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Abstract-- Legacy substation automation protocols and much higher rates. With this migration in technology, the
architectures typically provided basic functionality for power “cost” component of a data acquisition system has now
system automation and were designed to accommodate the become the configuration and documentation component.
technical limitations of the networking technology available for
Consequently, a key component of a communication system is
implementation. There has recently been a vast improvement in
networking technology that has changed dramatically what is the ability to describe themselves from both a data and
now feasible for power system automation in the substation. services (communication functions that an IED performs)
Technologies such as switched Ethernet, TCP/IP, high-speed perspective. Other “key” requirements include:
wide area networks, and high-performance low-cost computers
are providing capabilities that could barely be imagined when · High-speed IED to IED communication
most legacy substation automation protocols were designed.
· Networkable throughout the utility enterprise
IEC61850 is an important new international standard for
substation automation that will have a very significant impact on · High-availability
how electric power systems are designed and built for many · Guaranteed delivery times
years to come. IEC61850 is a part of the International · Standards based
Electrotechnical Commission’s (IEC) Technical Committee 57 · Multi-vendor interoperability
(TC57) architecture for electric power systems. The model- · Support for Voltage and Current samples data
driven approach of the TC57 standards, including IEC61850, is
· Support for File Transfer
an innovative approach that requires a new way of thinking
about substation automation that will result in very significant · Auto-configurable / configuration support
improvements in both costs and performance of electric power · Support for security
systems.
Given these requirements, work on a “next generation”
I. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM NEEDS communication architecture began with the development of
the Utility Communication Architecture (UCA) in 1988. The
C ommunication has always played a critical role in the
real-time operation of the power system.
beginning, the telephone was used to communicate line
In the result of this work was a profile of “recommended” protocols
for the various layers of the International Standards
loadings back to the control center as well as to dispatch Organization (ISO) Open System Interconnect (OSI)
operators to perform switching operations at substations. communication system model. This architecture resulted in
Telephone-switching based remote control units were the definition of a “profile” of protocols, data models, and
available as early as the 1930’s and were able to provide abstract service definitions that became known as UCA. The
status and control for a few points. As digital concepts and fundamental work done in UCA became the
communications became a viable option in the 1960’s, data foundation for the work done in the IEC Technical Committee
acquisition systems (DAS) were installed to automatically Number 57 (TC57) Working Group 10 (WG10) which
collect measurement data from the substations. Since resulted in the International Standard – IEC 61850 –
bandwidth was limited, DAS communication protocols were Communication Networks and Systems in Substations.
optimized to operate over low-bandwidth communication
channels. The “cost” of this optimization was the time it took
to configure, map, and document the location of the various
data bits received by the protocol. II. SCOPE AND OUTLINE OF IEC 61850
The stated scope of IEC 61850 was communications within
As we move into the digital age, literally thousands of the substation. The document defines the various aspects of
analog and digital data points are available in a single the substation communication network in 10 major sections as
Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) and communication shown in Table 1 below.
bandwidth is no longer a limiting factor. Substation to master
communication data paths operating at 64,000 bits per second
are now commonplace with an obvious migration path to
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Parts 3, 4, and 5 of the standard start by identifying the Finally, part 10 of the document defines a testing
general and specific functional requirements for methodology in order to determine “conformance” with the
communications in a substation (key requirements stated numerous protocol definitions and constraints defined in the
above). These requirements are then used as forcing functions document.
to aid in the identification of the services and data models The rest of this paper goes into some focused details of the
needed, application protocol required, and the underlying various parts of the IEC 61850 standard.
