STORAGE

Types of Storage
 Direct attached storage[DAS]
 Network attached storage[NAS]
 Storage area network[SAN]
Direct Attached Storage[DAS]

 Point to point connectivity.

 Block I/O.
 No network involved
 Costly to scale.
 Complex to manage.
 Limited scalability due to limited devices.[16]
 The main protocols used for -DAS connections are ATA, SATA, SCSI, SAS and Fiber Channel.
 Hosts must be directly connected.
 Limited availability
 Number of addressable disks.
 Distance limitations.
 Downtime required for maintenance.
DAS Picture

FC,LAN,SCSI
SERVER

STORAGE
anything

NO NETWORK INVOLVED
Network Attached Storage
 File I/O
 Storage is accessed at a file level via NFS or CIFS
 Storage is accessed over an IP network [ip to ip communication]
 Storage devices can be shared between servers
 Files can be shared between users
NAS Challenges
 Speed – major disadvantage
 Reliability
 Connectivity
 Scalability
How NAS works

Cifs share nfs export

File system

pool
Building Blocks of NAS
CLIENT
CLIENT CLIENT

LAN

SERVER
STORAGE
Types of NAS

 Integrated NAS
 Gateway NAS
Integrated NAS

server LAN

Storage processor

Hard
disk

RAID CAN NOT BE CONFIGURED

Gateway NAS

Storage processor
server LAN

LAN
Hard
disk
Storage area network [SAN]
SAN is a high speed reliable network used for data transfer between server & storage

1. High speed
2. Reliable
3. High availability
4. Integrity
5. Redundancy
6. Scalability – can connect up to 1.6 Million Devices
7. Low latency
8. High cost
Building Blocks of SAN
CLIENT
CLIENT CLIENT

SAN/FC

SERVER
STORAGE
Storage Marker Players
EMC Product Details

SAN Backup SMARTS New Products

 Clariion Networker
 ECC – SAN  VIPR
 VNX Avamar
 DPA – BACKUP  VPLEX
 VMAX DataDomain
 VBLOCK
Host Bus Adapters [HBA]
 HBA receives data in form of light & converts it into digital format.
 HBA internally have SFP[small form factory plugable].
 HBA has WWNN & WWPN
 WWNN & WWPN is a 64 bit address in hexa decimal format.
Data Center Infrastructure
FIBRE CHANNEL LAYERS
FC-Layers

FC-4 UPPER LAYER PROTOCOL MAPPING

FC-3 COMMON SERVICES

FC-2 FRAMING & FLOW CONTROL

FC-1 8/10 BIT ENCODING & DECODING

FC-0 PHYSICAL LAYER

FC-0 : Physical Layer
COMPONENETS of FC-0:
 HBA
 CABLES
 CONNECTORS
 COUPLERS
 SFP
 STORAGE
Types of Cable:

MULTI mode CABLE – ORANGE COLOUR

&
SINGLE mode CABLE- YELLOW COLOUR
Multi Mode Cable

 Supports multiple light incidence as the core size is bigger.

 Core size/clad size=62.5 & 50 micron meter/125 micron meter. (250mt)
Single Mode Cable

 Supports single light incidence as the core size is small….

 Core size/clad size=9/125
 5km distance can be covered
Connectors

Lucent Connectors - (Plugged Into) SFP

Standard Connectors - (plugged Into )GBIC
SFP- Small Form Factor Pluggable [1inch Size]
GBIC- Giga Bit Interface Connector [1.5 Inch Size]
Couplers
LC-LC SFP-SFP
LC-SC SFP-GBIC
SC-SC GBIC-GBIC

DB9 console port of switch directly to laptop

Basics of hard disk drive
Hard disk
Hard disk structure
Block Calculation

1 Block – 512 Bytes

1 Sector – 16 Blocks (8 Kb)
8 sector – 1 Track (64 Kb)
15 Tracks – 1 Cylinder
File Storage Capacity
A Bit = 1 or 0 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte (PB)

