1.

Introduction

1.1 Background

Community based natural resources management (CBNRM) as a broad conservation and rural
development approach emerged in the early 1990s in Tanzania and most of sub-Saharan African
countries following a conservation paradigm shift from state-centric top-down conservation
approaches to democratic decentralization and participatory bottom-up conservation and rural
development approaches. Many factors contributed to the conservation paradigm shift and
emergence of CBNRM approaches including: a clear failure by the poor newly independent
African states including Tanzania to halt rampant wildlife poaching and massive deforestation in
the 1970s (Brockington, 2005).

Over 85 percent of Ethiopia’s population live in rural areas and depend on natural resources
(land, water, forests and trees) for economic development, food security and other basic
necessities Ethiopia is rich in water resources and is often called the "Water Tower of North East
Africa" because of the major rivers that flow to neighboring countries. Traditional communal
resource management was often practiced for grazing and forest use in the highlands and range
management in the lowlands. This is exemplified by guassa (grazing area) protection in the
highlands of Shewa and Wello, forest protection in Wello. Rules of protection and utilization as
well as their enforcement were essential aspects of the traditional management of common
natural resources (Alemneh, 2003).

There are registered and other non-registered community organizations which may have
relevance to CBNRM such as Peasant Associations, for example "Idir, Iqub, Mahber, and
Senbete". The pastoralists in the lowlands, both the Afar in the northeast, and the Boran in the
south, have traditional community-based natural resources management systems (Teferi Abate,
1994). As one of part of Ethiopia in Andabet Woreda local community practice natural resource
conservation based on unity and other related purpose. Generally the protection and utilization as
well as their enforcement were essential aspects of the traditional community natural resources
management. Therefore, the aim of this study will be to understand the practice of local
community based natural resource management in south GonderAndabet woreda.

1.2. Statement of problem

Community based natural resource management covers a range of natural resources, the government
institutions concerned with natural resource management are diverse, with different affiliations and
primary objectives ranging from exploitation (forestry) to preservation (wildlife authorities), there is often
institutional overlap for different resources resulting in confusion and a lack of coordination. Forests may
be under the purvey of the forest departments, but wildlife authorities may also manage forests. Wetland
and marine areas are usually dominated by fisheries departments, yet they may be equally important as
conservation areas to wildlife authorities (J. Awimbo, E. Barrow.2004).

Natural resources management in Ethiopia has great contribution for the development of Social,
economic and cultural issues. Otherwise most of natural resources are highly exposed to Degradation
(Demel, 2001). In relation to resource depletion, Badege (2001) had clearly stated that Ethiopians are
facing rapid deforestation and land degradation that has been fueled by increasing of population which in
turn resulted in extensive forest. The natural resource is now protected by guards employed by the
government, but still there is a great conflict with the local communities which threaten the sustainability
of the resources Baharu, (1998).

Conflicts will always exist to some degree in every community and have all the time been with us, due in
part to the ever-increasing multiple and competing demands for natural resources. In recent years,
however, the scope and magnitude of resource-based conflicts in various natural resource use systems
are increasing and highly intensified (Abebe and Bekele 2018).
Unless this rapid rate of resource destruction is left unchecked, with increasing human population and
livestock pressure, irreparable damage and loss of biodiversity is imminent for the simple reason that the
natural resources are the principal source of the economy of the local people so that there may not be any
forest left in the near feature and the sustainability of natural resource(Woldagebreil, 2003). Those
researcher to describe the modernization system to natural resource management, to focus on natural
resources are highly solution from Degradation, rapid deforestation and land degradation that has affected
natural resource been fueled by increasing of population. The natural resource is now protected by guards
employed by the government, but those researcher are not detail study about traditional community based
natural resource management system and it also not describe about the local community protect their
resource by their resource. The result of this above study shows that the communities have less skill
abouttheir traditional natural resource management system and most, there for the current study will fills
information gaps of the above studies by anthropological understanding of traditional community based
natural resource management system in the study area.
1.3. Research questions:

• What is the local communities ‘perception regarding to natural resource?

• How the communities practice of natural resource management?
• What is the contribution of community based natural resource management system
for socio cultural and economic development in the study area?
1.4 Research objective:

The study has both General objective and specific objective.

1.4.1. General objective:

The general objective of the study will be to understand on community based natural resource
management in South Gonder,Andabet Woreda.

1.4.2. Specific objective

• To understand the perception of the local community regarding to natural resource,

• To describe natural resource conservation mechanisms by the local community,

• To describe the contribution of community based natural resource management for

socio cultural and economic development in the study area,

• To describe the challenge of natural resource management in the community,

1.5. Significance of the study

This research will be important for governmental and nongovernmental organizations, academic
institution and researchers who have interest on the issues for non-governmental organization
important to rapid economic growth and for academic institution to improve expand of different
institutions. Significance of the study will be understanding the socio-economic development of
natural resource management and surrounding community in the study area. Therefore, this study
will have the following contribution to:
• The research helps natural resource practice to in redirecting, improving, and
strengthening the income households and regulate climate change by using of the agro
forestry programs in the study area
 • The research to be creates a good awareness among concerned bodies society, for policy
making to government planners and every user from the natural resource.
• This study will be having insight as an input source for readers or students who want to
have knowledge about the role of natural resource for the community as livelihood
• This study has as reference to the community in case to get more information about the
practice of community based natural resource management.