transport, network, data link, and physical layers that will
meet the overall requirements. III. MODELING APPROACH
Legacy protocols have typically defined how bytes are
The major architectural construct that 61850 adopts is that
transmitted on the wire. However, they did not specify how
of “abstracting” the definition of the data items and the
data should be organized in devices in terms of the
services, that is, creating data items/objects and services that
application. This approach requires power system engineers to
are independent of any underlying protocols. The abstract
manually configure objects and map them to power system
definitions then allow “mapping” of the data objects and
variables and low-level register numbers, index numbers, I/O
services to any other protocol that can meet the data and
modules, etc. IEC 61850 is unique. In addition to the
service requirements. The definition of the abstract services is
specification of the protocol elements (how bytes are
found in part 7.2 of the standard and the abstraction of the
transmitted on the wire), IEC 61850 provides a
data objects (referred to as Logical Nodes) is found in part
comprehensive model for how power system devices should
7.4. In as much as many of the data objects are made up of
organize data in a manner that is consistent across all types
common pieces (such as Status, Control, Measurement,
and brands of devices. This eliminates much of the tedious
Substitution), the concept of “Common Data Classes” or
non-power system configuration effort because the devices
“CDC” was developed which defined common building
can configure themselves. For instance, if you put a CT/VT
blocks for creating the larger data objects. The CDC elements
input into an IEC 61850 relay, the relay can detect this module
are defined in part 7.3.
and automatically assign it to a measurement unit without user
interaction. Some devices use an SCL file to configure the
Given the data and services abstract definitions, the final
objects and the engineer need only import the SCL file into
step was one of “mapping” the abstract services into an actual
the device to configure it. Then, the IEC 61850 client
protocol. Section 8.1 defines the mapping of the abstract data
application can extract the object definitions from the device
3
over the network. The result is a very large savings in the cost close commands, and CBOpCap for the circuit breaker
and effort to configure an IEC 61850 device. operating capability.
The IEC 61850 device model begins with a physical Each element of data within the logical node conforms to
device. A physical device is the device that connects to the the specification of a common data class (CDC) per IEC
network. The physical device is typically defined by its 61850-7-3. Each CDC describes the type and structure of the
network address. Within each physical device, there may be data within the logical node. For instance, there are CDCs for
one or more logical devices. The IEC 61850 logical device status information, measured information, controllable status
model allows a single physical device to act as a proxy or information, controllable analog set point information, status
gateway for multiple devices thus providing a standard settings, and analog settings. Each CDC has a defined name
representation of a data concentrator. and a set of CDC attributes each with a defined name, defined
type, and specific purpose. Each individual attribute of a CDC
belongs to a set of functional constraints (FC) that groups the
attributes into categories. For instance, in the Single Point
Status (SPS) CDC described in Figure 2, there are functional
constraints for status (ST) attributes, substituted value (SV)
attributes, description (DC) attributes, and extended definition
(EX) attributes. In this example the status attributes of the SPS
class consists of a status value (stVal), a quality flag (q), and a
time stamp (t).
D a ta N a m e C o m m o n D a t a C la s s M a n d a to r y /O p tio n a l
Relay1/XCBR1$ST$Loc$stVal TABLE II
IEC 61850 TO MMS OBJECT MAPPING
Attribute
Data IEC 61850 Objects MMS Object
Functional Constraint SERVER class Virtual Manufacturing
Logical Node Device (VMD)
Logical Device LOGICAL DEVICE class Domain
LOGICAL NODE class Named Variable
Fig. 3. Anatomy of an IEC 61850-8-1 Object Name DATA class Named Variable
DATA-SET class Named Variable List
SETTING-GROUP-CONTROL- Named Variable
IV. MAPPING TO REAL PROTOCOLS BLOCK class
REPORT-CONTROL-BLOCK class Named Variable
The abstract data and object models of IEC 61850 define a
