eeeContents Blocks OF Life —om Maintaining Life »3 ime THE Diversity of Life Introduction What Is a Living Thing? >Toplc 1 Creating a Model ofa Cell > Topic 2 Extracting Your DNA Ki > Topic 3 Measuring Aerobic Respiration EAM >Topic 4 Modeling @ Healthy Meal >Topic 5 Testing Food for Fats EK >Tople 6 Measuring the Energy Content of Food EL Progress Check Introduction What Is an Ecosystem? >Tople 1 Evolving Food Chains into Food Webs >Topic 2 Testing Leaf for Starch KM >Tople 3 Testing the ate of Photosynthesis >Tople 4 Creating a Botte Ecosystem >Topie 5 Investigating Osmosis in Cells )Topie 6 Investigating Osmosis in Plants >Tople 7 Role-Playing a Carbon Atom > Tople 8 Modeling the Water Cycle Progress Check Introduction What Is Biodiversity? >Tople 1 Investigating Body Coverings > Topic 2 Modeling Natural Selection 2 Topic 3 Testing Everyday Antibiotics EM > Topic 4 Making e Fossil Timeline >Tople 5 Classifying Leaves > Topic 6 Sampling Plant Diversity EM > Topic 7 Sampling Animal Diversity Progress Check Video Index WorksheetsTue Building Blocks or Life Key Concepts Picasa eee a What Is a Living Thing? Strange organism was a plant oF fnanimal, or even ifit was alive? What does ft mean t0 be a living ‘hing? Life occurs in many forms-animals, plans, fungl, algae, microorganisms, and so fn—but all ving things share a number of characteristics: they are formed of one or many cells; they grow and develop: they tbtain and use enerpy they reproduce: and they respond to stimu. Laok atthe photos fn the right. Which do you think show living things? Check the answers at the end ofthe text Some organisms consist of 2 single cell which performs all the tasks necessary for it to stay alive. These are unicellular organisms. Other organisms consist of many cells that work together. In these multicellular organisms, similar cells ‘combine to form tissue, sich as muscle or bone tissue, and tissues combine to form ‘organs, such as the lungs or heart. Organs combine 1 form complete systems, such as the circulatory system or the reproductive system, Multicellular organisms have specialized cells with speciictaske—such a© pumping blood or reproducing—that Work together to keep the organism alive, ‘his cellular organization is one of the key charaeteristcs of ie. "Another characteristic of living things is that their cells are made of water, carbohydrates, lipids las), proteins and hiuclefe acids, These compounds are all produced from four elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (C. H. Ovand N). During their lives, cells grow and develop (or change) and, to do this, Observe and Question 1 Read the text and answer the questions. 4a. Are you a unicellular ora multicellular onganism? How do you know? '. Look at the picture, Cells combine to form tissues, tsues combine to form organs and organs combine to form systems. What functions do the following cellshave? anne muscle cells «Why do we need so many iferent pes of cells? 4. How does your body obvain energy? ‘eHow does your body use energy? 2 Give two examples of each, 2. How your body grows ». How your bady develops or changes: «How your body responds to stimuliropicl Creating a Model of a Cell Objective Key Concepts >Plant cells i whieh Cell Types, Structures and Functions he basi unt ofall organisms isthe ‘cells the smallest building block life that is capable of reproducing Itself independently. cell consists of cytoplasm (a jlly-ike substance) and a protective cell membrane that holds the Cytoplasm and controls what goes in and ‘out of the ell, Some life forms are simple and consist of a single cell these ae unicellular or single and are mulicellular thats, they many cells, Regardless oftheir complexity most ofthe chemical processes that ae vital for fe occur inside cells Cells can be divided into two groups prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Prokaryotes Include bacteria and other simple brganisms, Almost all other organisins, Including animals, plants and fungi, have eukaryotic cells. These cells are ustll bigger than prokaryoti ells, ‘Several organelles—which are small structures with specific Iunetions—float in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells >the nucleus contains {genetic material DNA} With instructions for alleell functions >ribesomes on the endoplasinic reticulum and in the cytoplasm make proteins > the Gol body controls the movement of substances round the cel > mitochondria convert the chemical energy in food into usable en > vacuoles store water, food and other ubstances > Iysosomes break down large molecule and recycle old cell pars Prokaryote cells, on the other hand, do not have a nucleus or other organelles, and their DNA floats inthe cytoplasm. The DNA in both prokaryotic and eukaryote ‘ells conttos cel growth, reproduction and metabolism (which incdes synthesizing new substances, storing energy and eaking down substances tor fr later use by the cel). The and fungi, and most prokaryotic cell, also havea cell wall "These an shape of cells determined by lis function, Cell with the same function combine to form tse, such a lea tissue i plants or bone tssue in vertebrates. Dilerent Types of se join to form ongans Tike the brain and lungs Organs work together in tystems, lke the nervos System or the respiratory system, and systems work together to keep Like all living things, cells die. In an adult human, for example, tilons of cells die every day Fortunately, however nilions of new ones are also created through cell Avision or cell reproduction, Key Words> Observe and Question 11 Read the text and key concepts and look at the diagrams. ‘2. Do the diagrams show eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? How do you know? » Which isan animal cell and which is a plant cell? Name two differences ¢. What vital processes take place in cell? 2 Number the structures in order of complexity. —tisue onanism __system organ cell> Research ‘Supplies > rice cake > red and green jelly beans > mini-marshmallows > graham cracker > sprinkles > plastic knife > frosting > peanut butter cups > paper plate MEMS > licorice sting > plastic gloves > fruit leather > raisins Procedure 1 Make an edible model of a cell 4. Label your plate withthe type of cell (animal or plant). Bb. Usea rice cake forthe base ofan animal cell, ofa graham cracker fora plant ce Spread frosting evenly over the hase to represent the cytoplasm 4d. Wrap fruit leather around the cytoplasm forthe cell membrane. € Stick the appropriate organelles into the cytoplasm. Reler tothe diagrams on the previous page and the table below, 2 Complete the table with the main function of each organelle. cell wall sraham cracker ‘ll membrane ‘uit leather ‘mudleus ‘peanut buttercup cytoplasm trosting ‘mitochondela red jelly beans cloroplasts| green jelly beans orice string ribosomes sprinkles Gola body raisin vacvoles ‘ni-marshimallows Tysosomes MEMS 3 Takea picture. Then eat your model! > Analyze ‘1 What do the mitochondria do? Which cells have a high concentration of mitochondria? 2 Why isa cell called “the functional unit of life”? {3 Did you make a model of a prokaryotic cell ora eukaryotic cell? Give one reason, <<<Key Words DNA (n)~a molecule in fall cares ene intomation about the ‘trace an fection of rope 2 Extracting Your DNA Objective Ex Key Concepts >The instructions in DNA are divided into segments called genes Each gene provides information to make a protein, which carries out a specific functo in the el > Every living thing is composed of thousands of diferent proteins: eye colori controlled bythe protein melanin, and hai s made ofthe protein kera DNA: The Blueprint: for Life llclloar organisms are Me Up ons of es td cach ofthese els has abo do-erve ls for Example‘ cay informaiton from one parcel the bly to another, digestive Spaem cel tcc enyies tat figs fod amu cl xpd tru conf alow movers fa Shuman body here ae eround S00 Sesoteels ot fw does cach cl know wa is fob i? Just as the boss Of 8 foudpeny rls ihe works at toa cl re ld what odo ty ‘pod molecule ne hen called ‘Eonyribonucec scl or BNA. In fuerte cells the DNA found in the nucleus and mitochondn Th ponkaryonc cel ous he ‘reps DNA gives ces diferent kinds of thetsles to howto make ts ens thar seve vo many funcons nue body the ennyner tnt aeslerechemeal Facto the antibodies that ig dase, the cage tha holds the skeen topic NA’ uses combinations of organic compounds called nucleotides tote Celt what toda Tete are four epet of tudeotder adenine (a). thyme (1 Cytonine C) and puanine (0). These mays adenine sways combines with thymine to produce oc TA pis and cytosine always combines with guanine to produce CG oF GC pairs. DNA' consists of two long strands of these nucleotides in a structure called a-double helix, which looks like a Spiral ladder. Each step of the ladder has a pale of nucleotides, and specif Sequences of the ladder are called fenes, These determine the genetic composition of an organism, such as the color ofits air and eyes, the shape of iis leaf or the size of ts fn. Humans have around 30,000 genes, DNA is capable of replicating itself, so when ces reproduce, all its instructions Bre passed onto the new cells. When an Organism is born as a result of sexual reproduction It gets half is genevle material from each parent> Observe and Question 1 Read the text and answer the questions. ‘a, Why is DNA like the boss ofa company? What kind of instructions does ie give? », What happens to DNA when cells reproduce? «In which cells of your body fs DNA present? ) Research HEBD wen video 1 about extracting your DNA. Then prepare your supplies. Supplies > water > teaspoon > 1 teaspoon (Sm) of dishwashing liquid > toothpick > T teaspoon of salt > bottle of ice-cold rubbing alcohol >2 glasses > contact lens cleaning Solution (optional Procedure 1 Doan experiment to extract your own DNA. ina glass b Dissolve the salt in a separate glass of water 6, Gargle withthe saline solution for about 30 seconds {Spit the solution nto the glass of water and dishwashing liquid ¢. Stir the mixture lowly and gently with a toothpick {Slowly and carefully pour some ofthe ice-cold alcohol down the inside ofthe glas so that it settles om top. Add contact lens leaning solution a this stage if avallable £8. Wait three minutes for the DNA to precipitate. You should see a spindly White substance—maybe even clumps of ii you were very caretul— Slowly forming on top of the mixture. This s your very own DNA! > Analyze 1 What cells dd the DNA come from? 2 What does the dishwashing liquid do to the cell membranes? '8.Can you see individual cells? What are the white clumps?Key Words tescion mecisbeimeen lucas fn)" compound rpie B Measuring Aerobic Respiration (Objective Determine the optimum condi east espa Key Concepts > Living things need a constant supply of energy, which they get from foo. >elucose, (carbohydrates, contains stored chemical energy >This ene - ith oxygen ina cell during a process call Year is raniem that obtains energy inthis wa >The chemical equation for cellular respiration is Cellular Respiration I living things need energy to perform the processes that re vital for life, and this fenergy comes from cellular Fespitation. During celluler respiration, cells change a sugar called glucose into other substances in order to release e that Is stored in its chemical bonds Animals get glucose from the food they eat, and plants and some other organisms make thelr own glucose by photosynthesis There are two types of cellular respiration, Which does na require oxygen, anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration, which does Tn anaerobic respiration, slucose is broken down into smaller molecules inside a cellseytoplasm and a small amount of energy is released, Anaerobic means "without oxygen” dnd anaerobic respiration Aloesn’t need free oxygen (O.—oxygen that isn't ina compound with other elements} 10 occur Prokaryotic. organisms like bacteria, but also some ‘eukaryotic organisms like yeast, can live in places where thete Isn't any free oxygen, and they get the energy they need to live {through anaerobic respiration organisms, like animals and plants, occurs in'two stages. The fist stage is similar to anaerobic respiration: glucose is broken down into smaller molecules in the cytoplasm, During the second Stage, these smaller molecules are further broken down inside the ‘mitochondria in the presence of free oxygen. For this reason, i is called aeroble respiration, This second stage releases a large amount of energy along, wwith water (220) and Carbon dioxide (CO:). Because of their role in releasing the chemical energy. stored in glucose, mitochondria are known as the power ‘generators of cel The energy released is used by cells in activities sch a8 reproduction and synthesis of proteins and other molecules, and it is used by the body to perform functions such as contracting muscles and Keeping ‘warm (ia birds and mammal)> Observe and Question 1 Read the text and answer the questions. a. Why is respiration an important proces in ving things? be. What ae the two products of respiration? What is released asa result of this process? 6 Taking these product nto account, how could you measure the respiration of @ ing thing? ) Research BID watch video 2 about yeast respiration. Then prepare your owa bots. Supplies >plasicbrtes of abou 60 wih cps >seaspoon 3afaloone dwar 2 eatret died yeast 2 sting > tbl suger 3 permanent marker > honey >ater > artifical sweetener Procedure 11 Do your own experiment about yeast respiration. a. To stretch the four balloons, blow them up and then let the alr out 1. ill each bottle one-third fll with water. €-To the firs bottle, add a teaspoon of yeast, put the cap on tightly, and shake the bottle gently to dissolve the Yeast Label this botle “Yeast.” Remove the xp and ‘quickly stretch a balloon over the op. 1d. To the sccond