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When one measurement is made on each observation, A population is a collection of units being studied. This might be
univariate analysis is applied. the set of all people in a country. Units can be people, places,
objects, years, drugs, or many other things. The term population is
If more than one measurement is made on each observation, also used for the infinite population of all possible results of a
multivariate analysis is applied. sequence of statistical trials, for example, tossing a coin. .
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A sample is a group of units, selected from a larger group (the The Mean is a measure of the “middle”, sometimes called the
population). By studying the sample it is hoped to draw valid “average”. It is often given the symbol μ
conclusions (inferences) about the population. A sample is usually
used because the population is too large to study in its entirety. The To calculate the mean, sum all the data values, and divide by the
sample should be representative of the population. This is best number of them
achieved by random sampling. The sample is then called a random
sample.
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= 0%
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Calculate the variance of this data values link In simple statistical methods the square root of the variance, σ,
which is called the standard deviation, is often used more. The
standard deviation has the same units as the data themselves
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 and is therefore easier to interpret than the variance
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In this section, we focus on bivariate statistics, where exactly two Covariance is a statistic representing the degree to which two variables
measurements are made on each observation vary together.
Note that the two parameters always have the same sign (positive,
Bivariate statistics describe the paired relation between
negative, or 0). When the sign is positive, the variables are said to
observations of 2 different variables
be positively correlated; when the sign is negative, the variables are said
to be negatively correlated; and when the sign is 0, the variables are said
to be uncorrelated.
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Calculate the covariance of stock price value and bond price Correlation coefficient is a scaled version of covariance (correlation
value: link is a standardized measure of covariance)
Variable Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the degree to
which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the
Stock price 10.3 12.3 11.4 13.6
value of another.
Bond price 5.2 4.7 4.9 4.3 Correlation coefficients are expressed as values between +1 and -1.
A coefficient of +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation. A
coefficient of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation
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Calculate the correlation coefficient between 2 variables: stock One important principle is “risk-return trade off relation always
price and bond price in the above example exists in Finance”
observations.
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People can be risk averse, risk neutral, or risk loving A portfolio is a grouping of financial assets such as stocks, bonds
and cash equivalents.
A risk averse investor will generally take a guaranteed outcome
even if it has a lower expected payout than a gamble Portfolios are held directly by investors and/or managed by
financial professionals. Prudence suggests that investors should
A risk neutral investor is indifferent to risk when making an construct an investment portfolio in accordance with risk
investment decision (only considers the expected return of each tolerance and investing objectives
investment, and ignores the potential downside risk)
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A risk lover will choose a higher risk option with an expectation of
receiving higher return
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