LOG class Journal
standardized method of describing power system devices that
LOG-CONTROL-BLOCK class Named Variable
enables all IEDs to present data using identical structures that
GOOSE-CONTROL-BLOCK class Named Variable
are directly related to their power system function. The
GSSE-CONTROL-BLOCK class Named Variable
Abstract Communication Service Interface (ACSI) models of
CONTROL class Named Variable
IEC 61850 define a set of services and the responses to those
Files Files
services that enables all IEDs to behave in an identical manner
from the network behavior perspective. While the abstract
TABLE III
model is critical to achieving this level of interoperability, IEC 61850 PARTIAL SERVICE MAPPING
these models need to be operated over a real set of protocols IEC 61850 Services MMS Services
that are practical to implement and that can operate within the LogicalDeviceDirectory GetNameList
computing environments commonly found in the power GetAllDataValues Read
industry. IEC 61850-8-1 maps the abstract objects and GetDataValues Read
services to the Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) SetDataValues Write
protocols of ISO9506. Why was a protocol originally GetDataDirectory GetNameList
designed for manufacturing used? Because MMS is the only GetDataDefinition GetVariableAccessAttributes
public (ISO standard) protocol that has a proven GetDataSetValues Read
implementation track record that can easily support the SetDataSetValues Write
complex naming and service models of IEC 61850. While you CreateDataSet CreateNamedVariableList
can theoretically map IEC 61850 to any protocol, this DeleteDataSet DeleteNamedVariableList
mapping can get very complex and cumbersome when trying GetDataSetDirectory GetNameList
to map IEC 61850 objects and services to a protocol that only Report (Buffered and Unbuffered) InformationReport
provides read/write/report services for simple variables that GetBRCBValues/GetURCBValues Read
are accessed by register numbers or index numbers. This was SetBRCBValues/SetURCBValues Write
the reason that MMS was chosen for UCA in 1991 and is the GetLCBValues Read
reason that it was kept for IEC 61850. MMS is a very good SetLCBValues Write
choice because it supports complex named objects and a rich QueryLogByTime ReadJournal
set of flexible services that supports the mapping to IEC QueryLogAfter ReadJournal
61850 in a straightforward manner. GetLogStatusValues GetJournalStatus
Select Read/Write
The mapping of IEC 61850 object and service models to SelectWithValue Read/Write
MMS is based on a service mapping where a specific MMS Cancel Write
service/services are chosen as the means to implement the Operate Write
various services of ACSI. For instance, the control model of Command-Termination Write
ACSI is mapped to MMS read and write services. Then the TimeActivated-Operate Write
various object models of IEC 61850 are mapped to specific GetFile FileOpen/FileRead/FileClose
MMS objects. For instance, the IEC 61850 logical device SetFile ObtainFile
object is mapped to an MMS domain. Table 2 below DeleteFile FileDelete
summarizes the mapping of IEC 61850 objects and Table 3 GetFileAttributeValues FileDirectory
the ACSI mapping to MMS.
In addition to the mapping to the application layer, Part 8.1
defines profiles for the “other” layers of the communication
stack that are dependent on the service provided (as shown in
figure 4 below). Of note on the various profiles: the Sampled
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availability of a formal off-line description language can bring Fig. 6. IEC 61850 Substation Architecture
very large benefits to users outside of configuring IEC 61850
client applications. These benefits include: Ethernet switch to deliver datasets to only those switch
ports/IEDs that have subscribed to the data. In migrating to
• SCL enables off-line system development tools to Process Bus implementations, manufacturers will need to
generate the files needed for IED configuration provide the ability to integrate data from existing CTs and PTs
automatically from the power system design with the data from the newer Optical/Electronic sensors. A
significantly reducing the cost and effort of IED redundant synchronization clock architecture will also have to
configuration by eliminating most, if not all, be addressed. In this architecture, upon detection of failure of
manual configuration tasks. Clock 1, Clock 2 will have to automatically come on line and
continue providing sampling synchronization.
