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PDF Bab 1 1
PDF Bab 1 1
_GHINCW@WNH
N. @ntnr Kg`nlnhe
_g`nynhnh lgpgrnwntnh mgrupnlnh pg`nynhnh utnmn inrj
pg`nynhnh rumnc snljt. Cn` jhjtgranij lnrghn pg`nynhnh
lgpgrnwntnh ijkgrjlnh sg`nmn ;9 anm lgpnin pnsjgh ynhe
mgmkutuclnhhyn, kgrkgin ighenh pg`nynhnh mgijs inh pg`nynhnh
lgsgcntnh `njhhyn ynhe cnhyn mgmkutuclnh wnltu ynhe rg`ntjb
sjhelnt in`nm mgmkgrjlnh pg`nynhnh lgsgcntnh lgpnin l`jghhyn.
Ighenh igmjljnh pg`nynhnh lgpgrnwntnh
pgr`u ijtjhelntlnh lun`jtnshyn sgdnrn tgrus-mghgrus inh
kgrlgsjhnmkuhenh sgcjheen pg`nynhnh rumnc snljt nlnh mghjhelnt
auen sgjrjhe ighenh pghjhelntnh lun`jtns pg`nynhnh lgpgrnwntnh.
Lun`jtns
pg`nynhnh lgpgrnwntnh snhent ijpghenrucj f`gc prfsgs, pgrnh inh
buhesj inrj mnhnagmgh pg`nynhnh lgpgrnwntnh, lnrghn mnhnagmgh
lgpgrnwntnh nin`nc suntu tuens lcusus ynhe cnrus ij`nlsnhnlnh
f`gc mnhnagr/
pgheg`f`n lgpgrnwntnh ynhe mg`jputj pgrghdnhnnh, pghefrenhjsnsjnh,
pghenrncnh sgrtn mghenwnsj sumkgr-sumkgr ynhe nin,knjl sumkgr
inyn mnupuh sumkgr inhn sgcjheen inpnt mgmkgrjlnh pg`nynhnh
lgpgrnwntnh ynhe gbgltjb inh gbjsjgh knjl lgpnin l`jgh, lg`unren inh
mnsynrnlnt.
Mghejhent pghtjhehyn pgrnhnh mnhnagmgh pg`nynhnh
lgpgrnwntnh, mnln in`nm mnln`nc jhj pghu`js nlnh mgheurnjlnh tghtnhe
K. Yuaunh _ghu`jsnh
Yuaunh pghu`jsnh mnln`nc jhj nin`nc uhtul mghag`nslnh tgfrj inh buhesj
mnhnagmgh lgpgrnwntnh mghurut Ej``jgs.
>
KNK JJ
YJHANWNH YGF[J
>
N. Ygfrj Mnhnagmgh Lgpgrnwntnh Mghurut Ej``jgs
>.Mnhnagmgh Lgpgrnwntnh nin`nc sn`nc sntu prfsgs lgran
sgtjnp pgrnwnt uhtul mgmkgrjlnh pghefkntnh inh lghynmnhnh tgrcninp pnsjgh. Yuens mnhnegr lgpgrnwntnh nin
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(pftghsj) ynhe ijmj`jlj f`gc sgkunc frenhjsnsj.
4. Ndtuntjhe ( ijrgdtjhe, dfmmnhijhe, dffrijhntjhe)
Ndtuntjhe ( ijrgdtjhe, dfmmnhijhe, dffrijhntjhe)
nin`nc
prfsgs mgmkgrjlnh kjmkjhenh lgpnin stnbb nenr mgrgln
4
tuenshyn sgsunj ighenh lgtrnmpj`nh ynhe mgrgln mj`jlj
inh ighenh iuluhenh sumkgr inyn ynhe tgrsgijn. _ghenrncnh
jhj tgrmnsul ijin`nmhyn nin`nc lgag`nsnh
lfmuhjlnsj,
JH_WY _[FTGT
FWY_WY
Nsucnh lgpgrnwntnh
Jhbfrmnsj _`nhhjhe Frenhjzjhe Ndtuntjhe dfhtrf`jhe
_ghegm knhenh stnb
_grsfhj` [jsgt
N`nt / @npfrnh lgunhenh
bnsj`jtns
Mgtfig / sfp
Nheenrnh
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WM_NH KN@JL
D. _rjhsjp Mnhnagmgh
n) Mnhnagmgh lgpgrnwntnh sgyfeynhyn kgr`nhinslnh
pgrghdnhnnh lnrghn mg`n`uj buhesj pgrghdnhnnh, pjmpjhnh
inpnt mghuruhlnh rgsjlf pghenmkj`nh lgputusnh, pgmgdncnh
mnsn`nc ynhe gbgltjb inh tgrghdnhn.
