crease and to vary significantly in response to slight changes in the composition of the liquid even though pressure and temperature remain constart (Mahood and Hildreth 1983), For this reason, the data in Table 1.10 are g20uped by composition of the racks into: (4) basalt and andesite; (F) dacite and rhyolite; (C) alkalie rocks, Other potential sources of error in the measurement ofdistribution coefficients based ‘rysts and matrix in volcanic rocks include: (1) disequi- lisrium between the crystals and the liquid (Dasch 1969; Berlin and Henderson 1969; Mazzone and Grant 1988; ist et al, 18Ka): (2) kinetic disequilibrium caused by local depletion of the melt in trace efemients in the vi- Cinity of rapidly growing crystals (Albaréde and Bottin- 19735 Lindstrom 1983 Lesher 1986); (3) zoning of the ystals (4) presence of inclusions; (5) incomplete sepa- tation of crystals from the matrix prior t wet chemical analysis; and (6) low precision of electron and ion mi oprobes far trace elements (Mahood an Stimac 990). In addition, the distribution coefficients of some min- eras (e.g. alkali feldspar, clinopyroxene, melilite, and thers) appear to vary systematically with the composi- tion of the crystals (Sun etal. 1774). However, the com- positional variation may be masked by temperature ef fects. For example,the temperature dependence of D (St) inplagioclase may bean artifact caused by the tempera ture dependence of the chemical compositions of this mineral (Blundy and Wood 1991). Although Sr is able to replace Ca the Sr concentration ot plagioclase does not increase analyses of pheno- In plagioclase 7 £ co Po 200 | o os a6 1.0 ‘Anorthite oie fraction Fs 16Sainion ot tne tera Spicetenins of pagan Seton data compile oe the erature hes coneaton eiplgiodaseinceuses with increasing anorihhe content up 10 Te faction about og and bas ymeainum atm feastions nt oF pagioelase acta ations (Sources Dats 140 + Fractional Crystallization of Magma a3 with the Ge content as expected (Heier 1962). The data In Fig. 19 indicate that the Sr concentration of plagio clase of inser mediate compositions reaches & maximum, and thar its concenteation in Ca-rich plagioclases acta ally decreases with increasing anorthite content (Ewart and Taylor 2969), This apparent anomaly was exp by Blundy end Wood (1991) by demonstrating that albite isanore elastic than anorthite (based on comparisons of the bulk modulus, sheer modulus, and Young's mod lus) and that Sr°* and Ra** both of which are larger than Ga?" and Na’, are more easily accommodated int Na-pla- gloclase than in Ca-plagioclase because of the greater y of the albite lattice. ined 1.10.2 Rubidium and Strontium Concentrations of Plutonic Igneous Rocks The Rb and Sr concentrations of the rack-forming nvin crals (Table 1.2) and the values of their distribution co- cllicients (Table 1.10) help to explain theconcenirations of Rb and Sr in plutonic igneu position fom ultramafic to granitic (Table 1a1). Ultra rnafie rocks (except anorthosites) have low concentra tions of Rb and Sr compared to matic (gabbro, diorite) and felsic rocks (monzonite, gcanite). Figure 1.10a indi- cates that the average Rb concentrations of plutouic ig. is racks ranging in com neous rocks increase with increasing silica concentra tion (degree of differentiation), whereas the Sr concen trations reach a maximum in diovites and (SiO; between about 52% and 679%) and then decline with increasin, iliea concenteat jon. Consequently, the RbiSr ratios of the mafic rocks in Fig. ob rise only slightly with increasing degree of differentiation because initially the concentrations of Rb and Sr borh rise However, when the Sr concentrations begin to decline after the main stage of plagioclase crystallization, the Rb/Sr ratios increase rapidly with increasing degree of differentiation beyond silica concentrations of about 65 10 70%. ‘The concentrations of Rb and Sr in each of the rock types listed in Table a1 in many cases vary by factors oF ten or more. Consequently, the average concentrations are subjectto sampling bias and are not necessarily rep- resentative of all occurrences of a partic rock type The wide angeof Rband concentrations results fom the formation of magmas by varying degrees of partial melting of ditterent kinds of source rocks in the lower ‘crust oF upper mantle, Once formed, the m: evolve by fractional crystallization under a variety of conditions and by assimilation of different kinds of crustal rocks. Asa result, igneous racks may acquire re gional or local characteristics in their trace-element con- centrations The Rb and Sr concentrations of the Kiglapait lay- ered intrusion in Labrador (Morse 196g) have been plot24 Ganytr 1 Chemical Properties and Isotope Systematies Table 1.11, Average concentrations of RD ‘ond Sr in plutonic igneous ks The number at samples lnclded in the averages Rock type ‘ALUltramatic rocks given in parentheses Dune Anorthonte Petdotie B.Mafic to felsic rocks ranodiorte art monaoni yee ‘type arate C.Atalic rocks Ne rama Kel Penn. Nephetine irises ted in Fig. 11s. log PCS (percent solidified by volume) because these rocks provide an excellent example of the cllectsof fractional crysiallizationon the concentrations of these elements ( Morse 1981, 1982). The Kighapait In. wusion (Sect. 71.4) ranges in compos lite (olivine plus Ca-plagioclase) to ferresyenite and Rbippm| — Sr(ppm) __Ab/Sr__SIO, (96) Ret* 03949 es 402 165.8 a(n 0016 505 036 34 023-199 458) GB7tTs) 9.0067 545,78 27(t) 19123) 06s 43st ass. aa-sua 32(831 on age 880 as 5194 29 027 660 136 ast ja) a0 300 06 a 367189) 1 862195 6 1098 20 47-3300 an as or 501,86 acolo an 4 0083 formed by frictional cystallization during slow cool ing of « low-K olivine tholeiite magma without signifi ‘cant interaction with the country rock. Figure 111 ind «cates that the Rb concentrations of these rocks remained Virtually constant until more than 90% of the magma had crystallized and then rose steeply, especially in the