• SCL enables the sharing of IED configuration
among users and suppliers to reduce or eliminate At the substation level, a Station Bus will exist. Again, this
inconsistencies and misunderstandings in system bus will be based today on 10MB Ethernet with a clear
configuration and system requirements. Users can migration path to 100MB Ethernet. The Station Bus will
provide their own SCL files to ensure that IEDs provide primary communications between the various Logical
are delivered to them properly configured. Nodes, which provide the various station protection, control,
monitoring, and logging functions. Communications will
• SCL allows IEC 61850 applications to be operate on either a connection oriented basis (e.g. – request of
configured off-line without requiring a network information, configuration, etc.) or a connection-less basis
connection to the IED for client configuration. (IEC Generic Object Oriented Substation Event - GOOSE).
Again, a redundant communication architecture is
SCL can be used as best fits each user’s requirements. A
recommended as application of IED to IED data transmission
user can decide to use CID files to provide help in IED
puts the communication system on the critical path in case of a
configuration using its existing system design processes. Or
failure.
SCL can be used to restructure the entire power system design
process to eliminate manual configuration, eliminate manual
Finally, this architecture supports remote network access
data entry errors, reduce misunderstanding between system
for all types of data reads and writes. As all communication is
capabilities and requirements, enhance the interoperability of
network enabled, multiple remote “clients” will desire access
the end system, and greatly increase the productivity and
the wide variety of available information. Typical clients
effectiveness of power system engineers.
would include local HMI, operations, maintenance,
VII. IEC 61850 SUBSTATION MODEL engineering, and planning. The remote access point is one
logical location to implement security functions such as
Putting the pieces together results in the substation encryption and authentication. This implementation un-
architecture shown in figure 6. burdens the individual IEDs from performing encryption on
At the “process” layer, data from Optical/Electronic internal data transfers but still provide security on all external
Voltage and Current sensors as well as status information will transactions.
be collected and digitized by the Merging Units (MUs). MUs
could be physically located either in the field or in the control
house. Data from the MUs will be collected through
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VIII. BENEFITS OF IEC 61850 with other approaches. For the sake of brevity, we will list
One of the significant challenges that substation engineers here some of the more key features that provide significant
face is justifying substation automation investments. The benefits to users:
positive impacts that automation has on operating costs, • Use of a Virtualized Model. The virtualized model of
increased power quality, and reduced outage response are well logical devices, logical nodes, ACSI, and CDCs enables
known. But little attention is paid to how the use of a definition of the data, services, and behavior of devices to
communication standard impacts the cost to build and operate be defined in addition to the protocols that are used to
the substation. Legacy communication protocols were define how the data is transmitted over the network.
typically developed with the dual objective of providing the
necessary functions required by electric power systems while • Use of Names for All Data. Every element of IEC
minimizing the number of bytes that were used by the 61850 data is named using descriptive strings to describe
protocol because of severe bandwidth limitations that were the data. Legacy protocols, on the other hand, tend to
typical of the serial link technology available 10-15 years ago identify data by storage location and use index numbers,
when many of these protocols were initially developed. Later, register numbers and the like to describe data.
as Ethernet and modern networking protocols like TCP/IP
became widespread, these legacy protocols were adapted to • All Object Names are Standardized and Defined in a
run over TCP/IP-Ethernet. This approach provided the same Power System Context. The names of the data in the
basic electric power system capabilities as the serial link IEC 61850 device are not dictated by the device vendor
version while bringing the advantages of modern networking or configured by the user. All names are defined in the
technologies to the substation. But this approach has a standard and provided in a power system context that
fundamental flaw: the protocols being used were still designed enables the engineer to immediately identify the meaning
to minimize the bytes on the wire and do not take advantage of data without having to define mappings that relate
of the vast increase in bandwidth that modern networking index numbers and register numbers to power system data
technologies deliver by providing a higher level of like voltage and current.
functionality that can significantly reduce the implementation
and operational costs of substation automation. • Devices are Self-Describing. Client applications that
communicate with IEC 61850 devices are able to
IEC 61850 is unique. IEC 61850 is not a former serial link download the description of all the data supported by the
protocol recast onto TCP/IP-Ethernet. IEC 61850 was device from the device without any manual configuration
designed from the ground up to operate over modern of data objects or names.
