clean wound

- Thyroidectomy
- Mastectomy
- Lipoma excision

clean contaminated

- Simple appendectomy
- Prostatectomy
- Cholecystectomy

contaminated wound

- Traumatic wound
- Cholecystectomy with bile leak
 dirty/ infected

- Appendiceal abcess

- Peritonitis

-
-
- Urinalysis -check for blood and other substances in a sample of urine
- Cystoscopy -help to localize bleeding site and rule out or confirm
concomitant bladder lesions
- Biopsy -show how deeply the cancer has grown into the bladder wall
- Urine cytology -using microscope to see if there are any cancer or pre-
cancer cells in it.
- Intravenous Urography -to look for tumors in the urinary tract
- CT -- appear opaque
- US -determining the size of a bladder cancer and whether it has spread
beyond the bladder to nearby organs or tissues