén thitdng 18 glyxin (Gly) hay glicocol I- TINH CHAT VAT LI Céc amino axit 4 cae chit rin khong mau, vi hoi ngot, dé ran trong mide vi ching tn tao dang ion Iudmg cure (mudi noi phan 1), nhigt 46 néng chay cao (vi 1a hgp chit ion) Il — TINH CHAT HOA HOC 1. Tinh chit axit — bazo ciia dung dich amino axit y thi amino axit c6 tinh bazar, quy tim héa xanh =X -COONa +130 hoje: HsN"-CH,-COO™ + NaOH — H3N-CH;-COONa + #0 - Tae dung v6i dung dich axit (do 6 nhiom NE) H.N-CH.-COOH = HCI — CIH.N-CH.-COOH hole: HsN"-CH,-COO" + HCl — CIH,N-CH,-COOH 2, Phan ting este hoa uhom COOH hi HCL HgNCH,COOH + C7H;0H === CIHyNCH{COOC2Hs + Hy0 3. Phan tg cia nhom NH; voi HNO: H.N-CH.-COOH + HNO; — HO-CH; ~COOH + axit hidroxiaxetic HO 4, Phan ting tring ngimg ~ Do cé nhém NH, va COOH nén amino axit tham gia phan tg trimg ngung tao thinh polime thudc loai poliamit - Trong phan tmg ny, OH cia ném COOH o phan we asit nay két hop véi H cha nhom NHL 6 phin tw axit kia tao thinh nude va sinh ra potime = Vidu Luyenthithukhoa.vaCHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN — AMINOAXIT — PROTEIN H)N-[CHy]5-COOH —S—» —t-NH{CHyJs-cO —-— + alz0 axit e-aminocaproic nilon—6 (to capron) FQN{CHy-COOH —“—» —t-NH{CHy]6-CO +— +o axit o-aminoenantoic nilon—7 (te enan) V-UNG DUNG ~ Amino axit thién nhién (hau hét la a-amino axit) la co’ so dé kién tao nén céc loai protein ciia co’ thé séng. ~Mudi mononatri cia axit glutamic durge dimg lam mi chinh (hay b6t ngot, ~ Anit e-aminocaproic va axit o-aminoenantoic la nguyén ligu san to tong hop (nilon — 6 va nilon ~ Axit glutamic 14 thuéc hé trg thin kinh, methionin (CH;S-CH,-CH,-CH(NH,)-COOH) li thude ae PEPTIT VA PROTEIN A_PEPTIT Y} - I KHAINIEM VA PHAN LOAI oO 1. Khai niém Lién két ca nhom CO véi nhém NH gitta hai don vj a-amino ket Peptit la nhing hop chat chit den $0 géc a-amino axit lién két véi nhau bang céc lién ket petit 2. Phan loat Cae peptit d fin hai Loa: cae peptit c6 tir 2 dén 10 géc a-amino axit va duge goi trong img 1a dipeptit, tipeptit... céc peptit c6 tir 11 dén 50 g6c a-amino axit. Polipeptit la co s6 tao nén protein I~ CAU TAO, DONG PHAN VA DANH PHAP. 1. Cau tao va dong uhan - Phin tir peptit hop than tt c4e g6c a-amino axit n6i véi nhau boi lién két peptit theo mot teat te nhdt djnh: amino axit €au N con nliom NHs, amino axit du C con nliom COOH Luyenthithukhoavn -6-CHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN — AMINOAXIT — PROTEIN ~ Néu trong phan tit peptit c6 i cp g6c o-amino axit gidng nhau thi sé déng phan chi con OQ e tén ctia axit dau C (duoc gitt ngnyén). Vi du’ 2. Danh phap ‘Tén cua peptit duoc hinh thanh bang cach ghép tén géc axyl cia cic sone dau N. 16i két thie bang H,NCH,CO.NHFHCO-NE-(H-COOH alyzylalanylvalin (Gly - Ala - Val) CHy CH(CH), ml - TINH CHAT 1. Tinh chat vat It OY ‘ ° t 2. Tinh chat hoa hoc ee @) Phein ting mau biure: - Dura vio phan ting mau ct -CO-NH-CO-NH; + Cu(OH); — phite chat mau tim dc trmg__ = Amino axit va ones phan tng nay. Cac tripeptit tra 1én tac dung vei Cu(OH); tao phite chat mau tim. 5) Phan ting day. B_Pl 1— KHAI NIEM VA PHAN LOAL Protein la nhtmg polipeptit cao phan tir c6 phn tir khdi tir vai chuc nghin dén vai trigu. Protein duge phan thanh 2 loai: Protein dom gin: durge tao than chi tir cae a-amino axit - Protein phite tap: duvoc tao thinh tir cfc protein don gian két hop véi cde phin tir khong phai protein (phi protein) nhue axit micleic, lipit, acbohidtrat... I.-TINH CHAT CUA PROTEIN LuyenthithukhoavnCHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN ~ AMINOAXIT ~ PROTEIN 1. Tinh chat vat li @) Hinh dang: = Dang sgi: nhur keratin (trong toc), miozin (trong co), fibroin (trong to tim) ~ Dang ct: nhtr anbumin (trong long tring trimg), hemoglobin (trong miu) B) Tinh tan trong meoe: Protein hinh soi khéng tan, protein hinh cau tan ©) Sie dong ry La sy déng lai ca protein va tach ra khoi dung dich khi dun néng hoae thém axit, bazo, mudi 2. Timh chit hoa hoc «@) Phén ting thily phan. - Dieu kign thity phan: xiie tac axit hodc kiém va dun nong hod xtc tée enzim ~ San pha: cée a-amino axit 1b) Phein ting mee Anbumin (protein cé trong long tring ting) HNO ac Két tia mau wang (do san phim cd nhém NO) ‘CuOHa Phitc chat mau tim dae tung (phan teng biure) Il - KHAINIEM VE ENZIM VA AXIT NUCLEIC 1. Euzim Hau hét c6 ban chat 14 protein, xite tée cho cée qua trinh hoa hoe dae bigt la trong co thé sinh vat. Enzim duuge goi la cchat xtte tae sinh hoe va ¢6 de dtiém: ~ Tinh chon loc (ec higu) cao: méi enzim chi xGc tac cho mt phan (mg nhat dinh - Hoat tinh cao: tc a6 phan img nbét xitc téc enzim rit en0, gp 109 — 1011 chat xttc tac héa hoc 2. Axit nucleic Axit nucleic 1a mét polieste ctia axit photphoric va pentozo + Néu pentozo la ribozo, axit nucleic ki higu AR? + Néu pentozo 1a deoxiribozo, axit nucleic ki higu ADN + Phan wr khoi ADN tir 4 ~ 8 tigu, thudng ton tai 6 dang xodin kép + Phan tir kh6i ARN nho hon ADN, thurbng ton tai 6 dang xoan don Luyenthithukhoa.vaCHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN ~ AMINOAXIT ~ PROTEIN Ney Chu nie oda mét chudi ADN (...A~G ~X..) Clu trie oda mat chad ARN (..A-G-U MOT SO CHU Y KHI GIAI BAI TAP Mot s6 dang bai tap bay bi a) So sfnh lye bazo cia e4e amin ) Dém dong phan amin, amino axit, peptit ) Xéc dinh céng thie phan tir amin, amino awit theo phan tmg chéi | 4) Xéc dinh céng thite phan tir amin theo phan tmg voi dung dich axit hay dung dich mudi ) Xéc dinh céng thie phan tir amino axit theo phan img axit— bazor 4) Xéc dinh céng thite cau tao ctia hop chat 2) Phin bigt — tach cac chat 2. Mét sé céng thite hay ding: a) Cong thite phan tt cia amin; min don chit: C,HyN (y $ 2x+ 3) Amin don chite no: CyHlag~ NH hay CyHag-3N Amin da chtte: CJHN; (y = 2x +2 +t) - Amin da chite no: C, ANH;), hay CyHon+2-2Nz ~ Amin thom (d6ng dang ctia anilin): CsFop_sN (n> 6) b) Cong thite phan tik C.H,O:N c6 cée ding phan cdu tao mach ho throng ge: = Amino axit H,N-R-COOH ~Este ctia amino axit HiN-R-COOR’ -Mudi amoni cia axit aukanoic RCOONH, va RCOOH;NR’ - Hyp chat nitro R-NO; ©) Cong thite hay ding: Luyenthithukhoa.vaCHUYEN DE 9 LY THUYET AMIN ~ AMINOAXIT ~ PROTEIN Qe +24t-y = Céng thie 46 bat bao haa (sé lién két m + v) cla C,H,Ng A = 2 Qxt24t-y = Cong thite a6 bat bio hoa (s6 lign két x + v) ctla C,H,O.Ne A 2 ‘Céng thite chi ding khi gia thiét tat ca cac lién két déu 1a lién két cong hoa tii, d6i voi hgp chat 224241-7 _ 4 Kixéng cin dling nita. Vi dit CHsCOONH, ¢6 A= 2 nlnmg trong phan tit CH\COONH, Iuén 1 lién ki ~ Néu phan ttr peptit chira n géc a-amino axit khac nhau thi sé déng phan loai peptit sé la n! al jon thi céng thie ~ Néu trong phan tit peptit co i cp gdc a-amino axit gidng nhau thi sé dong phan chi con 2° 3. Mot so phan img can lau y 3C,H2n + 3N + FeCl; + 3H:0 > Fe(OH): + 3C,H + NCI (HN), R-(COOH), + XHCI — (CIN), R-{COOH), (CIH:N),— R{COOH), + (x + yJNaQH — (HN), R-(COONa), + XNaCl + (x + y)H;0 (HN), R-(COOH), + yNaOH — (HN), R-(COONa), ~ yH.O (H.N),- R{COONa), + (x + yHC1 — (CIN), R{COOH), + yNaCl 2(HN)- R{COOH), + xHySO4 — [(HsN)x— R{COOM)y]($O0.)n 2(HN) R(COOH), + yBa(OH) — [aN)- R(COO}; Bay * 20 Luyenthithukhoa.va -10-