networking technologies and delivers an unprecedented
amount of functionality that is simply not available from • High-Level Services. ACSI supports a wide variety of
legacy communications protocols. These unique services that far exceeds what is available in the typical
characteristics of IEC 61850 have a direct and positive impact legacy protocol. GOOSE, GSSE, SMV, and logs are just
on the cost to design, build, install, commission, and operate a few of the unique capabilities of IEC 61850.
power systems. While legacy protocols on Ethernet enable the
substation engineer to do exactly the same thing that was done
• Standardized Configuration Language. SCL enables
10-15 years ago using Ethernet, IEC 61850 enables
the configuration of a device and its role in the power
fundamental improvements in the substation automation
system to be precisely defined using XML files.
process that is simply not possible with a legacy approach,
with or without TCP/IP-Ethernet. To better understand the B. Major Benefits
specific benefits we will first examine some of the key
The features described above for IEC 61850 deliver
features and capabilities of IEC 61850 and then explain how
substantial benefits to users that understand and take
these result in significant benefits that cannot be achieved
advantage of them. Rather than simply approaching an IEC
with the legacy approach
61850 based system in the same way as any other system, a
user that understands and takes advantage of the unique
A. Key Features capabilities will realize significant benefits that are not
The features and characteristics of IEC 61850 that enable available using legacy approaches.
unique advantages are so numerous that they cannot
• Eliminate Procurement Ambiguity. Not only can SCL
practically be listed here. Some of these characteristics are
be used to configure devices and power systems, SCL
seemingly small but yet can have a tremendous impact on
can also be used to precisely define user requirement for
substation automation systems. For instance, the use of
substations and devices. Using SCL a user can specify
VLANs and priority flags for GOOSE and SMV enable much
exactly and unambiguously what is expected to be
more intelligent use of Ethernet switches that in and of itself
provided in each device that is not subject to
can deliver significant benefits to users that aren’t available
misinterpretation by suppliers.
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• Lower Installation Cost. IEC 61850 enables devices to • Implement New Capabilities. The advanced services
quickly exchange data and status using GOOSE and and unique features of IEC 61850 enables new
GSSE over the station LAN without having to wire capabilities that are simply not possible with most legacy
separate links for each relay. This significantly reduces protocols. Wide area protection schemes that would
wiring costs by more fully utilizing the station LAN normally be cost prohibitive become much more
bandwidth for these signals and construction costs by feasible. Because devices are already connected to the
reducing the need for trenching, ducts, conduit, etc. substation LAN, the incremental cost for accessing or
sharing more device data becomes insignificant enabling
• Lower Transducer Costs. Rather than requiring new and innovative applications that would be too costly
separate transducers for each device needing a particular to produce otherwise.
signal, a single merging unit supporting SMV can
deliver these signals to many devices using a single
IX. CONCLUSIONS
transducer lowering transducer, wiring, calibration, and
maintenance costs. IEC 61850 is now released to the industry. Ten parts of the
standard are now International Standards (part 10 is a draft
• Lower Commissioning Costs. The cost to configure international standard). This standard addresses most of the
and commission devices is drastically reduced because issues that migration to the digital world entails, especially,
IEC 61850 devices don’t require as much manual standardization of data names, creation of a comprehensive set
configuration as legacy devices. Client applications no of services, implementation over standard protocols and
longer need to manually configured for each point they hardware, and definition of a process bus. Multi-vendor
need to access because they can retrieve the points list interoperability has been demonstrated and compliance
directly from the device or import it via an SCL file. certification processes are being established. Discussions are
Many applications require nothing more than setting up underway to utilize IEC 61850 as the substation to control
a network address in order to establish communications. center communication protocol. IEC 61850 will become the
Most manual configuration is eliminated drastically protocol of choice as utilities migrate to network solutions for
reducing errors and rework. the substations and beyond.