k) Mnhnagmgh lgpgrnwntnh ij`nlsnhnlnh mg`n`uj
pgheeuhnnh wnltu ynhe gbgltjb. Mnhnagr lgpgrnwntnh ynhe
mghecnrenj wnltu nlnh mghyusuh pgrghdnhnnh ynhe
tgrprfernm ighenh knjl inh mg`nlsnhnlnh lgejntnh sgsunj
ighenh wnltu ynhe tg`nc ijtghtulnh
sgkg`umhyn.
d) Mnhnagmgh lgpgrnwntnh nlnh mg`jkntlnh pghenmkj`nh
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j) _ghegmknhenh stnb pghtjhe uhtul ij`nlsnhnlnh
sgknenj upnyn pgrsjnpnh pgrnwnt — pgrnwnt pg`nlsnhn
mghiuiulj pfsjsj ynhe `gkjc tjheej ntnu upnyn mnhnagr
uhtul mghjhelntlnh
pghegtncunh lnrynwnh.
a) _gheghin`jnh mgrupnlnh g`gmgh mnhnagmgh lgpgrnwntnh
ynhe mg`jputj pghj`njnh tghtnhe pg`nlsnhnnh rghdnhn ynhe
tg`nc ijkunt, pgmkgrjnh jhstrulsj inh mghgtnplnh prjhsjp —
prjhsjp mg`n`uj pghgtnpnh stnhinr, mgmknhijhelnh pghnmpj`nh
ighenh stnhinr inh mgmpgrknjlj lglurnhenh. Kgrinsnrlnh
prjhsjp —
prjhsjp ijntns mnln pnrn mnhnagr inh nimjhjstrntfr sgyfeynhyn
kglgran kgrsnmn — snmn in`nm pgrghndnhnnh inh pghefrenhjsnsjnh
sgrtn buhesj — buhesj mnhnagmgh. `njhhyn uhtul mghdnpnj tuaunh
ynhe tg`nc ijtgtnplnh sgkg`umhyn
2
KNK JJJ
_GHWYW_
N. Lgsjmpu`nh
Mnhnagmgh lgpgrnwntnh mgrupnlnh prfsgs pg`nlsnhnnh pg`nynhnh
lgpgrnwntnh mg`n`uj upnyn stnb lgpgrnwntnh uhtul mgmkgrjlnh nsucnh
lgpgrnwntnh, pghefkntnh inh knhtunh tgrcninp pnrn pnsjgh, inh
tuens mnhnagr lgpgrnwntnh nin`nc mgrghdnhnlnh,mghefrenhjsjr,
mgmjmpjh sgrtn mghefhtrf` lgunhenh, mntgrjn`, inh sumkgr inyn
mnhusjn ynhe nin uhtul mgmkgrjlnh pg`nynhnh lgpgrnwntnh sggbgltjb
muheljh knej sgtjnp lg`fmpfl pnsjgh inh lg`unren mgrgln. Ighenh
mghegtncuj prfsgs, pgrnh, buhesj mnhnagmgh pg`nynhnh lgpgrnwntnh
inh prjhsjp-prjhsjp ynhe mghinsnrj, pghgrnpnh mnhnagmgh
lgpgrnwntnh f`gc pnrn pgheg`f`n
pg`nynhnh lgpgrnwntnh ynhe sgsunj ighenh ynhe ijcnrnplnh nlnh
inpnt mghefptjmn`lnh mutu pg`nynhnh lgpgrnwntnh ynhe
ijtgrjmnf`gc mnsynrnlnt sgknenj lfmsumgh.
K. Tnrnh
Tgknenj dn`fh pgrnwnt cghinl`nc mghgrnplnh ntnu
mghenp`jlnsjlnh
mnhnagmgh lgpgrnwntnh ighenh gbgltjb in`nm sgtjnp mg`nlulnh prfsgs
lgpgrnwntnh, sgcjheen in`nm mgmkgrjlnh pg`nynhnh kjsn
ij`nlulnh sgdnrn fptjmn`. Mnhnagmgh lgpgrnwntnh ijlntnlnh knjl
npnkj`n in`nm sntu tjm kjsn kgrpntjsjpnsj sgdnrn nltjb.
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INBYN[ _WTYNLN