bottle, add a teaspoon of table sugar and a teaspoon of yeast f put the eap on tightly and shake t endl to dissolve the substances. Remove | the cap and quickly stretch ahalloon over the top. Label this bottle “Yeast and Sugar” ‘e-Tothe third botle, a a teaspoon of yeast and a teaspoon of honey, put the cap ‘on tightly, and shake i gently to dissolve the substances. Remove the cap and ‘tickly stretch a balloon over the top, Label this botle “Yeast and Honey." Torte fourth botle, add a teaspoon of yeast and a teaspoon of artifical sweetener pur the cap on tightly, and shake it ently to dssove the substances. Remove the cap and quickly stretch a balloon over the top. Label this bottle "Yeast and Sweetener” 2 Record the results. zeit he yo ‘a. Leave the balloons for 0 minutes. Then use the string to measure the ccumference at the widest part ofeach ballon. Record the results in the tale on the next page 'b, Repeat the measurements at 40 minutes and 60 minutes and record the results.Results 1 Complete the table with your results. STN nutes | 20minutes | 40 minutes | Yeast and Sugar @ Yeast and Sugar_ | it Yeast and Honey ot Yeast and Sweetener o L 2 Draw a line graph with the four sets of data from the four different bottles. Use a different color for each set of data Pet 60 minutes 20 40 a ‘ime (minutes) > Analyze 41 What caused the balloons to inflate? 2 Honey contains a mix of simple sugars: fructose and glucose. These simple sugars are easy for the yeast to metabolize. Table sugar is sucrose, which isa more complex sugar and harder for the yeast to metabolize. Artificial sweeteners are usually sueralose, which tastes sweet but is nota sugar, and ‘cannot be metabolized. Order the balloons from the one that grew the most t0 the one that grew the least or not at all. Explain the order. 3 Compare your results with those in the video. If they were different, what do ‘you think happened?ropic 4 ae Modeling a Healthy Meal ‘Objective Design a meal that follows healthy eatin Key Concepts yA'healthy dict includes variety, proportionality and moderato > Variety means eating foods {rom al food groups and subgroup > Proportionality ental eating the correct amotnt of food fom each food group. > Moderation refers to consuming vey few unhealthy foods A Healthy Diet for Teens A Te net eee deote | Staitininccne oman (a huitientsand energy necessary or Protein is found in lean. meat, fish %, fc functions such as breathing, poultry, eggs beans and nuts. 1's best eat rowing and repairing body tssues, staying 3 variety of protein foods, including at least, Warm and healthy, moving, and even 250 grams of cooked seafood per week, and thinking nd sleeping to avoid processed and fatty meats. Middl oe ‘Ahheathy dict one that inches variety school stdents need around 140-180 grams (foods from all ‘of protein every day the food groups), Vegetables can be Proporionaity (he taw or cooked, and forrect amount of (| troven, canned or cach type of food) dik ia your catty and ‘moderation teens, you nced 25-3 duimited consumption ‘ape of resctables, of unhealthy foods) per day, and a variety Healthy foods include ‘Of types: dark green fruits, vegetables, vegetables (spinach, ‘whole grains and fat- broccoli, lettuce} { free or low-fat milk starchy vegetables products. Unhealthy < (potatoes, cassava, foods are high in peas) red and orange favurted fats tant MyPlate Teqetaes. (arr fats), added sugars, pumpkins, beets, red cholesterol, salt or peppers), and others alcohol (avocados, cauliflower, celery onions). Fults “To help people make good choices about _ can alo be fresh, canned, frozen or died, and the types and quantities of foods they middleschoolers need around 1.5-2 cups of fat, the U.S. Department of Agriculture fruits ofall colors every da. {USDA} designed s program called MyPlate. Dairy products indade milk and any foods According to this program, every day — made from milk, such as cheese and yogun. | Key Words Students in middle school need to eat a Butter and crcam have lite ealcum and are | canned (a) ~sokoe Certain amount of each type of food: grains, not considered part ofthis group. Middle- | Selina ean prot epetbles ul and day ‘Shootin 3 cup dty produc | puity i) danetete alos ihe foods made fom wheat, every day preety ork | etch ae an see oas com or another cereal. Middle. | “While not food group, ells provide [ETS Scholes eed around 140-220 grams of | esentialnutcns, so avery stall amount, [POSS AB ais fray, Whee pais vach srnhok- | $4 teaspoons per day abo mecds tobe [Comyn Fest bead ant pect, amcramit, rows | incused ne bediny dec Heaibyelscome | =ESrep esased ‘ier and oatmeal ae best; But refined | mainly from mus fab and cooking ois sah |‘oetomee one {Gains suchas whic bread regular pasta | ascarolasoybeanclveand sanomer [common <<,> Observe and Question 11 Read the text and answer the questions ‘2, What healthy foods do you eat a lot of? ». What healthy foods do you need 0 eat more of? «. What unhealthy foods do you eat too much of? 2 Do you have a healthy diet? Why or why not? Refer to the MyPlate graphic in your answer, > Research Supplies > paper plate >pipecleaners > cardboard > adhesive tape >éolored paper > ssue glue Dstraws Deolored pens plastic cup > Sissons > modeling clay Procedure 1 Work in groups. 2. Brainstorm all the different types of food you eat for dinner. bs. Sort the foods into ive groups: vegetables, fruits, protein, grains and dairy 2 Work in pairs to ereate a 3D model of a healthy meal ‘2 Fist, mark portions ona paper plate as indicated by the MyPlate graphic b. Then use the supplies above to create a 3D model of your heathy meal > Analyze 4 Will you make any changes to your diet? Why or why not? 2 Do you know anyone with unhealthy dietary habits? What would you recommend this person change and why?ropic DS Testing Food for Fats , Objective Test Key Concepts > Food is made ‘vkamins and minerals There ate three types of fats: saturated, > saturated and are usally f > Unsaturated fats ate liquid and are usta Dans fats ate processed unsaturated fats, Nutrients in Food here are two main types of Vnutrients; macronutrients and alpen nis. Macronutrients include fats, found in vegetable cals, meat and fish proteins, found in meat, beans, milk and nuts: and carbohydrates, found in fruits, vegetables and cereals. We reed macronutrients in large amounts Micronutrients, which we need only in small amounts, include vitamins and ‘minerals ad are ful ina Varley of rts, vegetables, meats and dairy products. In addition, our bodies require alot of water {o function properly (about 70 pereent of a cell is water). Water helps the body grow, fepair sl, digest food and get rid of waste. Alle chemical processes that take place in fu bodies requite water. ‘Vitamins are essential for life. Among other types and functions, vitamin A prevents infection, vitamin B is involved In cell metabolism, vitamin C helps heal cuts and vitamin D helps with bone samt vinci ae oetsike a the body make red blood la cells lodine is invelved in hormene production. Aue and zine helps with (S reproduction end with maintaining. «healthy ‘Immune ster. Of the macronutrients proven ass with growth Band repair ofthe body and carbohydrates give vs nergy. There are two types of carbohydrates starch ound in cereals flour potatoes, bread and pasta) and sugar (found in fruit, vegetables, honey and milk, among other things). When we eat more carbohydrates than necessary, some are converted to body ft Fals—the third group of mactonutelents— provide energy, help us absorb minerals And also insulate our bodies from changes inthe outside temperature. There are three types of fats: saturated, unsaturated and trans fs, Saturated fas come from animal sources, such as meat, butter, cheese acd ‘whole mil, Iris recommended that these fats form less than 10 percent of the total fat in our det. Unsaturated fats come from vegetable sources, sich as vegetable ol avocados, soybeans and nuts, and also from seaiood, Essential fatty acids form 4 subgroup of unsaturated fats and are fespedally important forthe growth of brain cells. Most of the fats in our diet should be unsaturated, When unsaturated fats are processed and become solid, sich a5 in margarine, they become trans fats. Foods high In teans fats include potato chips, dons ‘and cookies, Kelly trans fats should provide less than one percent of our total energy intake. Saturated fats and trans fats increase the risk of beat disease "We can test fo fas in sli foods sieapy by rubbing them an brown paper and ste can test for fatsin liquid foods by mixing them with rubbing alcohol iFoot ih Key Words ormone (a) ~ substance produced by the bay tat Eticccnay for growth and Aevlopment ‘tent ~a substance Info hat essen or> Observe and Question 11 Read the text and answer the questions. 2 How can you tell when food contain fa? Which foods with tans ats do you ear? . «. Which foods with saturated fats do you eat? 4. Which foods with unsaturated fats do you eat? 2 Write whether the foods contain trans fats (T), saturated fats (S), unsaturated fats (U) oF no fat (N).> Research Supplies Experiment Experiment 2 brown paper (I sheet) > butter > rubbing aleohot >ruler chopped apple > vegetable oil >pen >flour >eream > peanut buter rice >low-lat salad dressing deheese > water 2 small ars (eg. Daby food jars > margarine >water > filter paper Procedure Watch Video 3 about testing for fats with brown paper. Then prepare your supplies. 11 Now, do Experiment I, the test for fats using brown paper. 4a. Fold the sheet of brown paper o create eight rectangular areas. Mark the folds using the pen and rule, and label your paper like this: b. Puta drop of water inthe frst rectangle. allow i to dry and then hold it up tothe light. Record your observacions inthe table on the next page «Inthe other rectangles, rub alte of each food on the paper. You may have to press quite hard, but be careful not to rip the paper. 4. Allow the paper to dry overnight Hold the paper up against the light: the higher the ft content ofa food produc, the ‘more translucent the paper £. Record your observations in the table on the next pageHDI watch video 4 about testing for fats in ‘8, Add 2 cm of alcohol and afew drop of vegetable oil to te jar Close the jar and shake it for 30 seconds fatis present, a cloudy white suspension wil form. Ii che result i ncear pou the mixture through the fier paper into the second jr. Add 2 Gm of water and 3 shake again. If fat is present, thin layer of Goudy 4 Tiguid should form above layer of cleat liquid Empty the jar and was it thoroughly. Repeat the procedure fist with cream, then salad dressing and finally water. Record all your observations inthe table below Results 4 Complete the table with your results, Experiment 1 peanut Butter cheese ‘margarine butter apple our Tice Experiment 2 vegetable oil salad dressing > Analyze 11 What was the purpose of the water in both experiments? 2 Rank the substances used in the brown paper test from the one with the highest fat content to the one with the lowest. {3 How do your results compare with the ones in the video?ropic 6 Measuring the Energy Content of Food ‘Objective Use a calorimeter to calelate the numbes { Calories in different food Key Concepts >Duing digestion, nutelents in food are broken down into ghucose and other molecule that are then used in celular processes such as respiration > The energy released by respiration is used throughout the body, such as for grow and repair >A calorimeter isa device for calculating the energy content of food, > Bach type of fod varies in energy content depending on its nutrient composition, Calories in Food cespiration requites glucose ftom | they ate very active, they need 2,600 and food and oxygen from the ait, 2,200, respectively. When we consume and it releases the energy that more Calories than we need, they are Wwe need to stay alive. But how _ stored as at for later use, which can cause ‘much food should we eat to have enough obesity and lead to health problems such 2s energy? The amount of energy contained diabetes and heart disease. In food is measured in Calories. One Many foods and drinks contain empty Calories the amount ot dione: which are calories energy necessary #0 rlse that come from solid fats the temperature of one) Nutrition Fats (twisted and vans ats) ilogram of water by one | ering See2oeBfp-abou /Tboo | and added sugars, These degree Celsius Serge Por GaviferoeaT | foods provide Caries but Not everyone needs (0 AAA 55 oF no misses. Solid cat the same amount of | AttumtPerteriea ___ fats include butter, milk food. We all have our | Galoree 200 CHBETONFETS 13. pork ft and margarine own basal metabolic ‘Adie sugars ae things like te (BM), which isthe comm syrup that are added to mount of energy the body processed foods and drinks needs every hour just 0 Tomake them sweeter. maintain basie functions ‘The number of Calories such as breathing and | Seleetrol Org, {in foods depends on theie Staying warm. The average | Sedum Omg "9% | uirient composition 13-year-old girl needs | Total Carbohrérate 544% | Cortotydrates and proteins around 1,300 Calories | Dilan Fiber 63 "24% | each contain four Calories per day to maintain her | _Sugae29 per gram, and fats contain BMR, and the average | Protein 73 around nine Calories per 13-year-old boy needs fram. During digestion, 1,400 Calories. In addition EJfudswcdioni one ws masioal these nutrients are broken 0 your BM, you also use stl ke sisone roti." down ino simpler molecules, more energy when you do any physical | _ We can measure the number of Calories acivity; even thinking requires energy in food witha calorimeter. You can make a ‘The amount of energy we need is affected simple calorimeter with jost a can of water by gender, age and activity. For example, By burning a piece of food under the can 13-year-old boy who does litle exercise and measuring the temperature change of ‘needs 2,000 Calories per day, and a similar the water, you can calculate the number of 13-year-old gif needs 1,600. In contrast, | Calories in the food. Koy Words Calorie n)~a unitot smeseorement of energy Aigstion yn) =the process ttbreking down fd ino> Observe and Question 1 Read the text and answer the questions. 