NINO L.

ANUNCIADO

BSCRIM

INSTRUCTIONS: Discuss how the following contributed to the growth of Filipino

nationalism and decline of the Spanish rule. Choose two.

1. Opening of the Suez Canal

Other significant events in the 19th century that contributed to the formation and the rest
Propagandists’ consciousness were the opening of Suez Canal, the democratic
leadership of Governor General Dela Torre, Governor General Izquierdos’ replacement
of Dela Torre, and the Cavite Mutiny. The Suez Canal was the first infrastructure that
paved the way for the importation of books, magazines, and newspapers with liberal
ideas from Europe and America. This was instrumental to the political awakening of
Rizal because he was able to expand his perspective, therefore shaping his nationalist
sensibilities.

The Philippine political revolution is of recent origin, to be found, so to speak, as late as

the opening of the Suez Canal in November 1869. Previous uprisings had been
provoked by affronts offered to particular regions or persons, and were not motivated by
a generally felt need for political reforms; thus they were no better than mere riots. Even
the insurrection which broke out in the Cavite Arsenal in 1872 had this character.
Fathers Burgos, Gomez and Zamora, who were made to appear as instigators of this
movement and as such were executed on the 17th February that year, were only asking
for the restitution of the parishes which the friars had seized from the Philippine secular
clergy, and for the recognition of the preferential right, which canon law recognized in
the latter, to the administration of the archipelago's parishes.

It could not be otherwise for when the Spaniards established their rule in the islands,
toward the middle of the 16th century, the social organization of the Filipinos was still in
a rudimentary stage. Where the inhabitants spoke the same dialect and observed the
same usages and customs, there was an independent leader who governed his
subjects in the manner of a patriarch or tribal chieftain: in Manila, which had a sizable
population, there were two leaders entitled rajahs, one to the north and the other to the
south of the Pasig river. Since none of these leaders or chieftains had attempted to
unite everyone under one rule, whether by permanent alliances or by force of arms,
there did not exist a consciousness of national unity or solidarity. Thus the Spaniards,
by dint of pledges of friendship and protection, sealed in blood, were enabled to win
over peace-loving chieftains, and with their help subjugated the more bellicose by force
of arms. Discontent having thereafter grown because the pledged friendship and
protection quickly turned into onerous lordship, the Spaniards, justifying whatever
means might be used to this purpose, found excuses to rid themselves of those who,
suspect because of their position and influence, could lead an uprising. They then
prohibited the carrying of arms, leaving the conquered Filipinos so weakened and
unarmed that the Mindanao Muslims could sack the coastal towns of Luzon and the
Bisayas, often unresisted when the Spaniards still did not have steamships at their
disposal.

The Spanish conquest's ostensible purpose was the propagation of the Catholic faith; it
was to snatch infidels from the jaws of the barbarian and the Devil, and enable them to
share the benefits of civilization and eternal life -- nothing could have been more
disinterested and generous. But the conquistadores had to run the risks of uncharted
seas and struggle against savage peoples and unaccustomed climes, and the goal of
doing good to unknown people, by itself, was not and is not sufficient incentive to drive
the average man to undertake such enterprises. A more positive incentive was needed,
an objective concealed but more realistic, such as to make one's fortune. America's
gold had roused the. cupidity of adventurous spirits. Then again, the conquest of new
lands has always meant more possessions, more money. By teaching the natives their
own religion and customs the conquistadores could rule their bodies and souls, taming
them the better to exploit them. Whether soldiers, priests or merchants, the conquerors
went and will go, after money, and, whatever their pretensions of humanitarian
sentiments, will not put them into practice except as a means, to attain their original
objective.

Having completed the domination of Luzon and the Bisayas, the Spaniards divided the
conquered country, into districts which they termed encomiendas. Those who had
distinguished themselves during the conquest were given each his
own encomienda, with the right of succession. Since the encomenderos, to enrich
themselves faster, required their serfs to pay tribute in kind according to the industry of
each, and since a serf had little left to meet his needs after having paid tribute, he had
to give up the crafts he had learned from his forefathers or from the Chinese, Japanese,
and other races which had traded with the Filipinos before the conquest, and make his
living only from the natural fruits of the soil which were still sufficient for his needs,
thanks to the low density of the population. So much for all that humbug about the
indolence of the Filipinos. On the other hand, the friars, driven by the zeal and
intolerance made famous by the Inquisition in its time, proscribed as heretical and
superstitious the religious usages and popular chants which might perhaps preserve the
traditions regarding the origin, settlement and culture of the native population of the
islands, and in their stead imposed beliefs and practices contrary to the native manner
and way of life. This apprenticeship must have been painful for such a radical and
violent change of life could not have been accomplished without great cruelties on the
part of the conquerors, and unspeakable sufferings and utter exhaustion on the part of
the conquered.

