CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the study

Police officers have only a set of narrowly defined

objectives- and a body of law that is continually subjected

to revision and interpretation - to guide them. Given the

urgency of the plight in which police usually find

themselves, it is a wonder that the police are able to

perform their duties with as little controversy as they do.

There is no question that many times police are forced to

act intuitively. Yet, this is not the characterization of

police that is rendered to the public. Police work is rarely

presented to the public in a positive light. The thousands

of acts each day that police officers perform are rarely

recognized. Groups that profit from police controversies

begin campaigns demonizing police. Their propaganda campaign

is used to discredit the police and simple errors bring them

to the front pages of newspapers. Public perception of the

police becomes disfigured. Experts define public perception

as the difference between an absolute truth based on facts

and a virtual truth shaped by popular opinion, media

coverage and/or reputation. Celebrities, politicians and

even police organizations faced the same scrutiny by the

1
public they serve, and it can be very difficult to overcome

a negative public perception (PCR Manual, 2012).

Public perception is not necessarily inaccurate or

based on something other than the truth. The public at large

can often receive enough factual information in order to

form a general opinion about a public figure, celebrity or

industry without relying on innuendo or unfounded rumors.

There can be instances, however, when public perception of a

situation is affected by other issues, such as cultural bias

or prejudice. A defendant accused of a heinous criminal act

may or may not be guilty of the actual crime, but public

perception of that type of crime can be difficult for a jury

to ignore while deliberating (August 24, 2012).

There is a prevailing perception that police officers are

antagonistic to any civilian review process. This perception

also includes the assumption that all police officers are

one in denouncing any civilian review. Indiana University,

South Bend, Indiana, USA)

The positive shift towards the public perception based

police work in USA has found from last hundred years .The

complex racism view is minor at USA now because the

principles of USA police service are maintaining effectively

through equality, justice, fairness and minimal government

intrusion (Renauer and Covelli, 2011). The level of

2
satisfaction of people about police function has increased a

lot in recent fifty years (Hawdon, 2008). Public experiences

different supports from police to ensure social justice in

USA (Maguire and Johnson, 2010). African Americans

particularly less extent, Hispanic and Asian Americans has

found to have less favorable views of police than whites.

The police atrocity, misconduct and other types of haziness

also found in America but the cases of injustice become low

(Nix et al., 2015).

India is the largest country of South Asian sub-

continent with a population of twelve hundred million where

two types of police found (Nickels and Verma, 2008). One is

the police of the individual state and other is the national

police which work under the command of central authority

(Madan and Nalla, 2015). There have high level of corruption

in the police officials in India but the national police

officers have shown their dedication to work (Kumar, 2014).

Research findings represent the failure of police force at

many cases to detect the crime and failed at crime

prevention strategy (Madan and Nalla, 2015). Crime

prevention is getting top priority rather than crime

detection in India (Kumar, 2014) where the position of the

Police Act (1861) was conceded for ordering the police force

in Bangladesh (Uddin, 2009; Khondaker et al., 2013).

3
Bangladesh police branch has range police, special service,

crime investigation, railway police, armed police battalion,

metropolitan police, highway police and rapid action

battalion (RAB) services (Lambert et al., 2010). Bangladesh

police acts as friends or partners of community people at

all the districts of the nation (Safer World, 2012). The

Lawlessness is a common problem for Bangladesh where many

cases are assumed to be ineffective to deal with social

crimes and chaos (Islam and Mahmud, 2015). Police has

complicit ruling efforts in the society for crime prevention

activities.

People have perception that police force is using by

ruling party’s efforts to suppress political oppositions by

the study of Lambert et al., (2010). Few research finding

represents the police personnel are being corrupt and they

do not support people to get justice (Uddin, 2009; Maguire

and Johnson, 2010; Barton and Beynon, 2011; Safer World,

2012; Madan and Nalla, 2015; Aviv and Weisburd, 2016). The

study of Khondaker et al., (2013) represents 5,000

Bangladeshi households survey where 97 percent of the

households have contact with law enforcement and they are

experiencing corruption at police department. People and

media are highlighting the weak points of police force but

they less highlight the success of police at crime

4
prevention (Islam and Ali, 2008). Police force is

responsible for crime control and mass media plays vital

role to control police activities for ensuring social

justice (Islam and Mahmud, 2015). The public perception

about police remains silent and people think Police are

accused to use excessive force of ruling party (Safer World,

2012). The RAB is formed in 2003 to deal with serious crime

and terrorism but has accused to being engagement with over

600 extra-judicial killing (Lambert et al., 2010). The study

of Uddin (2009) represents RAB is accused to widespread

human rights violations and torture. Therefore, the public

perception about police work in Bangladesh is not good where

ethical justice requires developing within police

activities.

Japan is a peace loving country and is one of the most

developed countries in the world (Nickels and Verma, 2008).

Japan is considered as the paradise of peace (Norton, 2007).

