ENZYMES

- Highly specialized protein molecules

- Biochemical catalysts
o SUFFIX – ase
 Characteristic of most enzyme name

ENZYME STRUCTURE

o SIMPLE ENZYME
 Composed only of protein (amino acid)
o CONJUGATED ENZYMES
 Have a nonprotein portion (cofactor) in addition to a protein portion
(apoenzyme)
o COFACTORS
 Small organic molecules (coenzymes) or inorganic ions

ENZYME CLASSIFICATION

o SIX CLASSES OF ENZYMES BASED ON FUNCTION

 Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases

ENZYME ACTIVE SITE

o Relatively small part of the enzyme that is actually involved in catalysis

o Where substrate binds to the enzyme

LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL OF ENZYME ACTIVITY

- Active site in an enzyme has a fixed, rigid geometrical conformation

INDUCED-FIT MODEL OF ENZYME ACTIVITY

- Active site in an enzyme can undergo small changes in geometry in order to accommodate a
series of related substrates

ENZYME ACTIVITY

- Measure of the rate at which an enzyme converts substrate to products

o FOUR FACTORS
 Temperature
 pH
 substrate concentration
 enzyme concentration

ENZYME INHIBITION

- slow or stops the normal catalytic function of an enzyme by binding to it

o THREE MODES OF INHIBITION
 Reversible competitive inhibition
 Reversible noncompetitive inhibition
  Irreversible inhibition

ALLOSTERIC ENZYME

- An enzyme with two or more protein chains and two kinds of binding sites

ZYMOGEN

- An inactive precursor of a proteolytic enzyme

- Activated by a chemical reaction that removes part of its structure

COVALENT MODIFICATION

- A cellular process for regulation of enzyme activity in which the structure of an enzyme is
modified through formation of, or breaking of, a covalent bond
o Most COMMONLY encountered type of covalent modification involves a phosphate
group being added to, or removed from, an enzyme

VITAMINS

- Organic compound necessary in small amounts for the normal growth of humans and some
animals
- Must be obtained from dietary sources
- Cannot be synthesized in the body

WATER-SOLBLE VITAMINS

- Vitamin c
- The eight B vitamins
o VITAMIN C
 Essential for the proper formation of bones and teeth
 Antioxidant
o EIGHT B VITAMINS
 Coenzymes

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- Vitamins A, D, E, and K
o VITAMIN A
 Role in vision
o VITAMIN D
 Proper use of calcium and phosphors to form bones and teeth
o VITAMIN E
 An antioxidant
o VITAMIN K
 Regulation of blood clotting

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES

ENZYME
 - Compound, usually in a protein
- Acts as a catalyst for a bio-chemical reaction
- Almost every reaction in a cell requires its own specific enzyme
- Cause a cellular reaction to occur millions of times faster
- Yeast enzymes were used in the production of bread and alcoholic beverages
o EN
 Enzyme Greek word
 Means “in”
o ZYME
 Means “yeast”

GLOBULAR PROTEINS

- Most enzymes are globular proteins

SIMPLE PROTEINS

- Consisting of entirely of amino acid chains

CONJUGATED PROTEINS

- Containing additional chemical components

DENATURATION

- Enzymes undergo all the reaction of proteins

- Slight alteration in pH or temperature affects enzyme activity dramatically

ENZYMES

- Differ from nonbiochemical (laboratory) catalysts

- In size
- Their activity is usually regulated by other substances

*MOST, BUR NOT ALL, ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS

*ENZYMES ACTIVITY, BUT NOT LABORATORY CATALYST ACTIVITY, IS REGULATED BY OTHER

SUBSTRANCES

ENZYME STRUCTURE

SIMPLE ENZYME

- Composed of protein

CONJUGATED ENZYME

- Has a nonprotein part in addition to a protein part

APOENZYME

- Protein part of a conjugated enzyme

 COFACTOR

- Non protein part of a conjugated enzyme

o HOLOENZYME
 Designate a biologically active combined apoenzyme cofactor entity

APOENZYME + COFACTOR = HOLOENZYME

CATEGORIES OF COFACTORS

- Simple metal ions, small organic molecules

METAL ION

- Include Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe (Fe2+, Fe3+) and Cu (Cu+, Cu2+)

- Must be supplied to the human body through dietary mineral intake

SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES

- Synthesized within the human body using building blocks obtained from other nutrients
- B vitamin or B vitamin derivative

COENZYME FAD

- Has riboflavin (a B vitamin; Section 4-14) as part of its structure

- Example of a permanently attached coenzyme

NOMECLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYME

SUBSTRATE

- Reactions in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

- Substance upon which the enzyme “acts”
1. SUFFIX- ase
o Identifies as an enzyme
o Urease, surcease, lipase
2. SUFFIX- in
o Found in the names of some of the first enzymes studied
o Trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin
3. Identity of the substrate is often noted in addition to the type of reaction
4. Glucose oxidase, pyruvate carboxylase, succinate dehydrogenase

SIX MAJOR CLASSES OF THE TYPES OF REACTIONS

OXIDOREDUCTASE

- Catalyzes an oxidation-reduction reaction

- Requires a coenzyme that is oxidized or reduced as the substrate is reduced or oxidized

LACTATE DEHYDREOGENASE

- Oxidoreductase that removes hydrogen atoms from a molecule

(pink)

TRANSFERASE

- Catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

o TWO MAJOR SUBTYPES
 Transaminases
 Catalyzes the transfer of arf amino group from one molecule to another
 Kinases
 Major role in metabolic energy production reactions catalyzes the
transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to
give adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphorylated product

HYDROLASE

- Catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction in which the addition of a water molecule to a bond causes the
bond to break
o CARBIHYDRASES
 Effect the breaking of glycosidic bonds in oligo and polysaccharides
o PROTEASES
 Effect the breaking of peptide linkages in triacylglycerol

LYASE

- Catalyzes the addition of a group to a double bond or the removal of a group to form a double
bond in a manner that does not involve hydrolysis or oxidation

DEHYDRATASE

o Removal of the components of water from a double bond and a

HYDRATASE

o Addition of the components of a water to a double bond

ISOMERASE

- Catalyzes the isomerization (rearrangement of atoms)

(pink)

LIGASE

- Catalyzes the bonding together of two molecules into one with the participation of ATP
- Generally unfavorable and they require the simultaneous input of energy

(pink)

(pink)