2. Cavite Mutiny and the GOMBURZA martyrdom

In the immediate aftermath of the mutiny, some Filipino soldiers were disarmed and
later sent into exile on the southern island of Mindanao. Those suspected of directly
supporting the mutineers were arrested and executed. The mutiny was used by the
colonial government and Spanish friars to implicate three secular priests, Mariano
Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as Gomburza. They were
executed by garrote in Luneta, also known in Tagalog as Bagumbayan, on February 17,
1872. These executions, particularly those of the Gomburza, were to have a significant
effect on people because of the shadowy nature of the trials. José Rizal, whose
brother Paciano was a close friend of Burgos, dedicated his work, El filibusterismo, to
these three priests.
On January 27, 1872, Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo approved the death
sentences on forty-one of the mutineers. On February 6, eleven more were sentenced
to death, but these were later commuted to life imprisonment. Others were exiled to
other islands of the colonial Spanish East Indies such as Guam, Mariana Islands,
including the father of Pedro Paterno, Maximo Paterno, Antonio M. Regidor y Jurado,
and José María Basa. The most important group created a colony of Filipino expatriates
in Europe, particularly in the Spanish capital of Madrid and Barcelona, where they were
able to create small insurgent associations and print publications that were to advance
the claims of the seeding Philippine Revolution.
Finally, a decree was made, stating there were to be no further
ordinations/appointments of Filipinos as Roman Catholic parish priests. In spite of the
mutiny, the Spanish authorities continued to employ large numbers of native Filipino
troops, carabineros and civil guards in their colonial forces through the 1870s–1890s
until the Spanish–American War of 1898
The Cavite Revolt was a bombed uprising against the Spaniards, coming about in
incapacitated detained, and dead Filipino officers. The individuals who were suspected
to be associated with the rebellion were additionally captured and executed. The
Spanish specialists and the monks utilized the rebellion to embroil the three common
ministers – Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, by and large known as
GOMBURZA – and announced that they were the provocateurs of the said uprising.
The ministers were executed by garrote at Bagumbayan on February 15, 1872. This
occasion actually affected Rizal and his family since Burgos was a close companion of
his sibling, Paciano. The suffering of the three ministers stirred the longing for autonomy
among numerous Filipinos. Truth be told, Rizal committed his El Filibusterismo to the
three clerics. Rizal's expect to spread the word about the Philippines as a nation of
journalists and learned people was a aftereffect of his firsthand experience of racial
separation when he was in Spain. Considered as an sub-par race, Filipinos were not
offered admittance to public products and experienced widespread bias in government
workplaces, schools, and in the public arena when all is said in done. Various monetary,
social, political, and social changes in the country and around the world added to the
arrangement of Rizal's public awareness and his reformist plan. The liberal and
reformist thoughts of Rizal, along with different reformists, blended the public
awareness of locals which ultimately prompted the Philippine Unrest of 1896. Rizal's
commitment to the decrease of the Spanish guideline in the nineteenth century is
perceived until now.
3. Abuses and immoralities of the friars

This gradually emerged out of various political and armed movements throughout most
of the Spanish East Indies—but which has long been fragmented and inconsistent with
contemporary definitions of such nationalism—as a consequence of more than three
centuries of Spanish rule. These movements are characterized by the upsurge of anti-
colonialist sentiments and ideals which peaked in the late 19th century led mostly by
the ilustrado or landed, educated elites, whether peninsulares, insulares, or native
(Indio). This served as the backbone of the first nationalist revolution in Asia,
the Philippine Revolution of 1896.[1] The modern concept would later be fully actualized
upon the inception of a Philippine state with its contemporary borders after being
granted independence by the United States by the 1946 Treaty of Manila.