The connection between the public and police is high where

police get best support from public to maintain law and

order justice. The morality of police officers is high in

Japan where many western countries fail to ensure police

officers moral activities (Nickels and Verma, 2008). The

Japanese police maintain non-authoritarian manner and highly

responsive to public opinion. Japanese police is friendly

5
with public and they restrain constitutional rights and

become highly accountable to local communities. The Japanese

younger are less religious and conservative and less happy

those have low confidence on police (Norton, 2007). However,

married, more religious, more conservative and happier

people have high confidence on Japanese police.

The British police force is popularly known as imperial

police because of long tradition of policing in United

Kingdom (UK). The colonial time based police force has

momentum to carry legacy at Indian sub-continent (Houdmont,

2012). Therefore, British police has undergone a

revolutionary change after the decentralization process at

UK society (Merry et al., 2012). Most important finding of

British Crime Survey (BCS) in 2009-10 represents the public

confidence on police work has increased a lot (Barton and

Beynon, 2011). BCS shows the growing tendency of community

to work and co-operate with police to reduce crime from

society. The community people inform police about community

issues to detect crimes and to protect the crime to ensure

social justice (Houdmont, 2012). British police works with

local council that matters for crime reducing operation

(Barton and Beynon, 2011). British people have high level of

positive perception about police works and elder persons

6
more than 35 years old have strong confidence on police

works (Merry et al., 2012).

How does an officer’s physical appearance influence

public opinion? Recent events involving police use of force

have compelled law enforcement to spend more time

considering their relationship with the communities they

serve and how to improve the public’s perception of officers

and their role in the community. In addition to public

outreach programs designed to bring citizens in contact with

officers in constructive, positive ways, recent research

suggests that an officer’s appearance can influence public

opinion. “It is possible that even mere presence factors

(i.e., absent contact), such as the appearance of police

officers in different attire and patrol capacities, may be

enough to impact their perceived approachability,

accountability, respectability, and so on,” posits Rylan

Simpson, a doctoral candidate in the Department of

Criminology, Law and Society at the University of

California, Irvine, in his recent research paper, “The

Police Officer Perception Project (POPP): An experimental

evaluation of factors that impact perceptions of the

police,” published in the Journal of Experimental

Criminology.

7
 Simpson strives to extend previous research by

identifying how police attire and patrol strategies

influence public opinion. “My interest in mere presence and

the effects of such presence on perceptions of the police

motivated my current research,” Simpson said of his work.

“Although few people engage with the police under formal

conditions, most people observe the police at least on a

semi frequent basis: at traffic lights, civic centers and

community events. I was curious how these informal, and

often unceremonious, observations of the police impact the

ways in which citizens perceive officers.” (Rebecca Waters,

May 14, 2018)

Even without scandals such as the recent ones in

Missouri and New York City, the public is frustrated with

police when they generally seem more interested in

generating revenue and meeting quotas instead of protecting

society. For instance, do you ever notice that there are

more speed traps around the end of each month than at any

other time? There is a minimum performance standard that can

vary amongst departments. Al O’leary, a spokesman for the

Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association in Brooklyn, New York

says “Such quotas put the cops under pressure to write

summonses when the violations don’t exist … It takes

discretion away from the police officer”. However,

8
representatives from several police departments argue that

while ticket revenue may fund police departments to a

certain extent, a police officer’s purpose is not to

generate revenue. Speeding tickets simply just coincide with

the enforcing of laws, according to police departments. The

public however, may see things differently.

There has also been a negative outlook on police

officers from the younger generation. Kids today, because

the mass media, see police officers as “mean and kinda

strict”. Recently, a police officer in Kansas City stopped

to talk to two kids who were walking with their parents.

Nothing special, just a simple conversation; asking their

names, how old they were, how they were doing –showing the

family that police officers do care about the citizens they

vow to protect. After the conversation, the ten-year-old

girl stated that she felt like “Officer Orth was one of

those police officers that actually cared about people”. The

Officer, when later interviewed, told a reporter that he

believes that those types of random and kind conversations

with strangers is what will change people’s perspective on

the law enforcement. But why is there already such a

negative stigma surrounding today’s law enforcement? Why do

young children believe that the protectors in our country

are actually the “bad guys”?

9
 In response to these types of opinions from people of

all ages, some local police departments are asking for

feedback from their citizens. The Walpole Police Department

in Massachusetts sent out a survey to every household asking

its citizens what they expect from their police department.

The main principle of this community policing states that

“the police and community create collaborative partnerships

with each other; develop mutual trust, and work together to

solve problems, while conjointly enhancing the quality of

life for its citizens”. Their goal is to have a strong

mutual bond between the people of Walpole and their law

enforcement so that they can create a healthier and more

crime free environment. Over 3,000 citizens responded to the

survey specifying exactly what they want from their police

department. Now this philosophy does not mean that the

police officers wont enforce their laws but rather that

there is a more collective stance on what is important in

Walpole and what needs improvement. Honestly I think that

this type of collaborative ideas between the law enforcement

and its community is what can really make a positive change

within other areas of the United States. (Abigail Louise

Cosgrove, February 27, 2015)

The rarity of random acts of person ability and

kindness from officers, to the point where it makes local

10
news, seems a bit sad. Following police brutality-based

turmoil, the poor perception of police has been difficult to

shake, and it has taken members of the public speaking on

their behalf to really redeem their dignity in some cases.

Though we may be looking for someone to “blame” in our

expressions of opinion, the police cannot be universally

blamed for the extent of some of their actions, and the

media cannot be completely blamed for the way their stories

are covered. It’s a mixture of many parties and many factors

that influence how we look at their sometimes questionable

roles. (March 18, 2015)

It is interesting how we rarely hear about incidents of

kindness by police officers such as the conversation that

Officer Orth had with the two children. In terms of the

public’s perception of police, the media definitely plays

the biggest role. Obviously we are more than capable of

forming our own opinions, but it is hard to counteract the

way the media creates bias, whether it is in what they say,

how they say it, or what they choose not to say. If the

media was to make stories like these more well-known, the

public’s opinion of police officers would definitely change,

although it is hard to erase such high-profile events as

Ferguson. (March 1, 2015).

11
 Police executives today broadly agree that public

support for the police is important for successful policing.

Not only is public support fundamental to the legitimacy of

the police, but it is also important for enlisting the

public in efforts to reduce crime. Moreover, there is

growing evidence that public support depends on the public’s

perception that police treat people fairly and

professionally. Against this backdrop, police executives

face a range of choices about how to use their limited time

and resources to persuade civilians that they operate

professionally and with integrity. These might include

public relations campaigns, retraining patrol officers in

managing encounters with the public, improving supervisors’

capacity to monitor and improve the behavior of officers in

their encounters with the public, and winning over

particular segments of the public through specialized

community affairs staff. As police executives choose among

these options, they will benefit from more information about

how public attitudes toward the police are formed. Survey

research has shown that most people generally support the

police and are satisfied with the way the police perform

their duties. While these findings are encouraging, the

same research consistently demonstrates that not all

segments of society hold equally positive opinions. Studies

12
reaching back to the 1960s consistently find that black

citizens evaluate the police more negatively than white

citizens, that young people evaluate the police more

negatively than older Americans, and that males evaluate the

police more negatively than females (Miller, et.al., 2004).

The Philippine National Police (PNP) is pursuing a number of

significant initiatives to usher fundamental and structural

reforms. One such initiative is the adoption of the PNP

Transformation Program (PATROL PLAN 2030), aimed towards

resolving organizational dysfunctions, improving the quality

of police services, strengthening law enforcement

capabilities and enhancing the welfare and benefits of

police personnel and dependents (Implementing Guidelines).

In the Philippines, the police are severely under-

funded and suffer from deep-rooted institutional

deficiencies (Global Integrity, 2010). Both a 2011 national

survey conducted by Pulse Asia and Transparency

International’s Global Corruption Barometer in the year

2010-2011, identity the Philippine National Philippines

(PNP) as one of the institutions perceived as the most

corrupt by Filipino respondents which affect the public’s

perception towards the police.

To improve its image, the PNP has long implemented the

Police Community Relations program which aims to improve the

13
relations of the police and public and improve its imagethus

increasing civilian participation in crime prevention and

policing. In addition, the PNP had also already implemented

the "Pulis Magalang" Program and LOI Patnubay II, geared

towards improving the delivery of police services to the

public and providing mechanism to cleanse its ranks

of undesirables and misfits

Similarly, measurements of the public image of the

police can be compared. By producing such measures, agencies

can learn whether their image is improving or declining over

time, or whether they are held in higher or lower esteem by

their citizens than police in other communities. And second,

the general image of the police may affect the sorts

of behaviors by the public that greatly interest the police.

These include supporting tax initiatives or referenda

designed to enhance the resources of local police agencies,

to participate in co- production activities like

neighborhood watch, and providing the police with

information useful to solving crime or improving the quality

of life in neighborhoods. Communities with a poor image of

the police will be less likely to support and help the

police do their jobs, and more likely to file complaints,

launch civil suits, rebel against the police, and produce

media problems. Whether there is indeed a strong

14
relationship between these public behaviors and the overall

image of the police is an untested, but certainly plausible,

thesis (Gallagher, C. et al,2001).

When citizens trust the police, they are more likely to

perceive police authority as legitimate, and thus more

likely to cooperate with authorities and comply with the

law. Trust in police is linked to the ability of police

officers to provide basic citizen security (Goldsmith,2003).

In line with this, the factors that promote or inhibit

citizen’s trust in the police warrant additional study.

Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

One essential method in the measurement of police

performance is “perception of the public”. The police are

the most visible part of the government and most actions by

the police are in view of citizens. Today there are

currently people who believe that the police officers are

too violent and should be given less control but there are

others who believe that the country itself is increasing in

its crime rate and because of this, there needs to be a

greater number of police and law enforcement containing its

citizens. There has also been a negative outlook on police

officers from the younger generation. Kids today, because

the mass media, see police officers as “mean and kind of

15
strict”. Recently, a police officer in Kansas City stopped

to talk to two kids who were walking with their parents.

Nothing special, just a simple conversation; asking their

names, how old they were, how they were doing –showing the

family that police officers do care about the citizens they

vow to protect. After the conversation, the ten-year-old

girl stated that she felt like “Officer Orth was one of

those police officers that actually cared about people”. The

Officer, when later interviewed, told a reporter that he

believes that those types of random and kind conversations

with strangers is what will change people’s perspective on

the law enforcement.

The conceptual model that will be used in the study is

the independent and dependent variable. The research

paradigm shows the independent variable of the study which

is composed of the indicators on public perception and the

second box is the dependent variable which is the attitudes

of Philippine National Police Officers: motivator or

discouragement.

INPUT PROCESS

OUTPUT
Public
satisfaction  Validation of
towards the survey
performance questionnaire Intervention
of the Programs
police  Data
16
officers collection

 Data analysis
 Figure 1: The Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the problem

Generally, this study ought to determine the level of

satisfaction of public towards the police officers and the

public attitude towards the Philippine National Police

during contact.

Specially, it sought to answer to the following

questions:

1. What is the level of satisfaction of the public towards

the performance of police officers?

2. What is the public attitude towards the Philippine

National Police during contact?

17
Significance of the study

The police role in society has increasingly become a

significant issue in contemporary policing. The police begin

to encompass a greater function considering the complexity

of the social problems and enormity of issues confronting

peace and security. Public expectations and organizational

concerns demand innovative approaches to policing.

Criticisms from various sectors require police organization

to assess current practices and functions and align them

with the needs and values of the community. Global

experiences, likewise, assert a shift in policing philosophy

and operating style - from the traditional incident-driven

to a problem-focused, community-based approach.

The study will benefit the police officers of Bambang,

Nueva Vizcaya. The main goal of this study is to motivate

the officers to maintain or change the good or bad

impression of the public that can affect their performance

and duties.

This study also serves as a challenge to the police

officers to improve their performance as well as the insight

of the public towards them. The findings of the study will

benefit the officers, community, readers and especially to

the future researchers.

18
Scope and Delimitation

The foremost concern of the study will be limited to

the determination on the level of satisfaction of public

towards the performance of the police officers and the

public attitude towards the PNP during contact.

Moreover, the respondents will be the community

residents of Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya. The total number of

respondents was 396.

A survey questionnaire containing two parts was used.

Part I elicited the level of satisfaction of the public

towards the performance of police officers divided into

crime prevention, law enforcement, crime solution, community

relations, anti-illegal drug campaign, anti-terrorism

campaign and anti-insurgency campaign. Part II consists of

questionnaire on public attitude towards PNP during contact

divided into arrest/apprehension, investigation, delivery of

police service, and filing of complaint.

19
 CHAPTER 2

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the different methods use by the

researchers to complete the needed data. This chapter

contains the research design and methodology, population and

locale of the study, data gathering tool, data gathering

procedure, and treatment of data.

Research design and methodology

20
 The researchers made use of the descriptive method in

performing the research. This method was used in gathering

facts on the level of satisfaction of public towards the

performance of police officers and the public attitude

towards PNP during contact.

The descriptive method is aimed at describing the

nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study

and exploring the causes of a particular phenomenon. It is

also a fact-finding or information gathering with analytical

interpretations. The descriptive method is concerned with

conditions or relationships that exist, practices that

prevail, and effects that are being felt or trends that are

developing. The descriptive method also involves hypothesis

formulation and testing, uses logical inductive methods to

arrive at generalizations, and often employs methods of

randomization so that error may be estimated when referring

to population characteristics. (Travers, 1988:109, as cited

by Bantayan, 2003)

Aquino, as cited by Ocampo (2007), asserts that the

descriptive method is something more and beyond just data

gathering. The true meaning of the data collected should be

reported from the point of view, objectives, and the basic

assumptions of the study. Facts obtained may be accurate

expressions of central tendency, deviation, or correlations

21
but the report is not a research unless discussion of the

data is carried out up to the level of adequate

interpretation.

According to Adanza and Martines (2002), the

descriptive research method is tenable if the collection of

data is for the purpose of describing existing conditions or

situations, objectives or people without their being

influenced by the investigation. It also uses hypotheses to

answer the questions concerning the current status of the

study.

Respondents of the study

The respondents of this study were the community

residents of Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya. Stratified random

sampling procedure was employed, specifically the

proportionate allocation stratified random sampling

technique.