1, How could you measure the total Calories in your dally meals? 'b Why is it important to know how many Calories you consume? «. Which foods that you eat have empty Calories? 4 What could you eat instead? » Research EDI worcn video s about measuring the energy content of food. Then prepare your supplies. Supplies > wire hanger > modeling clay > alumina fil > pin > empty soda can with tb > matches > water > marshmallow > thermometer > peanut > measuring cup or tablespoon > weighing scale Procedure 11 Make your own calorimeter. 1. Bend the comers ofthe hanger toward the mide so the hanger can stand up on its own, Bend the hook dawn 180 degrees. Cover the hanger with fi Fill the can with 50 milters ‘of water (approximately four tablespoons). Take the temperature ofthe water and record iin the table, 4. Hang the tab of the can from the hook of the hanger Form 2 all from the modeling day and push inthe head of the pn. Place the clay and pin under the ean.2 Use the calorimeter to measure the energy content of foods 4. Weigh the marshmallow and record its mass in the table. Stick the marshmallow on the pin and light it.The marshmallow should not touch the bottom of the can, but the top ofthe flame shoul 'b. When the marshmallow has completely burned out, weigh it again, measure the temperature ofthe water again and record these measurements in the table «Dispose of the marshmallow, empty the can and refit wih water, 4. Repeat the procedure using the peanut «Use the following equation to calculate the number of Calories released by each food: 1 milter of water has amass of 0.001 kilograms energy released (Calories) = temperature change of water (°C) x mass of water (ke) {. Divide the number of Calories by the change in mass to find the number of Cloris per gram, Results 1 Complete the table with your results. "Amount of water (rl) ‘Mass before/after burning ‘Change in mass “Temperature before/after burning Change in temperature ‘Number of Calories produced "Number of Calories per gram 2 Draw a bar graph showing the number of Calories per gram in each food. ont esl rm ‘marshmallow> Analyze 1 Was all the energy from the burning nut transferred to the water? If not, explain what happened to the energy that was not transferred to the water 2 Was your calorimeter as efficient as the one in the video? Why or why not? ‘3 How would you improve the design of the calorimeter to make it more efficient? Draw and label a diagram, and explain why this design Is better. 4 If you burned a puffed cheese snack of the same size as the nut, would you get similar result? Why or why not? '5 What other foods could you test in this way? What kind of foods do you think have the most Calories?= Check. ais The Building Blocks of Life 1 Which of these is not a characterise ofall living things? 1. They grow. b They reproduce © They are multicellular They respond to stimuli 2 Which isthe correct order, from the ‘most simple to the most complex? a, Cell tssue, organ, system, organism, bell. tssue, system, organ organism. Tissue, cell organism, organ, system. 44 Organism, organ, sue, cel sjstem. ‘3 Which of these describes a prokaryotic cel? 4 It stores water in vacuoles, bits DNA floats in he cytoplasm. ts only organelle isa nuceus. ‘lt doesn't have cytoplasm, 4 What do ribosomes do? 1. They convert chemical energy in food b. They store food They break down molecules They make proteins ‘5 Which of these is not true of DNA? a. Igives instructions for cell functions. b. I consists of four nucleotides, can replicate its {lt accelerates chemical reactions. 6 The instructions in DNA are divided {nto segments, What are they called? a, Nucleotides. bi. Genes, «, Strands 4. A double hes 17 Which Is a product of aeroble respiration? 2. Oxygen. bs Carbon dioxide Glucose Yeas. 8 According to MyPlate, which isa {ood group? a. Minerals bs Seafood © Fats, Grains 9 According to MyPlate, which of these food groups should you eat the most of? bs. Vegetables. Daly . Protein. 10 Which food contains the least healthy type of fat? «. Avocado, Salmon, 6. Nuts 44.Red meat. 111 Which nutrient contains the most Calories per gram? a. Fats ». Carbohydrates. «Proteins Minerals 12 Which food contains a lot of empty Calories? a. Soda, D.chicken Nut Potatoes. KS