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    15 views10 pages

    JSCF1

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    Ingrid Irreño Palomo

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2.UNING 33 ARTICLE 21 Notations The notations used for the structural calculation of linings are defined as follows: Eo, Es, Ey: Modulus of elasticity of concrete, steel, and ductile cast iron ‘Area ‘Moment of inertia : Bending moment, axial force and shear force (for member forces, the directions indicated in Fig. 2.9 are assumed to be positive) 17: Effective ratio of bending rigidity (BI) (refer to ARTICLE 48) ¢: Transfer ratio of bending moment (refer to ARTICLE 48) Ro, Re, Ri : Outer radius, radius of centroid and internal radius of the primary lining hy, ha: Thickness (height) of the primary lining and the secondary lining b : Width of segment Fig. 2.9 Bending moment, axial force, and shear force 0: Angle at the point of calculation of member forces etc. (angles measured clockwise from the tunnel crown are assumed to be positive) 7/o7'vYue? Wet unit weight of soil, submerged unit weight of soil, and unit weight of water H: Design earth cover (or design overburden depth) on the tunnel crown Hy : Design water head on the tunnel crown. Po : Surcharge Wi, W2: Dead weight of the primary lining and the secondary lining (per unit length in longitudinal direction) Wi, Wz: Dead weight per unit length of the primary and the secondary linings exerted along the centroid of the lining (per unit length in the longitudinal direction) p: Intensity of vertical load 4: Intensity of horizontal load 4: Coefficient of lateral earth pressure (refer to ARTICLE 27) x : Coefficient of soil reaction (refer to ARTICLE 27 and ARTICLE 31) 5: Deformation in the horizontal direction at the springline of the segmental ring (inward deformation provides positive values) ©: Cohesion of soils @: Internal friction angle of soils k,: Constant of rotational spring for the segment joint (refer to ARTICLE 48) k,: Constant of shear spring in radial direction for the ring joint (refer to ARTICLE 48) k_: Constant of shear spring in the tangential direction for ring joints (refer to ARTICLE 48) Ey ‘STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR TUNNELING 2006 hid Taels [Commentary] Tn order to facilitate the understanding of notations, an example of their use is shown in Fig, C21. Fig. C2.1 An example of using the notations ARTICLE 22 Selection of Structure of Lining The structure, material and type of lining must be selected to suit the purpose of the tunnel, the conditions of the ground, and the method of construction and in consideration of the required durability for waterproofing corrosion protection. [Commentary] Tn most cases, the tunnel lining is required to maintain a specified internal space by directly supporting the ground. It is also required to suit the purpose of the tunnel and provide certain functions necessary for tunnel construction. "The tunnel lining usually consists of a primary lining and a secondary lining. It is generally assumed that the primary lining provides a dynamic function and the secondary lining provides durability. Considerations of cost and efficiency of tunnel works due to community demands have led to single linings consisting of only a primary lining being used in recent years. In this situation, the primary lining is also charged with functions normally required of a secondary lining, or alternative measures are taken to treat the primary lining. Explanations of the primary lining and secondary lining are provided separately as follows. 1) Function and classification of primary lining ‘The primary lining is the main structure that resists earth pressure, water pressure, dead weight effects of surcharge or soil reaction. It is also required to have the dynamic function for resisting construction loads such as the thrust force of shield jacks and backfill grouting pressure. The durability of the lining following tunnel construction and ease of maintenance and control in providing the intended purpose of the tunnel should be also taken into account, ‘The primary lining is generally formed by assembling box type or flat type factory-manufactured segments, which are bolted to another in the longitudinal and 2.UNING a the soil characteristics, design calculation method, and the construction method. However, as it is difficult to determine the coefficients accurately, they can be determined within the range shown in Table C2.1 together with the coefficient of soil reaction. As the design section forces of the segmental lining are sensitive to changes in the balance between vertical load and horizontal load, the coefficient of lateral earth pressure (4) and the coefficient of soil reaction (k) should be carefully determined after careful consideration of the ground condition and the intended tunnel usage. pw BY = EIB) Ramones po .geFemo a = Bet her B=R, co 2144 4/2) ae 6, :Temghs oseing eth presare Comer ih of cig ilo) K, : The ratio of horizontal earth pressure to vertical earth pressure (Usually .0 can be adopted as Ko) ‘@ + Internal friction angle of soils e+ Surcharge load y+ Unit weight of soil © 1 Cohesion of sil However, when p./ys small compared with H, loosening pressure can be calculated using te following equation. BY C/B) (_ g-remonrn 7 Fig. C2.3 Loosening earth pressure Table C2.1 Coefficient of lateral earth pressure (%.) and coefficient of soil reaction (k) Treatment of soil Ground condition x HQMNim) | Approximate N-value and groundwater Very dense sandy soil 035-045 30-50 305 Medium dense sandy soil 045055 10-30 1ss.wc30 Effective stress | Loose sandy soil 050-060 0-10 Neus method _| Hard cohesive soil 035-045 30-50 DSN Stiff cohesive soil o4s-055 10-30 asweas “Medium stiff cohesive soil 045-055 5-10 4snes ‘Medium stiff cohesive soil 065-075 5-10 45Nes Total sess | sft cohesive sol 065-075 os aswes Method Very soft cohesive soil 075-085 ° Nea aun 7 2.6 Structural Calculations for Segments ARTICLE 47 Basis of Structural Calculations (1) The structural calculations should be conducted for both the transverse and longitudinal directions. (2) The structural calculation for the lining of a tunnel should be conducted towards safety against loads posed by the conditions of each step of construction and after completion. (3) The design load for the transverse section of tunnels should be determined assuming the worst possible conditions in the tunnel section subject to design. (4) When calculating the statically redundant force or elastic deformation of concrete segments, such calculations should ignore the reinforcement and assume that the whole cross section of concrete is effective. [Commentary] On (1) It is allowable for the structural calculation to be conducted independently for the transverse direction and longitudinal direction to simplify the structural calculation since there will be minimal impact on the result of the design. Calculations are usually conducted for the transverse direction (refer to ARTICLE 48); those for the longitudinal direction are executed only as the need arises (refer to ARTICLE 49). On (2) A tunnels segments, which are its main structural components, should be designed with consideration of loads that may work on the tunnel for many years after completion. If necessary, the following items should be studied. 1)Stability of the segmental ring, member forces and deformation during the period from immediately after the erection of segments to the hardening of backfill grouting material 2) The member forces of segments and their deformation due to thrust force by shield jacks 3) The member forces of segments and their deformation caused by backfill grouting pressure 4) Construction in sharp curves 5) Contingencies for rapid change in ground conditions 6) The joints of the tunnel and shafts 7) The effect of load fluctuation, other working in close proximity, as well as other impacts that can be anticipated in the future 8)The member forces of segments and their deformation caused by internal loads such as water pressure (for tunnels that will be filled with water, for example). The combination of loads to be considered at each stage of construction should be selected from the loads specified in ARTICLE 26 in accordance with the condition of linings On (4) The section area and moment of inertia of reinforcement used for the calculation of redundant force or elastic deformation is usually ignored in the case of concrete segmental rings. Ignoring or not ignoring the section area and moment of inertia of reinforcement has little effect. Therefore, to simplify the calculation, it is allowable that the whole section is considered effective by ignoring the reinforcement. However the moment of inertia of steel cannot be ignored in the case of calculation of composite segmental rings, which have a large amount of steel in the main section, ‘and the section area and moment of inertia of steel! should be considered. These are calculated by Converting to the equivalent values for concrete. The each value of Young's modulus for concrete 8 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR TUNNELING 2006: Shield Tuels and steel is applied to that of listed in Table 2.2 and Table 2.3. Generally, the greater the flexural rigidity of the segmental ring, the greater the bending moment generated in the segmental ring. Calculation of the moment of inertia while ignoring the tensile ‘members of reinforcement and steel increases the risk of failure. On the other hand, regarding the whole section as concrete introduces a higher margin of safety. Therefore in the allowable stress design method, the above mentioned approach is adopted for both greater safety and simplicity of calculation, Furthermore, in case of studies for Level 2 seismic design, a large decrease in flexural rigidity results from the generation of cracks in members of the tunnel over an extensive distance, It is desirable that the structural calculation of members is conducted considering their nonlinear characteristics due to the reduction of flexural rigidity. Please refer to Chapter 5 for study on seismic design for Level 2. ARTICLE 48 Structural Calculation in the Transverse Direction ‘Member forces of segmental rings in the transverse section should be calculated according to the situation of the acting load and the structural characteristics of segments at each stage during construction and after completion. [Commentary] The axis of a segmental ring used for structural calculation is the centroid of its cross section. As member forces in the transverse direction vary depending upon load conditions, especially soil reaction (Refer to ARTICLE 31), as well as the modeling of the segmental ring structure, these conditions are required to be clearly defined. ‘Since a segmental ring consists of several segments assembled by bolts, its deformation tends to be larger than a continuous ring with uniform rigidity that has the same geometry as the main section of the segment. This is because the flexural rigidity of joints is weaker than the main section of a segment. Thus, it is important to determine how to evaluate the decrease in rigidity at joints for calculating member forces. Moreover since ring joints in Japan are placed such that ‘segments have a staggered arrangement, it is very important to evaluate the effect of adjacent rings in design calculations. The models for design calculations are classified by mechanical evaluation of the joints as follows. 1) Asstumes the segmental ring is a ring with uniform flexural rigidity (Ignoring the decrease in rigidity of segment joints, a segmental ring is treated as a ring with ‘uniform flexural rigidity, El, which is calculated from the dimensions of the main section of the segment (solid ring with full rigidity). (ii) A coefficient to express the effective ratio of bending rigidity (7 $1) is introduced to evaluate the rigidity of joints. A ring is treated as uniform, but less rigid (solid ring with equivalent rigidity). Flexural rigidity is represented as 7 El. Then, redistribution of the bending moments is expressed by introducing a transfer ratio of bending moment, ¢ , which is defined by considering the staggered arrangement. The moment of the main section is calculated as (I+ JM and the moments of the segment joints are calculated as ([- ¢ )M. 2) Assumes the segmental ring is a ring having many hinges 3) Assumes the segmental ring as a ring with rotational and shear springs The model described in 1) (i) is simple and many types of load distributions are proposed. calculation method using for a ring with uniform rigidity and common load distributions as sho in Fig. C2.16 is called the Usual Calculation Method. 2.uNNa nm ‘The model described in 1) (ii) is a logical model to broaden the application of the Usual Calculation Method. If a common load distribution is used and values of =I and ¢=0 are adopted, it becomes the same as the model described in 1) (i). This is called the Modified Usual Calculation Method. ‘The model described in 2) is used where ground conditions are relatively good. Segments are erected with a straight joint arrangement (multi-hinge structure) to expect ground reactions due to ring deformation that facilitates stabilization of the structure. The model described in 3) assumes a segmental ring with rotational and shear springs which are evaluated according to the splicing effect between segmental rings with a staggered arrangement, the method that is applied in Japan, This model is suitable for staggered arrangement, which can be used to evaluate the effects of adjacent rings (this is called the Beam - Spring Model calculation method). Since a suitable model to calculate member forces depends on the given conditions such as usage of the tunnel, ground conditions, design loads, structures of segments, required accuracy of analyses, and the required check items, careful consideration should be given to the selection of a design model. Table C2.16 summarizes the current methods for calculating member forces in the transverse direction and their typical features. Table C2.16 Current methods and their features for calculating member forces in transverse direction Calculation method Major features * Modeling aa a solid ring of uniform rigidity without considering a docrease in vigidity of eogment jointe ‘Vaual | * Due to inability of dealing with the rigidity of segment joints in the model, member forces inthe main Calctnton | _ section tend tobe underestimated and thos in segment joins tend tobe overestimated + No member forces at ring joints taken into account Method | . Inappropriate for asymmetrical loada + Simplified calculation for member forces * Modeling as a soli ring of uniform rigidity with incorporation ofthe effective rao of bending rigidity, ‘into the model on the assumption thatthe equivalent bending rigidity ofthe entire lining can reflect the reduction af rigidity at sogment joins, Note that careful attention should be paid tothe determination of Modified ‘The function of the staggered arrangement in facilitating the redistribution of bending moment Usual between joints and segments is considered such that the bending moment in the main segment is Calculation | added, and that in the joint reduced, Note that careful attention should be paid to determination of Method | * Compared to the Usual Calculation Method, member forces in the main section become greater while those in segment joints become less. + No member fooes at ring joint are taken into account + Inappropriate for asymmetrical loads + Similar to Usual Caleation Method, calculation for member forces is simplified, ~ Modeling segment joints as binges with the help of soil reaction from the surrounding ground supporting the unstable mult*hingod structure. Calculation on | * Member forces tend tobe less than those from the Usual Calculation Method and the Modified Usual Maltihicect | Ciletlation Method #4 | . Inappropriate for tunnels through soft ground exhibiting extremely weak soil reaction, Structure of Ring joints (water tightness) and workability should be carefully considered + Rather complex caleuation for member forces compared to the Usual Caleulation Method and the Modified Usual Celeulation Method ~ Reasonable modeling of the performance of staggered arrangement using rotational rigidity for Calculation on | Se8ment joints and shear rigidity for ring joints ie + Modeling of realistic behavior is possible compared tothe Usual Calculation Method and the Modified = Spring | “Usual Calculation Method. Note that careful attention should be paid tothe determination of rigidity Model of joints which affect member forces. + Member forcos at rng joints can be obtained from this pseudo three-dimensional analysis 0 ‘STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR TUNNELING 206: Sti Tinnels Fig. C2.14 shows the schematic drawings of structural models of segmental rings for each calculation method and the design load distributions proposed for the models are shown in Fig, 2.15. In addition to those shown in Fig. C2.15, another modified method is to use extremely small ground springs to represent the reactions of dead weight. Available load conditions for each calculation method are summarized in Table C2.17. In these calculation methods, iteration calculation assumes that the ground springs are used according to Winkler’s hypothesis. ‘ & t sine | I\} 4 . | | vo a tier in vs gerne seg wh ay tex giiy Reg wi aie ——_‘lag wir oping and ae ons Sassthewliegien feral Nopsljane ried Fig. C2.14 Schematic drawings of structural model of segmental ring econ yal sega alm act a nk Fig. C2.15 An example of load system used for calculation of member forces in transverse direction Table C2.17 Applicable load system for each calculation method _ applicable load calculation method ere Usual Calculation Method (a) Modified Usual Calculation Method (a) Ring with multiple hinged joint calculation (b) Beam Spring Model caleulation method | _@), ©, @, ete 2.uNING a Table C2.18 presents the analytical solutions for the load-distribution model displayed in Fig. 2.15(a) on the basis of the Usual Calculation Method and the Modified Usual Calculation Method. Again, regarding the calculation method for a ring with multiple hinged joints, the analytical solutions very depending upon the number of subdivision of the ring and the location of hinges on the circular tunnel exhibited in Fig, C2.15(b). ‘The details of the calculation methods are as follows. 1) Usual Calculation Method ‘This method was proposed in about 1960 and has been widely used in Japan. A common load distribution model for this method is shown in Fig. C2.16, where vertical soil reaction is uniform and horizontal soil reaction is distributed in a triangular between 45° to 135° from the crown on oth sides. Horizontal deformation of a ring at the spring line, which will determine the magnitude of horizontal soil reaction, is different, depending on whether the soil reaction derived from the dead weight of the lining is considered or not. ‘Table C2.18 Equations for member forces for Usual Calculation Method and Modified Usual Calculation Method ‘Load Bending moment, ‘Axial foree _ Shear force Vertical load Vp aaa? 2 2 wd - 250? 996 + PRE = (0+ Py )Resi 4 + Peg) Resin0 “os cpap | Mage- 28809 Pak N= (e+ Pp )Resin?@ O=40e,+ Bat) a Horizontal load | 71g act 2 2 La 2c0r? G6 + (ae; + Reo = (Ge, Resin eos eaten) | Mage 2608 Ota +R (Gey dep )Re“cos? =a +4 “ Horizontal | yg =1 (6300801200876 4 (inf-+8sin6 cos @ ‘Triangular load 8 N= Lond ons? 4086) eta | +4008? ~4sind cor? eas y > ex ~Ge1~ Bus) RE eee) te) dan) en #94401) RE eq 4002 ~4e,~ GRE aso<®

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