The researchers included 396 community residents as the

respondents of this study. Using the proportionate

allocation stratified random sampling technique, they

identified the total population and got the total number of

community residents from which they drew samples that were

considered as respondents in this study. The sampling

illustrated in Table 1 below.

22
Table 1. Percentage Distribution of the Respondents

Barangay Population Sample Percentage

Poblacion 4,030 43 10.86
Bone South 3,866 41 10.35
Comon 3,831 40 10.10
Banganan 2,788 29 7.32
Kirang 2,525 27 6.82
Bone North 2,337 25 6.31
Darapidap 2,151 23 5.81
Beti 2,033 22 5.56
Calitlitan 2,030 22 5.56
Tucanon 1,226 13 3.28
Cutar 1,956 21 5.30
Nagcuartelan 1,189 13 3.28
Sta. Clara 1,100 12 3.03
Canarem 919 10 2.53
Ocao 888 9 2.27
Canabuan 721 8 2.02
Yaway 785 8 2.02
Balite 684 7 1.77
Tabueng 610 6 1.52
Baan 525 6 1.52
Anayo 522 6 1.52
Latar 509 5 1.26
TOTAL 37,225 396 100.00

Data Gathering Instrument

In order to collect the data needed in the study, the

following instruments were utilized:

The primary data will be collected by means of

questionnaires. The questionnaires containing two parts was

used. Part I elicited the level of satisfaction of the

public towards the performance of police officers divided

into crime prevention, law enforcement, crime solution,

community relations, anti-illegal drug campaign, anti-

23
terrorism campaign and anti-insurgency campaign. Part II

consists of questionnaire on public attitude towards PNP

during contact divided into arrest/apprehension,

investigation, delivery of police service, and filing of

complaint.

Data gathering procedure

The researchers initially sought permission from the

Municipal Mayor of Aritao to conduct the study.

After permission was granted, the researchers prepared

the research instruments. Since the researchers adapted the

questionnaires that were previously used, some adjustments

were made to make the instrument suitable to the context of

the study. After having done these steps, the researcher

asked the adviser and the experts for further validation on

the instrument.

After the instruments were validated and after

incorporating the comments and suggestions of the adviser

and the experts, the questionnaires were administered to the

community residents. A maximum of three days was given for

the respondents to accomplish the questionnaire and after

which, the retrieval of such and the data gathered were

subjected for statistical treatment.

24
Treatment of data

In order to answer the specific questions posted in

Chapter I, the following statistical tools were utilized:

Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the level of

satisfaction on public towards the performance of police

officers and the public attitude towards PNP during contact.

CHAPTER III

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This study is designed to determine the public

perception and attitude towards police officers of Aritao,

Nueva Vizcaya. The presentation, analysis and interpretation

of data in this chapter follow the sequence of the specific

questions posted in Chapter I.

25
Problem 1. What is the level of satisfaction of public

towards the performance of the police officers?

Table 2 shows the mean difference and descriptive

interpretation of the level of satisfaction of public

towards the performance of the public officers.

It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents

are satisfied towards the performance of the police officers

as indicated by the overall mean of 2.15.

The respondents rated the performance of the police

officers in 7 categories with mean scores ranging from 1.96

to 2.37 with qualitative description of satisfied.

It could be noted further that among the indicators

along crime prevention, the respondents gave the lowest

rating to the indicator “The frequency of police officers in

conducting patrol” with mean rating of 1.96, qualitatively

described as “satisfied”.

Table 2.
Mean and Descriptive Interpretation of the Level of
Satisfaction of Public towards the Performance of the
Police Officers

Indicators Mean Description

Crime Prevention
1. The frequency of police officers in 1.96 Satisfied
conducting patrol.
2. The intensification of check points. 2.11 Satisfied
3. The implementation of curfew hours. 2.37 Satisfied
4. The visibility of police offices. 2.13 Satisfied
Law Enforcement
1. The fairness and impartiality of police in 2.14 Satisfied
the implementation of laws.

26
2. The lawfulness of police officers in the 2.10 Satisfied
exercise or performance of their duties.
3. The capability of police officers in the 2.06 Satisfied
apprehension or arrest of law violators.
Crime Solution
1. The response time of police in responding to 2.18 Satisfied
a crime or accident.
2. The quickness of police in investigating and 2.22 Satisfied
solving crime cases.
3. The coordination of police to the community 2.08 Satisfied
in solving crime.
Community Relations
1. The approachability and affability of police 2.18 Satisfied
officers.
2. The manner on how the police officers 2.04 Satisfied
associate with the community.
3. The friendliness of police officers. 2.11 Satisfied
4. The distribution of information for crime 2.18 Satisfied
prevention/public safety tips.
Anti-illegal Drug Campaign
1. The existing strategies of implementation the 2.22 Satisfied
“Oplan Tokhang” of the police officers.
2. Doing well in tackling drug dealing and drug 2.17 Satisfied
use.
3. The reduction of violators of R.A. 9165 as 2.18 Satisfied
amended (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002)
Anti-Terrorism Campaign
1. The existing strategies of police officers to 2.17 Satisfied
prevent terrorism
Anti-Insurgency Campaign
1. The existing anti-insurgency strategies of 2.23 Satisfied
police officers like check point and “Oplan
Katok” for loose firearms.
OVERALL MEAN 2.15 SATISFIED
Likewise, the respondents rated the indicators “The

intensification of check points”, “The visibility of police

offices” and “The implementation of curfew hours” with mean

ratings of 2.11, 2.13 and 2.37, respectively, qualitatively

described as “satisfied”.

It is essential that the police should shift its

mindset from its traditional policing function of law

enforcement to a more substantial role of being law enforcer

and community leader. The police should go beyond the scope

27
of their traditional duties and become increasingly

conscious of the role they can play in the solution of the

major problems of society, with particular reference to

those raised by the potential threat brought about by the

escalation of crime. The police should not merely be

instruments of crime control or suppression.

Similarly, the mandate of the PNP is pointed towards

peace and order, ensuring public safety and further

strengthening capacity of local government in the effective

administration and delivery of the basic services to the

citizenry through the establishment of a highly efficient

and competent police force (Patalinhug, 2015).

Equally, Republic Act No. 8551 mandated the Philippine

National Police (PNP) as a service provider for the

preservation of peace and safety of the community. The PNP

shall be so organized to ensure accountability and

uprightness in police exercise of discretion as well as to

achieve efficiency and effectiveness of its members and

units in the performance of their functions.

It could be noted further that among the indicators

along law enforcement, the respondents gave the lowest

rating to the indicator “The capability of police officers

in the apprehension or arrest of law violators” with mean

rating 2.06, qualitatively described as “satisfied”.

28
 Likewise, the respondents rated “satisfied” to the

indicators “The lawfulness of police officers in the

exercise or performance of their duties” and “The fairness

and impartiality of police in the implementation of laws”

with mean ratings 2.10 and 2.14, respectively.

The fundamental duty of the PNP in law enforcement is

to serve mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to

protect the innocent against deception; the weak against

oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against

violence or disorder; and to respect the constitutional

rights of all men to liberty, equality and justice.

It could be noted further that among the indicators

along crime solution, the respondents gave the lowest rating

to the indicator “The coordination of police to the

community in solving crime” with mean rating 2.08,

qualitatively described as “satisfied”.

Likewise, the respondents rated “satisfies” the

indicators “The response time of police in responding to a

crime or accident” and “The quickness of police in

investigating and solving crime cases” with mean ratings 218

and 2.22, respectively.

The Philippine National Police (PNP) indicates that the

decrease in the volume of crime is attributable to the PNP’s

crime prevention programs. Specifically, the PNP has

29
reportedly increased police visibility, made use of foot

patrol officers, established checkpoints, deployed

motorcycle police, and undertaken night watch operations,

among other initiatives. Moreover, the PNP states in a press

release that they posted a “crime solution efficiency” of

88.38%. Patrol work combines a variety of crime control,

order maintenance, traffic enforcement and service duties

and requests.

It could be noted further that among the indicators

along community relations, the respondents gave the lowest

rating to the indicator “The manner on how the police

officers associate with the community” with mean rating of

2.04, qualitatively described as “satisfied”.

Likewise, the respondents rated “satisfied” the

indicators “The friendliness of police officers”, “The

approachability and affability of police officers” and “The

distribution of information for crime prevention/public

safety tips” with mean ratings 2.11, 2.18 and 2.18,

respectively.

Strong relationships of mutual trust between police

agencies and the communities they serve are critical to

maintaining public safety and effective policing. Police

officials rely on the cooperation of community members to

provide information about crime in their neighborhoods, and

30
to work with the police to devise solutions to crime and

disorder problems. Similarly, community members’ willingness

to trust the police depends on whether they believe that

police actions reflect community values and incorporate the

principles of procedural justice and legitimacy.

Transparency is essential to positive police-community

relationships. When a critical incident occurs, agencies

should try to release as much information about it as

possible, as soon as possible, so the community will not

feel that information is being purposefully withheld from

them. At the same time, it is also important to stress that

the first information to emerge following a critical

incident is preliminary and may change as more information

becomes available. Police leaders should let the news media

and the public know that early information may not be

correct, and should correct any misinformation quickly.

It could be noted further that among the indicators

along anti-illegal drug campaign, the respondents gave the

lowest rating to the indicator “Doing well in tackling drug

dealing and drug use” with mean rating 2.17, qualitatively

described as “satisfied”.

Likewise, the respondents rated “satisfied” the

indicators “The reduction of violators of R.A. 9165 as

amended (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002)” and

31
“The existing strategies of implementation the “Oplan

Tokhang” of the police officers” with mean ratings 2.18 and

2.22, respectively.

The Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy, while

firmly grounded on evidence and best the available science,

is also attuned to Filipino values and is tailored to fit

the socio-cultural context. Prevention Science offers a

robust evidence base on demand reduction, with its main

premise being the neurobiological nature of substance use

disorders with potential for both recovery and recurrence.

It also espouses that prevention should be provided in

various settings and across the developmental stages. It

recognizes drug dependence as a treatable chronic disease,

which frequently co-occurs with one or more other mental

disorders such as depression and anxiety. It also considers

recent advances in the understanding of addiction that have

led to improved treatments such as cognitive behavioral

counseling interventions for stimulant dependence.

It is a comprehensive and balanced approach that puts

significant premium on both drug supply and drug demand

reduction efforts and initiatives. Alternative development,

civic awareness and response, as well as regional and

international cooperation efforts, cut across this two-

component strategy.

32
 It could be noted further that along anti-terrorism

campaign, the respondents rated “satisfied” the indicator

“The existing strategies of police officers to prevent

terrorism” with mean rating 2.17.

It could be noted further that along anti-insurgency

campaign, the respondents rated “satisfied” the indicator

“The existing anti-insurgency strategies of police officers

like check point and “Oplan Katok” for loose firearms” with

mean rating 2.23.

The Philippine government considers the Communist

People’s Party (CPP) and its armed wing, the New People’s

Army (NPA), to be one of the most significant internal

security threats. Unlike the Islamic extremists who are

concentrated primarily in Mindanao, the NPA has members

throughout the country including in the capital city of

Manila. According to the Institute for Economics and

Peace’s Global Terrorism Index 2014, the NPA was the

“largest individual group” suspected to be behind terrorist

attacks in the Philippines. Both the CPP and NPA were

designated foreign terrorist organizations by the United

States on August 9, 2002.

Philippine military and police forces have struggled in

dealing with extremist groups. The struggles stem from a

lack of capacity, poor coordination, and geographical

33
obstacles. However, the government has made efforts to

restructure and strengthen its counterterrorism measures in

cooperation with the United States and its Southeast Asian

neighbors. Through military and economic initiatives, the

Philippines has increased its capability to constrain

violent activity and reduce financing for extremist groups

like the NPA, ASG, and Jemaah Islamiyah.

Problem 2. What is the level of public attitude towards

the Philippine National Police during contact?

Table 3 shows the mean and descriptive interpretation

of the assessment of the level of public attitude towards

the Philippine National Police during contact.

It can be gleaned from the table that the public

attitude towards the Philippine National Police during

contact is satisfied as indicated by the overall mean of

2.13.

Table 2.
Mean and Descriptive Interpretation of the Level of Public
Attitude towards the Philippine National Police during
Contact

Indicators Mean Description

Arrest or Apprehension
1. The police officers treated the 2.04 Satisfied
offenders properly during arrest.
2. The police officers observe the 2.18 Satisfied
rights of the offender during
arrest

34
Investigation
1. The police officers treated the 2.16 Satisfied
offenders fairly during
investigation.
2. The police officers observe the 2.26 Satisfied
rights of the offender during
investigation.
Delivery of Police Service
1. The police officers properly 2.14 Satisfied
entertained the clients who are
applying for police clearance.
2. The police officers properly 2.11 Satisfied
entertained the clients who are
applying for “Oplan Visa”
3. The police officers properly 2.08 Satisfied
entertained the clients who are
applying for “Oplan Clean Rider”
4. Other services like the assistance 2.12 Satisfied
of police officers for missing
person, lost items, and stolen
vehicles.
Filing of Complain
1. The police officers properly 2.11 Satisfied
entertained the complainant who are
filing a complaint in the police
station.
OVERALL MEAN 2.13 SATISFIED

The respondents rated the PNP during contact in 4

categories with mean scores ranging from 2.04 to 2.26 with

qualitative description of satisfied.

It could be noted further that among the indicators

along arrest or apprehension, the respondents gave the

lowest rating to the indicator “The police officers treated

the offenders properly during arrest” with mean rating of

2.04, qualitatively described as “satisfied”.

35
 Likewise, the respondents rated “satisfied” the

indicator “The police officers observe the rights of the

offender during arrest” with mean rating of 2.18.

When the police arrest someone, they take away that

person's fundamental right to freedom. Consequently, there

are several procedures the police must follow before they

can make a legal arrest so that our rights remain protected.

Many states and police departments add extra procedures.

Sometimes, they're designed to protect police officers'

physical safety; sometimes they're meant to help the officer

document the arrest; and some of these procedures are

intended to help the officer avoid making a legal mistake

which could ruin the prosecution's case.

The rules regarding what an officer must do while

making an arrest vary by jurisdiction. Generally, an arrest

happens when the person being arrested reasonably believes

that she is not free to leave. The officer need not use

handcuffs, or place the arrestee in a police cruiser,

although police often use these tactics to protect

themselves.

Police also do not have to read Miranda Rights at the

time of arrest. However, the police must read a suspect

their rights before an interrogation, so many police

departments recommend that Miranda Rights be read at the

36
time of arrest. This way, they can start questioning right

away, and also, any information volunteered by a suspect can

be used against them.

Finally, although police will almost always tell an

arrestee why they're under arrest, they may not necessarily

have any legal obligation to do so. This depends on both the

jurisdiction and the circumstances of the arrest.

It could also be noted further that among the

indicators along investigation, the respondents gave the

lowest rating to the indicator “The police officers treated

the offenders fairly during investigation” with mean rating

of 2.16, qualitatively described as “satisfied”.

Likewise, the respondents rated “satisfied” the

indicator “The police officers observe the rights of the

offender during investigation” with mean rating of 2.26.

The investigative process is a progression of

activities or steps moving from evidence gathering tasks, to

information analysis, to theory development and validation,

to forming reasonable ground to believe, and finally to the

arrest and charge of a suspect. Knowing these steps can be

helpful because criminal incidents are dynamic and

unpredictable. The order in which events take place, and the

way evidence and information become available for

collection, can be unpredictable. Thus, only flexible

37
general rules to structured responses can be applied.

However, no matter how events unfold or when the evidence

and information are received, certain steps need to be

followed. These include collection, analysis, theory

development and validation, suspect identification and

forming reasonable grounds, and acting to arrest, search,

and lay charges

In any case, as unpredictable as criminal events may

be, the results police investigators aim for are always the

same. And, you should always keep the desired results in

mind to provide focus and priority to the overall

investigative process. We will talk more later in this book

about developing a mental map of the investigative process

to assist in recording, reporting, and recounting events. It

is mentioned now because a mental map is an appropriate

metaphor to illustrate the investigative thinking process.

It could be noted further that among the indicators

along delivery of police service, the respondents gave the

lowest rating to the indicator “The police officers properly

entertained the clients who are applying for “Oplan Clean

Rider” with mean rating of 2.08, qualitatively described as

“satisfied”.

Likewise, the respondents rated “satisfied” the

indicators “The police officers properly entertained the

38
clients who are applying for “Oplan Visa”, “Other services

like the assistance of police officers for missing person,

lost items, and stolen vehicles” and “The police officers

properly entertained the clients who are applying for police

clearance” with mean ratings 2.11, 2.12 and 2.14,

respectively.

The efficiency of the whole system is possible only if

we monitor and analyze the demands of the customers, as well

as define and control the process and implement constant

improvements. Quality is a complex term, made up of several

elements and criteria.

All quality elements or criteria are equally important

in order to obtain one hundred percent quality. If only one

element of quality is missing, the complete quality of

product or service is impossible to obtain. Besides, the

mentioned-general elements of quality, the service has to

satisfy specific elements of quality, according to the

demands of the profession in their pertaining activity.

Today quality is the result of growing and increasingly

diverse needs of the consumers, along the development of

modern technology.

It could be noted further that along finding of

complain, the respondents gave the rating “satisfied” to the

indicator “The police officers properly entertained the

39
complainant who are filing a complaint in the police

station” with mean rating of 2.11.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusions

40
 Based on the foregoing findings, the conclusions below

were drawn:

1. The public is satisfied towards the performance of the

police officers along crime prevention, law

enforcement, crime solution, community relations, anti-

illegal drug campaign, anti-terrorism campaign and

anti-insurgency campaign.

2. The attitude of the public is satisfied towards the

Philippine National Police during contact along arrest

or apprehension, investigation, delivery of police

service and filing of complaint.

Recommendation

Based on the results of this study, the researchers

formulated the following recommendations:

1. Police officers should always monitor the calls so that

they can response to the needs of the citizens. A

monitoring system must be designed for this purpose.

Police officers should always practice working with

honesty and integrity to earn the trust of the

citizens. Police community relations must be improved

and sustained.

2. Police officers should always be consistent with

implementing and giving decisions; maintaining a

41
 friendly environment among the citizens so that they

will be able to build rapport with them; and always

practice punctuality most especially in delivery of

service and responding with the needs of the

citizens/community.

3. Police officers should take actions immediately without

delaying so that they can help the citizens solve their

problems efficiently; and constantly monitor the public

places especially at night to ensure safety and

security among citizens.

4. Since the level of performance of noncommissioned

officers is very satisfactory, the management should

continue to encourage their police to work efficiently

and effectively, by providing them with continuous

education and trainings and perhaps even additional

incentives so that they can be motivated to obtain said

training for the enhancement of their capabilities,

their dedication and the performance of their duties as

peacekeepers. They should also be guided by code of

ethics to aid them in the performance of their duties

and to ensure maintenance of high standards of conduct.

Police officers should be faced with diversity of

obligations in the performance of their official

duties.

42
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