4 Bits = 1 Nibble 1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte (EB)

1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte (ZB)
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte (YB)
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB)
1024 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte (BB)
1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte (MB)

1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte (GB)

1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte (TB)

Types of disk
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronic) – Parallel
ATA (Advanced Technology attachement)-parallel
SCSI (Small computer system interface) - Parallel
SATA (serial ata)- Serial
FC – Serial
SAS - Serial
SSD(Solid State Drives)- Serial
FATA – Serial
NL SAS(Near Line SAS)-serial
Comparison of Disks

TYPE SPEED I/O

SCSI 5400rpm OUT DATED
SATA 7200rpm
FC 15000rpm 180
SAS 15000rpm 160
SSD 1500
FATA HP STORAGE
NL SAS EMC VNX
Transmission Modes:
PARALLEL SERIAL
IDE & ATA

Lower-cost devices than SCSI

Maximum support only 4 devices
40 PIN & SPEED 138 MB/S
SCSI
 SCSI was designed to handle the heavy load of performance & critical servers. It is better
than ATA, but more expensive
 Speed 80 – 640 mb/s
 Up to 8 or 16 devices can be attached to a single bus
 Serial ATA
 Serial ATA replaces the old 40 pin ATA cable with a new simple thin cable.
 SPEED150 MB/s (compared with parallel ATA’s 133 MB/s)
 SATA-2 and SATA-3 – SPEED of 300 and 600 MB/s
 Serial ATA interface connects in a point-to-point configuration
 No master/slave relationship because each drive is considered a master in a point-to-
point relationships
 Each device gets full bandwidth
 Hot pluggable. Can run for 1 meter.

ATA and SATA cable

Fibre Channel

10,000 to 15,000 RPM

I/O Performance rate is very high
Very Expensive 180 I/O
Write the Data Randomly like 1,4,2,3…..
SAS

10,000 to 15,000 RPM

I/O Performance rate is more 160 I/O
Write the Data in Sequential like 1,2,3,4…..
SATA vs SAS
FLASH (SSD)

1500 I/O
SPEED LIKE SAY 65000RPM….
NO PLATTER
FATA (ATA+SATA)

FATA is simply the low cost ATA or SATA disk drive equipped with a small external
converter, that changes the interface to Fibre Channel (FC).
NL SAS (NEAR LINE SAS)

 It same like SATA but Interface is SAS

 10,000 to 15,000 RPM
 I/O Performance rate is 30% more
than SATA
 Affordable to Buy
 Write the Data Sequential like
1,2,3,4…..
Raid Concepts raid 0

Minimum No. Maximum No. Space Performance Read Data Striping Techniques
of disks of disks utilization Redundancy
required required

2 16 100% High High No Block level Striping

Raid Concepts raid 1

Minimum No. Maximum No. Space Performance Read Data Striping Techniques
of disks of disks utilization Redundancy
required required

2 16 50% High Medium Yes Block level Mirroring

Raid Concepts raid 5

Minimum No. Maximum No. Space Performance Read Data Striping Techniques
of disks of disks utilization Redundancy
required required

3 16 70% High Medium Yes Block level Diagonal Parity

Raid Concepts raid 6

Minimum No. Maximum No. Space Performance Read Data Striping Techniques
of disks of disks utilization Redundancy
required required

3 16 60% to 70% High High Yes Block level Dual Parity

Raid Concepts raid 10 (1+0)

Minimum No. Maximum No. Space Performance Read Data Striping Techniques
of disks of disks utilization Redundancy
required required

4 16 Less than 50% High High Yes Block level Mirroring then
Striping
Raid Concepts raid 01 (0+1)

Minimum No. Maximum No. Space Performance Read Data Striping Techniques
of disks of disks utilization Redundancy
required required

4 16 Less than 50% High High Yes Block level Striping then
Mirroring
THANK YOU