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    26 views147 pages

    Sol Cap 10

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    Leonardo Klismam

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    11 Solutions Manual for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Seventh Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2011 Chapter 10 VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL This Manual is the proprietary property of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and protected by copyright and other state and federal laws. By opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the following restrictions, and if the recipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly retuned unopened to McGraw-Hill: This Manual is being provided only to authorized professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual may not be sold and may not be distributed to or used by any student or other third party. No part of this Manual may be reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill. PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 102 Carnot Vapor Cycle 10-1C The Camot cycle is not a realistic model for steam power plants because (1) limiting the heat transfer processes to two-phase systems fo maintain isothermal conditions severely nits the maximum temaperature that can be used in the cycle, 2) the tubine will have fo handle steam with a high moisture content which causes erosion, and (3) itis not practical to design a compressor that will handle two phases. 10-2E A steady-flow Camot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The thermal efficiency, the quality at the end of the heat rejection process, and the net work output ae to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating contitions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis (a) We note that Tez =Tengasopen = 401°F =861R r Ty =Teugsopin =267.2°F = 7272 R 212k SR th Ty xe 0.1553 =15.5% (B) Noting that s+ 96784 Btwlbm R, 39; 1 0.56784. 12845 0.137 © The enthalpies before end after the heat addtion process are I =hyqasopan =316 09 Brom ny =hiy + Xghg =376 09 + (0.95)825.47)=1160 3 Btalom, Thus, Qn =hy hy =11603 ~376.09 = 184.2 Btullbm and vst ~ natn ~ (0.1553) 1842 Bt/Tbm) 122 Btullbm PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 103 10-3 A steady-flow Camot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conetions. The thermal efficiency, the amount of heat rejected, and the net work output are to be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis (@) Noting that T,, = 250°C = $23 K end T, = Tayquean = 60 06°C = 3331 K, the thermal efficiency becomes = 03632 - 36.3% © The heat supplied ducing this cycle is simply the enthalpy of ‘vaporization, > Te da, “hgg nope “11153 1g sore ‘ree eh Thus, L | Ty, _(3331K) 4 one joe =41 = hag | (7153 rg) 10925 ve: on 42 =72-4n =| Feyg |S 3H he yy (© The network output ofthis cycle is at ="ndin = (03632) 715 3 keg) = 623.0 RI hg 10-4 A steady-flow Camot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified coneltions. The thermal efficiency, the amount of heat rejected, and the net work output are to be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis (@) Noting that T,, = 250°C = 523 K and T, = Taqisan = 45.81°C = 318.8 K, the thermal efficiency becomes © The heat supplied ducing this cycle is simply the enthalpy of ‘vaporization, Qn =hgg roc =1715 31g 188) SBE Ju7153 tg) 1048.6 rg (©) The net work output ofthis cycle is Woet = Mn Jun = (0.3904\1715 3 klkg )= 669.7 kTkg, PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse ‘eparion. Hyousre + send uring this Maal, you are sing # walt emai. 104 10-5 A steady-flow Camot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The thermal efficiency, the pressure atthe tuibine inlet, and the net work output are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating contitions exist. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis (a) The thermal efficiency is determined from aK 3504278 E TA (®) Note that as 3s0°c + = 08313 +0.891 x 10769 = 7.1368 Lifhg K Ths, core} T -350C } eo7i ing | AO MPa (Table A-6) (c) The net work canbe determined by calculating the enclosed azea onthe T:: diagram, Sy 287 + x48 yy =0.8313 = (0.1)7 0769) =1.5390 tog -K Tha, Woe = Atle = (Ty —Ty lbs ~ £4) = (880 ~ 607 1368 1.5390) = 1623 hag PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 105 The Simple Rankine Cycle 10-6C The four processes that make up the simple ideal cycle are (1) Isentropic compression in « pump, 2) P= constent heat addition in a boiler, (3) Isentropic expansion in a turbine, and (4) P= constant heat ejection.n a condenser 10-7C Heat sejected decreases, everything else increnses, 10-8C Heat sejected decreases, everything else increnses, 10-9C The pump work remsins the same, the moisture content decreases, everything else increases 10-10€ The actual vapor power cycles differ from the ideelized ones in thet the actual cycles involve friction and pressure drops in various components and the piping, and heat loss to the suxounding medium from these components and piping 10-11C The boiler exit pressure will be) lower then the boiler inlet pressuce in actual eyeles, and () the same as the boiler inlet presmure in ideal cycles, 10-12C We would reject this proposal because Wray= Mi -hy- deus and any heat loss from the steam will adversely affect the turbine work output 10-13C Yes, because the saturation temperature of steam at 10 kPa is 45 81°C, whichis much higher then the temperature of the cooling water. PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse ‘eparion. Hyousre + send uring this Maal, you are sing # walt emai. 106 10-14 A simple ideal Rankine cycle with R-134a as the working fluid operates between the specified presswe limits, The amiss flow rate of R-134a for e given power production and the thermal efficiency of the cyele are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady opersting concitions exist 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis From the vefiigerent tables (Tables A-L1, A-12, end A-13), trans = 63.94 KIT +p. =0.0007907 meg pn =vi(P2 -A) = (0.007907 m?/kg)(1600 - 400)kPa =09SkiIeg hy =hy 9p =63.94+095 = 6489 klk (1k kPa?) Py =16MPa | hy 30507 Wikg Ty=000 J 5509875 Kg. ? 20081, orang non Thus, du =hy~hy =30507-6489 =240 18 hg dau =hy ~hy =273 21-6394 =209 27 hg, ot = Joa = 24018-20927 =30 91 Tg The mas flow rate ofthe refiigerant and the thermal efficiency ofthe cyl ae then Whee 150KIIs aa = TONE 24.26 kgis Wa S09TEITg 1 fax _y 209.27 jaw ee a. PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse ‘eparion. Hyousre + send uring this Maal, you are sing # walt emai. 107 10-15 A simple ideal Rankine cycle with R-134a as the working fluid is considered. The tuibine inlet temperature, the cycle themaal efficiency, and the back-work ratio of the cycle are tobe determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis From the refrigerant bles (Tables A-L1, A-12, and A-13), F.~Paquo-c ~ 41489 KPa hy =hiyquoe = 65 431g 44 =v qe =0.0007930.m" hg » Py =. tpn = v1(Py ~ Fy) 1s = (0.007930 m?/kg)(1400 - 414 89)kPa | ——~ 7eisikg \TiPe a hy = + py =65:48-40.78 = 66 21ST T, 10°C } dig =hhy + Xghtyy =65.43 + (0.98)(190 73) = 252 35 kg Cyaos {ay cey-rne 202596 (095)06355 -0812% tg natenim iy -2169147¢ toss -09125king. | T-aR0 Thus, in = hy —hy = 276 91-66 .21 - 210.70 diag, ox =hy ~Iny = 252.35 -65.43 196 92 bili ‘The thermal efficiency of the cycle is fox _,_18692 gn 210.70 113 Te. ‘The back-work mio is determined from Yr MP O1SWg _g o34g Ym (7651-25235) kg PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 10s 10-16 A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid is considered. The work output from the turbine, the heat addition in the boiler, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A4, A-5, and A.6), FPrquoc ~13851Pa P; ~Pqsane ~8588KPa hy =hyqagee =167 53g ae ¢ =0.001008 mg (PR) ; ) 001008 mig)9598 -7 385)kPa fH 65 kiikg, \LMPa mm 1 +My =167-5348.65 =176.18 Kg tb me hy =2749 6 Lilkg, an rns |e P hag =hy ¥xghgy =167.53 +(0.6681(2406 0) =1775 12g Ths, Wega ~hy ~hg = 2749.6 -1775.1 = 974.5 kslkg iy = hy hy =2749 6 -116.18 =2573.4 kJIkg qq ~ hy ~hy ~1715.1 167.53 -1607.6 Eg ‘The thermal efficiency of the cycle is Gos pg wt St =1_1606 May 2ST PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 109 10-17E A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water asthe working fluid operates between the specified pressure limits. The rates of heat addition and rejection, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating contitions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-SE, and A-6E), pax ~109.40 Bulb yegayon = 0.01630 17 om, Iy=h, Wyn -¥i(P -2) 2 1Btu (0.01630. Nom(800 - 3)pria| > 2.40 Btulbm hy =I + Wy =109.40 42.40. =111. 81 Btwlbm Py =800psia | fy -1456.0Btollom ,=900F | 5 -16413Btlbm-R S4-Sy 16413-02009 Py =3psia | 16413-02009 Sensy hy =hy + Xyhtyy =109.40 + (0.8549)(1012 8) =975 24Btu/lbm =0.8549 Knowing the power output from the tubine the mass flow rate of steam in the cyele is determined from, Wess ~iy hy) —am — E38 sobs (09478281) Tag Sie “Tg—hy 04560-97524 Btullbm 1K |=3.450 Ibmls ‘The rates of heat addition and rejection are Oy =i — hy) = 450 mls 1456 0 -111 81)Btalbm = 4637 Btuls Dae = rig —hy) =(3 450 loals)(975 24-109 40)Btu/Tom =2987 Btuls, and the thermal efficiency of the cyele is — Gos. _ 7281 _9 3559 35.6% ‘On 48 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 10.10 10-18 A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water asthe working fluid operates between the specified pressure limits. The tuibine inlet temperature andl the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-SE, and A-6E), hy = hy@ spon = 130.18 Btalbm +1 =V respon -0.01641 93m Wyn =¥1(P, BD) = (0.01641 83 fbme)(2500 ~5)psia =758Btulbm hy =hy +p =130.18 +758 -137.76 Btullom 1Bte Sa04 pia Py =Spin | hy =hy + ghyg =130.18 + (0.80)(1000.5) =930 58 Bt/lom nq 080 | sy 57 +45 py -0.23488 + (0 80)(1 60894) =1 52203 Btwlbm-R Py 53 =54 =1.52: 500 pia | fy =1450 8BtwIbm Btwlbm-R | Ty =989.2F ‘Thus, ux = hy ~ty =14508-13716 =1313 0 Btwlbm, ox = hy ~In, = 930.58-130.18 =800.4Btwlbm ‘The thermal efficiency of the cycle is dex _,_ 8004 | Ga sis0~* PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 101 10-19E A simple steam Rankine cycle operates between the specified pressure limits. The mass flow rate, the power yroduced by the tuibine, the rate of heat addition, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, ASE, and A-6E), ‘ye tps = 69-72 Btullbm win = 0.016148 flbm vpn = AD (010161483 bm)(2500 —1)psia ts ] 46 Btallma pa BP 11+ Wp, =69.72+7.46 = 71.18 Btllom 2500 pria | fy -13020 Btwlbm T,=800F fs; =14116Btwlbm.R syoSy 1.4116 0.13262 Py =Lpsia | x4, - te AO -O 196? 9.6930 in T8495 eae hig shy + x4yhyy = 69-72 + (0.6932)(1035.7) = 787.70 Btwllbm, m= ss oh a htg = hts ~ np (ts —Ing,) 1302.0 —(0.90)0302.0 - 187.70) 839.13 Mig anh ‘Thus, gq =hs —hy =13020-77.18 =12248Btullbm oa = Hy —hy =839.13-69.72 = 769.41 Btwllbm Wot =9nn Jor =1224 8-169 41 = 455.39 Brullom ‘The mass flow rate of steam in the cyele is determined from Wo A000%IIs (0.947823) > ogtibmvs Wg, = Vibe —> t= ws jee Yigg 5S30Btwm TT) ‘The power output from the turbine and the rate of heat addition are (1s Wg =i hy — ng) = (2.081 Iomls)(1302 0 -839.13)Btallom| fscax =Ti(hy — hy I 3) \ joao Ox =tigg, = (2.081 lomls)(12248 Btullbm) = 2549 Btuis, 1016 Kw and the thermal efficiency of the cyele is |=0.3718 Woe _ 1000 kIis (0.94782 Btu } im) Dy 2549 Bus PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 1012 10-20E A simple steam Rankine cycle operates between the specified pressure limits. The mass flow rate, the power yroduced by the tuibine, the rate of heat addition, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, ASE, and A-6E), ‘ye tps = 69-72 Btullbm win = 0.016148 flbm vpn = AD (010161483 bm)(2500 —1)psia ts ] 46 Btallma pa BP 11+ Wp, =69.72+7.46 = 71.18 Btllom 2500 pia } hy =1302.0 Btulom Ty =800°F — [53 =1.4116Btulbm-R Suny _1.4116-0.13262 Py alpria | x4, = tL AB RESO? “6032 Sos in T SAS 85D hag, = hy + x4gtyg = 69-724 (0.6932)(1035 7) = 787.70 Btulbm m= ss oh a htg = hts ~ np (ts —Ing,) 1302.0 —(0.90)0302.0 - 187.70) 839.13 Mig anh ‘The mass flow rate of steam in the cyele is determined from Weg = hy hy) —vre = 1000 1/8 ¢ 94782888)» gas ttnie Tan-asipawin( ie _) ‘The inte of eat ation i ua = hy ~ hy) =(2048 Yol\(1302.0~7719)Btaon{ 1S Oar aamo-missilinl sree) and the thermal efficiency of the cyele is, Wy 1000 Ks (0.94782BN 4 3779 Oy 2508Btws\ KT) ‘The thermal efficiency inthe previous problem was determined fo be 0.3718. The eror in the thermal efficiency caused by neglecting the pump work is then 03779-03718 O38 100 1.64% PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 10413, 10-21 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure limits. The thermal efficiency ofthe cytle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise of the cooling water are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes aze negligible Analysis (@) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A.6), = hyq uo =191 81 bilhg 1 =¢yq iow =0.00101 m/kg Wyn ils) 00101 mg 7000-10 284 7.06 fig hy =hy + Wy. =19181+706 -198.87 kg T MPa | i =3411 4 ith 7 =500:C 56 8000 hg | sas 062 P=1OMPR | S—5p 68000-0682 5 gy 5 Sie 796 hg =Ihy + ghty =191.81 + (08201)0392.1) ~2153.6 Lg Thus, day = hy ~hy =3411.4-198 87 =32125 tg ou =hy ~hy =2153.6 -191 81 =1961 8 Wig ut =4nu “ae = 3212.5 1961 8 =1250.7 blkg and Moe _ 1250.71 _ 3p oy an 212 51Thg © Wig 45.000 Is _ 369 a ee 1507 lg (6) The rate of heat rejection tothe cooling water and its temperature rise aze Qos = Tine ~ 35.98 kgls)(1961 8 kI/kg)- 70,586 kdls Dae 70,586 ils Tie ccangmar OOOO KIVA 18 Hlig “C) ATecoingunter AC PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 1044 10-22 A steam power plant operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure limits. The thermal efficiency ofthe cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise ofthe cooling water are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes aze negligible Analysis (@) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A.6), hy =hyquoun ~191 81 koleg +1 =¥ qi =0.00101 mkg Wyn ils) np (000101 s3/g)000-10 wa 11 kdikg hy =hy + Wy. =191 8148.11 =199.92 kdfheg ‘MPa | hy =3411 4 big. 0c f 5 ~6 8000 Lg -F S201 PealO Ke | | _simsy _ 68000-0602 x a8 ip 7896 Ings hg 4 x4hyy =191 81 + (0820)2392.1)=2153.6 BIg hy Jal ing hy ps —hy,) hs has =3411.4— (0.873411 42153 6)=2317.1 kolig Thus, duu ~ hy “hy ~ 34114-19992 = 3211 5 hg au = hg Hy = 23171-19181 = 21253 Wig vue = Gin ~Joa = 3211.5 ~2125 3 = 1086.2 kllkg and vin _ 10862 big qa LS ilk ® (6) The rate of heat rejection tothe cooling water and its temperature rise aze Dna = io, = (41.43 bgls\(2125 3 kdlkg) = 88,051 Wis $8051 Wis PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 201] The McGrvt-Hill Companies, Ine. Limited distin permed ely to teachers and eductars fr couse epaien. Tyouare stadt using ths Manal, you are using t waheut pension. 1s 10-23 A simple Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the specified presswe limits. The mite of heat addition in the boiler, the power input to the pumps, the net power, and the thermal efficiency of the cyele are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady opemating conditions exist 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible “Analysis From the steam tables (Tables Ac4, AS, and A6), A =SOkPa | i =hyqrse ~31403K0hkg T, =Tm@aun -63 =813-63 = 15 | vy =v gq7s¢ = 0.001026 m°Ikg ym =F, -A) iw r 5 = (0.001026 m? fkg)(6000 ~50)4Pa ( mo! =6.10Kikg \ } Jy =hy + Wy, =31403 +6.10 =320.13 leg, Py =6000KPa | hy ~33029bIlkg T,=40C fs; -6.7219 kiikg K 2 =501Pe | tu = 6.7219 -1.091: Se 65019 S628 ng,

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