1.6 Scope of the study

The research will delimit on community based management of natural resource thematically and
geographically for Amara regional state, Andabet Woreda in Nefasamie village the scope will be
also covere the people’s idea, perception and their ways of life towards the role of natural
resource. The study delimited on this particular area because of time and budget.

1.7 Definitions of terms

• Community is a small or large social unit (a group of living things) that has something in
common, such as norms, religion, values, or identity (James, Paul 2006).
• Naturalis exists in or derived from nature; not made or caused by humankind (OUP,
2014).
• Resource is source or supply from which a benefit is produced (Ricklefs, 2005).
• Managementis the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a not-for-
profit organization, or government body(Waring,2016)
• Natural resource management is the management of natural resources such as land, water,
soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of
life (Carl Folke, 2009).
• Community based natural resource management is the collective use and management of
natural resources in rural areas by a group of people with a self-defined, distinct identity,
using communally owned facilities(Abbot J.1998).
2. Literature review

1.7 Definitions of terms

• Community is a small or large social unit (a group of living things) that has something in
common, such as norms, religion, values, or identity (James, Paul 2006).
• Naturalis exists in or derived from nature; not made or caused by humankind (OUP,
2014).
• Resource is source or supply from which a benefit is produced (Ricklefs, 2005).
• Managementis the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a not-for-
profit organization, or government body(Waring,2016)
• Natural resource management is the management of natural resources such as land, water,
soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of
life (Carl Folke, 2009).
• Community based natural resource management is the collective use and management of
natural resources in rural areas by a group of people with a self-defined, distinct identity,
using communally owned facilities(Abbot J.1998).

2.1. Definition concepts of community based natural resource management

The concept of CBNRM is related to a variety of terms, including participatory, community-

based, collaborative, joint and popular natural resource management. These concepts are often
used interchangeably, but they may also be used with the intention to emphasize specific
characteristics of related approaches. Thus, the concept of CBNRM tends to be associated with
approaches where the focal unit for joint natural resource management is the local community
(Rotha et al. 2005).

Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is a concept that enables non-state

actors, such as local communities, to participate actively in, and benefit from, the management of
their natural resources. It is characterized by the adoption of participatory and locally controlled
resource management which is formally recognized and supported by the state. Community
based natural resource management can build on traditional approaches for managing natural
resources that have been developed and applied by clans over many years. In many cases these
traditional systems include allocation of the resource base to different uses as agreed to by clan
members. Among the common allocations are areas reserved for hunting, spiritual and cultural
purposes (Clarke, 2002).

Natural resource management in Africa has been characterized by corruption and befitted only
narrow elite, and paradoxically, the countries most blessed with resources are frequently the
poorest. Community Based Natural Resource Management is one response to these challenges
and represents an attempt to ensure environmentally sustainable resource development that
benefits local populations. As Fabric us and Collins explain, community-based natural resource
management (CBNRM) focuses on the collective management of ecosystems to promote human
well-being and aims to devolve authority for ecosystem management to the local (community)
level” (Fabric us& Collins, 2007).

The policy area of NRM and environmental protection has received additional review resulting in
the formulation of a framework environmental policy and the establishment of an Environmental
Protection Authority. The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) and Regional Conservation
Strategies (RCS) are expected to provide Ethiopia with an adequate umbrella strategic
framework for the effective management of the environment. In the CSE documents there are
several guiding principles which show that the CSE encourages community participation in
natural resources management (Campbell 2003).

Natural resource management deals with managing the way in which people and natural land
scoapes interact. It brings together land use planning, water management, biodiversity
conservation, and the future sustainability of industries like agriculture, mining, tourism,
fisheries and forestry. It recognizes that people and their livelihoods rely on the health and
productivity of our landscapes, and their actions as stewards of the land play a critical role in
maintaining this health and productivity (in New South Wales February 2012retrieved date,
Dec,22 2018)

3, Research Methodology
3.1 study area

Mirab Este (Andabet) is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Debub Gondar
Zone, Mirab Este is bordered on the south by the Abay River which separates, it from the Misraq Gojjam
Zone and Mirab Gojjam Zone, on the west by Dera, and on the north and east by Misraq Este. Towns in
Mirab Este include Jara Gedo. Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical
Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 120,885, of whom 62,021 are men and
58,864 women; 2,192 or 1.81% are urban inhabitants. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian
Orthodox Christianity, with 98.61% reporting that as their religion, while 1.38% of the population said
they were Muslim (Census 2007). The study area found Mirab Estie (Andabet) Woreda , Melat kebele,
Nifasme village, specifically the study of area located in west LebaAmeta in east Asted Mariam
in south Genet Mariam in north by its Woreda.

