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KSPM 12 03 023
KSPM 12 03 023
Received: May 31, 2017 / Revised: June 19, 2017 / Accepted: July 28, 2017
ⓒ 2017 J Korean Soc Phys Med
stretching studies because it is a biarticular muscle that et al., 2006). In addition, cupping therapy reportedly
can be extended without impedance by an articular capsule maintains normal physical function through an immediate
or ligament (Ylinen et al., 2010). Moreover, decreased reaction by skin and fascia (Benjamin, 2009). Lastly, it
flexibility in the hamstring muscle disturb the biomechanics removes the tension in soft tissues caused by pain and
of the waist and pelvis, leading to low back pain or relieves mechanical deficits by efficiently restoring the
musculoskeletal disorders (Witvrouw et al., 2003; Meroni tissues (Malliaropoulos et al., 2004).
et al., 2010; Muyor et al., 2011; Kim and Hwang, 2012; Studies on the chemical effects reported that efficient
Rogan et al., 2013). Therefore, it is clinically very important physical recovery was possible with application of cupping
to maintain adequate length. therapy, as it increased blood flow and removed toxins
Passive stretching is the most widely used method to from the deep fascia (Yoo and Tausk, 2004; Tham et al.,
extend the length of muscles, and is the most used 2006; El Sayed et al., 2013). Cupping therapy also
intervention to enhance the flexibility of muscles and stimulated small nerves in muscle and induced secretion
increase the range of motion; however, there have been of endorphins in the brain in response to application of
reports that question the beneficial effect of stretching on cupping therapy to the skin (Tham et al., 2006).
exercise performance because extension of muscle length Although many studies scientifically demonstrated the
may lead to decreased strength (Marek et al., 2005; You effects of cupping therapy (Yoo and Tausk, 2004; Tham
and Lee, 2010). et al., 2006; Ahmadi et al., 2008; Farhadi et al., 2009;
Cupping therapy is a type of alternative medicine for Michalsen et al., 2009; Lauche et al., 2011; El Sayed et
pain relief, and for treatment in addition to acupuncture al., 2013; Hanan and Eman, 2013), there is a lack of studies
therapy (Tham et al., 2006). Cupping therapy has been used on changes in muscle length, muscle activity, and pain
for various illnesses to headache, low back pain, neck pain thresholds. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to
and carpal tunnel syndrome (Ahmadi et al., 2008; Farhadi measure and compare the change in flexibility, muscle
et al., 2009; Michalsen et al., 2009; Lauche et al., 2011). activity, and pain threshold in hamstring muscle with
Cupping therapy has been recommended for treatment of application of cupping therapy and static stretching.
musculoskeletal disorders following publication of various
studies (Ahmadi et al., 2008; Farhadi et al., 2009; Michalsen
et al., 2009; Lauche et al., 2011), and is expected to become Ⅱ. Methods
a new trend in sports medicine when applied in combination
with use of movement patterns or functional exercises 1. Participants
(Lacross, 2014; Musumeci, 2016; Ries, 2016). The subjects of this study were 30 healthy males and
Based on prior studies, the effects of cupping therapy females in their 20s and 30's who were students attending
can be divided into mechanical and chemical components. S University in Seoul. The subjects voluntarily agreed to
The mechanical effects induce free movement of deep participate in the experiment, and those without lower limb
fascia and muscles by activating lubrication of superficial muscle pain, restriction in range of motion (ROM),
fascia between skin and deep fascia (Guimberteau et al., backache, disc disease, or an open wound at surface
2010). This eases the restriction caused by adhesion of electromyogram (SEMG) attachment sites were selected.
the deep fascia and enables independent movement of The characteristics of subjects are shown in Table 1. All
muscle by intensive application of cupping therapy (Tham experimental protocols and procedures were explained to
Effect of Cupping Therapy on Range of Motion, Pain Threshold, and
Muscle Activity of the Hamstring Muscle Compared to Passive Stretching | 25
limit of the SLR test. The examiner would hold the talus
and avoid any hip rotation during flexion of the hip as
they lifted the subject's lower limb until he or she first
complained of stiffness or pain in the region of the thigh,
bent his/her knee, or began to swing into a posterior pelvic
tilt (noted as movement of the ASIS).
For AROM, the hip joint angle was measured after
voluntary straight leg raising. For this measurement, the
ankle was held in ankle neutral position and the leg was
Fig. 2. Attachment point of cupping therapy lifted slowly to avoid generating elasticity from a quick
leg lift. This measurement was within a range that would
2) Passive stretching not cause bending of the knee on the measured side or
Subjects lay supine keeping their backs flat throughout an increase in lumbar lordosis angle.
the stretch. The leg was passively raised until to the point
of “slight discomfort” in the hamstring and held for 10 2) Pain Threshold Test
seconds, followed by a and slow return; this was repeated The pain threshold value based on pressure applied to
9 times (Johnson et al., 2014). the hamstring muscle was measured with the use of an
electronic algometer (Algometer, J-tech Medical, USA)
4. Measurement with the subject in prone position on a medical bed. Three
In order to verify treatment efficacy of cupping therapy areas 2cm apart from the cupping place on the hamstring
and passive stretching, a pre and posttest were conducted. muscle were selected as pain points and the average value
ROM, algometer, and MVC tests were conducted before for the 6 pain points was calculated to obtain the pain
and after the intervention. index.
Table 6. Comparison of Cupping Therapy and Passive stretching on Biceps femoris -SEMG
Cupping therapy Passive stretching
t P
(n=15) (n=15)
†
Before- MVC (㎶) 115.2 ± 57.40 80.0 ± 44.47 1.877 .907
After- MVC (㎶) 132.5 ± 64.18 128.1 ± 130.6 .116 .908
Difference 17.3 ± 22.87 48.1 ± 126.0 -.932 .359
T -2.938 -1.481
P .011* .161
†
mean ± standard deviation
cupping therapy intervention group and a foam roll & heat therapy group alone. Moreover, there was an increase in
pack intervention group in 17 collegiate athletes. This study muscle activity followed by an increase in flexibility of
also found the same result as the preceding study, which the muscle after cupping therapy treatment, which can be
implies that cupping therapy has a positive impact on an explained by the interaction between muscle length and
increase in flexibility of muscle (Lacross, 2014). The reason tension. Many studies have suggested that there is a
why cupping therapy may induce as much change in flexi- correlation between muscle flexibility and muscle strength.
bility as passive stretching can be explained by research At optimal muscle length, it has been suggested that there
findings that suggest a mechanical basis for its effects; are corresponding serial sarcomere numbers (Cox et al.,
cupping therapy generates effective manipulation of phys- 2000; Coutinho et al., 2004), and that these serial sarcomere
ical structures including fascia, skin, and musculocutaneous numbers can be increased with flexibility exercises
tissues, increases the neurophysiological activity at the level (Ferreira et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2011). It has also been
of nociceptors, the spinal cord, and other nerves, and ulti- suggested that muscle strength may have an influence on
mately leads to significant relaxation (Musial et al., 2013). adaptation of serial sarcomere numbers, and that an increase
In addition, negative pressure generated by application of in serial sarcomere numbers has an influence on muscle
an cupping therapy cup is about 4 inches removed from strength (Koh, 1995). It can be surmised that the flexibility
soft tissues and exerts various mechanical effects including generated by cupping therapy and passive stretching in this
the relief of muscular pain, restoration of muscle, recovery study had an effect on sarcomeres and that an increase
from adhesions, and release of tissues bound up within in muscle activity was followed by an improved sarcomere
muscle (Hanan and Eman, 2013). environment with an increased serial sarcomere number.
The precise physiological mechanism of pain alleviation Additionally Report of Coutinho suggests that muscle fiber
by cupping therapy remains unclear, but there are several performance may be enhanced by an increase in the number
theories. First, chemical transmitters, such as serotonin, of muscle fibers and the cross-sectional area of the muscle
endorphin, and cortisol, which can block pain are secreted fibers after muscle stretching (Coutinho et al., 2006). Thus,
during cupping therapy, as occurs with acupressure or as in this study, the significant increase in muscle activity
acupuncture, and play a role in ultimately reducing pain after application of a Cupping therapy can be explained
(Schulte, 1996). Second, nociceptor activation induces pain by this therapeutic mechanism.
(Schaible et al., 2002), and it is suggested that cupping A limitation of this study is that it examined the
therapy alleviates pain by its anti-nociceptive effect and therapeutic effect for only a single application, and no
counter irritation (Michalsen et al., 2009). Third, all assessment was performed regarding the duration of the
noninvasive and non-drug treatments have a placebo effect; application. Moreover, the correlation between sufficient
a recent research finding suggested that a placebo-device rest and pre-intervention may be ambiguous since this was
is more effective in pain alleviation compared to examined on the same day through the crossover design.
placebo-pill (Kaptchuk et al., 2006). Although cupping therapy was performed by experienced
Muscle activity analysis showed a significant increase therapists, the negative pressure may not have been
in in the ST and semimembranosus muscles for both controlled either qualitatively or quantitatively. Lastly, the
interventions in the cupping therapy and passive stretching results will be more reliable when applied to more subjects
groups. In regards to BF, there was a significant increase since the number was small in this study.
in muscle activity after the intervention in the cupping Future study is needed using various cupping therapy
30 | J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 12, No. 3
techniques and ROM evaluation that combines cupping Chen CH, Nosaka K, Chen HL, et al. Effects of flexibility
therapy and exercise. Moreover, a study of whether long- training on eccentric exercise-induced muscle
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psychological aspects and quality of life should also be stretching after immobilization of the rat soleus muscle
conducted. increase collagen macromolecular organization and
muscle fiber area. Connect Tissue Res. 2006;47(5):
278-86.
Ⅴ. Conclusion Coutinho EL, Gomes AR, Franca CN, et al. Effect of passive
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has as much positive effect on flexibility, pain threshold, dorsi muscle. Exp Physiol. 2000;85(2):193-202.
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32 | J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 12, No. 3