What are the fundamental rules of aseptic techniques?

A number of basic procedures must be followed when handling sterile equipment or

working in a sterile environment. These include: ensuring that the environment is free
from external sources of contamination, such as open windows or doorways and ensuring
that any tools or implements to be used have been thoroughly sterilized. In addition, all
sterilized equipment should be easy to reach to prevent the likelihood of having to touch or
lean on the surface.

In the laboratory, working beside a Bunsen burner creates an upward flow of air through
convection, lowering the risk that dust or other contaminants will settle on the sterile
surface or equipment. Test tubes and other vessels containing sensitive biological samples
should be flamed around the cap and neck as they are opened, to prevent contaminants
entering the tube.

Wire loops, also known as inoculation or smear loops, are frequently used in
microbiology for the purposes of transfer and culture of microorganisms. They are
sterilized by flaming over a Bunsen burner, being heated to glowing red, in order to ensure
that all microorganisms present on the loop are destroyed.

Disposable pipettes are also frequently used for the transfer of liquids, and should be
removed from its packaging without touching the tip to any surface besides the liquid to be
transferred. Pots of disinfectant should be kept close by, to dispose of such items without
leaving the work area.

The transfer of cultures between agar plates should be completed as quickly as

possible, though in a controlled manner. Agar plates should be opened facing away from
the user, and preferably only just enough to complete the work. This prevents
contamination of the agar plate by microorganisms present in the air, fungal spores in
particular.

Tools, clothing and equipment able to withstand the pressures and temperature of
an autoclave are usually sterilized in this way following microbiological work, though
disposable items are becoming increasingly adopted in critically sterile fields such as
surgery. Cleaning chemicals are frequently employed to sterilize an area before and after
work, among the most common of which is simple ethanol spray.

Standard personal protective equipment should be worn at all times in a

microbiology laboratory, including safety glasses, disposable gloves, and a lab coat.
Howie-type lab coats are usually worn in microbiology labs as they completely protect the
wearer with a collar and wrap-around lapel.
What advanced aseptic techniques are employed in microbiology?

Research and industrial laboratories working with highly sensitive, dangerous, or

expensive microorganisms utilize a variety of additional paraphernalia to ensure that
sterile conditions are maintained.

Laminar flow hoods or cabinets that keep a constant flow of air across a work surface
ensure that no airborne contaminants will enter the space. Where required, larger spaces
known as clean rooms may be used that maintain laminar or turbulent air flow throughout
the whole room.

REFERENCE

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Aseptic-Techniques-in-Microbiology.aspx