In order to make the study more manageable, the scope is delimited to one specific area of
Nifasme village due to the fact that researchers live near to the study are, Shortage of budget to
do the researcher far from Nifasame village and detail study about the local community manage
their natural resource traditionally.

3.2 Research Design

The main objective of this study will be exploring the practice of community based natural resource
management in Nenfasamie village. The researcher design of this study use mployed qualitative method,
this research will hires primary and secondary source of data, to get the desired information. In this cause
that I will use qualitative approach for the research mainly qualitative approach allows flexibility to
problem initial participant respond the response according to their individual personalities and styles.

3.3 Source of data

The researcher will use both primary and secondary source of data

3.3.1 Primary data source

The primary data will be collects using non-participant observation, in depth interview, key
informant interview, FGD, and case study, from elders, model farmers and village administrator
to get detail and reliable data.

3.3.2 Secondary data source

The secondary datawill be collected from different documents which include; books, articles
published in journals.

3, 4 Sampling Size and Sampling Technique

In accordance with the required data and objectives of the study, the sampling the techniques that
employed is non –probability sampling or purposive sapling. Accordingly, different informants
are categorized for different data collection the techniques , Therefore ,for the study fifteen
(15) informants for in-depth interview ,six (6) key informants, and two (2) case study will
beselect, twenty three (23) research participants will be selects.

3.5 Data Gathering Techniques and procedures

The researcher willcollect information (data) by the following technique.

3.5.1 Non -Participant observation

The researcher will observe practice of natural resource management system which includes
activity land farming system construction of terrace, construction of water dams. The researcher
will be collected information by Non –Participant observation the whole activities of the
community towards the natural resource management in the time of fieldwork.

3.5.2 In-Depth Interview

In-depth interview is one of method of data collection helps to understand how people or as an
individual perceive their surroundings. This helps to understand the local communities, personal,
communal and argumentative ideas belief and values within their natural and social environment
(Bernard, 2006; 299).

In this a study in-depth interview will be conducted with fifteen (15) village communities who are
vulnerable to interview about community based natural resource management This community
are selects for in-depth interview on the bases of their vulnerability and whose age is above
fifteen years will be selective purposively and the data gathering technique to get real and valid
data from informant and to give full chance for informant s, they response their answer on their
own word and expression.

3.5.3 key- informant Interview

The researcher will be conducted key informants interview with purposefully selected 6
informants. This helped to get rich data from the respondents, because the respondents have long
time experience and specialized knowledge about natural resource management. Informants of
Key informant interview include, village administrator, model farmers, elders and religious
leaders.

3.5.4 Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

This method is one of the most crucial methods of data collection under primary data collection
method. FGD is relatively naturalistic exchange of idea and draws on peoples live experience,
thereby, providing insight that cannot be obtained by other methods (Wilkinson 2004).It is very
important in anthropology to get different data from different people’s point of view. The study
employ 2, FGD each group of FGD consist of 6, discussants. The group will have total number
of 12 discussants, they are divided two groups for two groups was used 1 hour for each. The
researcher will be selecting the group members by their experiences towards natural resource
management system. The FGD composed of homogenous groups, which include the same sex
and age elders. Because the use of homogenous to get different ideas about natural resource
management systems.

3.5.5 Case Study

Case study is a data collection method involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination
of a subject of study (the case). The researcher will be select two (2) cases to collect data. These
data helps to know deep experience and knowledge of individuals about good farming systems
and terrace, those systems are important to control soil erosion in the study area. The Researcher
will prepare open ended question using Amharic language.

3.6 data analysis

Since the research will entirely focus on qualitative methods. Whereas the qualitative data will analyze
through description and explanation. In addition to the above the qualitative data obtained from non-
participant observation interview, in depth interview, Focus Group Discussion, and key informant will
being analyze through qualitative after collected it. The data will be collected through case study,
and key informants interview, FGD, in depth interviewand non-participant observation byusing
local language /Amharic/ will be transcribeand translates in to English by the researcher.

3.7 Ethical consideration

The researcher will be asking permission from participants before conducting research. First, the
researcher will explain clearly the aim and real purpose of the study for topic and the researcher
will try to maintain the following ethical codes on the research conducting and analyzing as well
as in the research finding such as the researcher will respect respondents right and all the
activities of the community way of life dignity, will maintain objective and integrity, will
promise to preserve confidentiality of respondent information, will protect from personal harmful
thing.
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 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Department of social Anthropology

Tittle; Community Based Natural Resource Management In Amhara Regional

State, South Gonder the case of Andabet Woreda

Prepared by Name ID no

1. BzuayewGebrie SSR/4418/11
Submitted to: GetachewSinshaw (pHd)

May 2021

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia