TESTING COMPUTER SOFTWARE Second Edition CEM KANER JACK FALK HUNG QUOC NGUYEN INTERNATIONAL THOMSON COMPUTER PRESS 1 ®P™ An International Thomson Publishing Company London * Bonn * Boston * Johannesburg * Madrid * Melbourne * Mexico City New York * Paris * Singapore * Tokyo * Toronto * Albany, NY Belmont,CA * Cincinnati,OH * Detroit,MITECTMPOBAHME ITPOTPAMMHOTO OBECHEYEHMA. DynjlaMeHTasbHble KOHIeIIMM MeHe/pKMeHTa OU3HeC-IIPWJIOKEHHH C3M KAHEP AXEK ®OJIK EHP KEK HIYEHBBK 32.973 K 81 Kanep Com 4 ap. K 81 Tectuposanwe nporpamMuoro oGecnetenus, Dynzamentarbuble KONUENUMI MenekMerita 6irauec-npitioxenuit: Nep. c aurs./Com Kanep, xex Doax, Enr Kex Hryen. — K.: Usaarenacrso «uaCopr», 2001. — $44 c. ISBN 966-7393-87-9 Kuuira wvesuriix crennarucron 9 oGzactt paspaGorkH mporpammHoro oGecreNe- HitA MlocballeHa OMHOMY H3 HanGonee BaKHEIX Hl HETPHBHANbHBIX acneKTOB B paMKax Tpouecca cosiaHHs CHOKULIX NporpaMMHMX cucTeM. KHALy OLAMMAeT, Mpexe Bcero, MpHBASKA K YCAOBHAM PEATDHOTO MPA Ha MPHMEpAX HIBECTHEX KOMMAHHi-paspaGoT- wuKOR, HaXoneUXea B CHLINKOHOBO! zoIHe. TlonpoGHo pacemarpHBaetes UIMpoKIti chektp BONPOCoR: OF OpraHHsauHK Npoltecca TeCTHPONAHHs AO cOGCTREHHO TeKcTHpO- Bavits MpoekTa, KOMa, AOKY MEHTA HT. Fina cheumanncton & o6:acTH paspa6orkst MporpaMMHoro OGecmeNeNits. BBK 32.973 Hayunoe wanante Kanep Com np. TECTMPOBAHHE IIPOTPAMMHOTO OBECNEYEHHA. @YHAAMEHTAIBHDIE KOHUEMWHA MEHEADKMEHTA BH3HEC-NPHAOXEHHH Taannsii penaxtop 40.H.Apmenenxo Hayuintil pexaxtop 0.8. 3dup Jiureparypunit penaxtop A.B.lfmun Mepenoaunk 0.8. 3dup Beperka 7.H.Apmemenko Trapnutii ansaiinep 0.4. Madpun H/K Caatio n na6op 13.03.01. Tloanucano n nevarh 13.05.01. Dopat 60x84/16. Bywara oxpcer- as, Taprittypa Tali. Tlevars opcernas. Yer.nes.a, 40.80. Yea.xp.orr. 40.80, Tupax 3000 9k3. 3axaa Ne 1-78. Uaaarenvcrso «fuaCodro, Knen-55, a/a 100, Tex,/qake (044) 212-1254. e-mail: books @diasoft.kiev.ua, http://www.diasoft.kiev.ua. ‘Authorized translation from the English language edition published by International Thomson Computer Press. Copyright © 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, clectronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher. Russian language edition published by DiaSoft Ltd. Copyright © 2001 JIuaeisna npeaoeraniena wagareanetnow International Thomson Computer Press, noapasnenense International Thomson Publishing Inc. Bee pasa 2apeseponponamss, sxmovaR npaso Ha i ro Hit Gaut0 dhopwe. HOE UIE SACTHAHOE BOcHpOHTIBEAEIEE B KAKOH Go! ISBN 966-7393-87-9 (pyc.) © Mepenon Ha pycckuil sabiK. Mazarenbetwo «iiaCodpr>, 2001 ISBN 1-85032-847-1 (aura.) © International Thomson Publishing Press, 1999 © Odopmaenie, Hanareaserbo «fluaCodre, 2001 Conaere-tberso 0 pernerpanun 24729912 or 11.03.97. Turnenwaeckoe sakmoyenne No 77,99.6.953.11.438.2.99 or 04.02.1999OrnapneHue Yactb I. OcHosbl .......... seeeseeeeeees 19 [nasa 1. Mpumep cepmn tectos... . +1220 Nepsbiit unkn TectnpoBaHna Bropoii unkn Tecruposanns .. To Aanbue? .. on napa 2. Kenaemoe u gevictentenbHoe BOKM3HH TECTMPOBLUMKa ... Tonviocreio npotectuposats nporpaMMy HEBOSMOXHO .. Uent rectuposunka — nposepka npasunbkocTH nporpamMbl? Uirak, ana 4ero xe TECTHpyIOT NPOrPAMMBI? .....-...00- Tnapa 3. Tunbi TecToB uv ux ponb B Npouecce paspa6orkn nporpammuoro oGecneyeHua O630p ctagui paspaGorKu Craguu nnaxuposanna Tectnposanne Ha aTane nnaHnpoBanna Ctaguu npoekTuposanna Tectwposanne Ha oTane npoeKTuposanus . Tecthpopanve “cTeKnfHHoro Aluka” Ha CTagMn KOQMpOBaHHA Perpeccnouiioe tectnposaHue Tecruposaxie “YepHoro auyMKa” Conposoxnexne ... fnasa 4. Mporpammupie own6Kn Kavectso ..... pees Uo Takoe nporpammHan owM6Ka? Kateropuu nporpaMMubix OWM6OK [napa 5. Joxymentnposanne u axanns OuWMGOK .. Orver cneayet cocrapnaT HeMeANEHHO . Crpyxtypa oryera o npo6neme .. Kaknm Qomkex 6bitb oTYeT 0 npobneme Axanus Bocnpovss0gumort oum6Kn .. Mertogmka axanu3a BOCNpOMsBOQuUMOK OWM6KH Monck cnoco6a socnpoussefeHua OWHOKN ... 1226 Tecmuposanue npoepaumnozo obecnerenun -129 130 Yactb Il. Npvemp! w texHonorun TectupoBanya . [nasa 6. Cuctema otcnexusanna npoGnem OcHosHoe HasHa4eHHe CHCTeMbI OTCnexNBakus npobnem 134 Sagaun cuctems .. ~ 135 Mpouecc orcnexneanna npoGnems .. 135, Tlonesosatenn cuctembi orcnexneanna npobnen ... 144 . 158 . 169 . 178 180 - 182 . 183 . 193 . 194 Peannaauna 6a30Bbix yHKUMii CMCTeMbI OTCNexMBaHMA NPOGNeM Dononuntenbibie 3amevanna 0 AOKYMeHTMpoBaHMH mpoGnem ..... Tepmnuonorns ... Fnaga 7. Paspa6otka tectos Xapaktepuctkn xopowero Tecra Knacob! aksNBaneHTHOCTH M rpaHAuHble yCNOBAA . Tectuposanve nepexopos MexAy COCTORKMAMM Ycnosns rovoK M Apyrve BpeMeHHIe sasncnmocTH Harpysouneie ucnbsraHna . 196 NportHosuposarne ownGox . 196 TecTuposanne dyHKuWOHanbHO oKBABANeHTHOCTH: aBTOMATHZaMA, aHaNN3 4yBCTBMTEHOCTH M Chy4aliHbI BBO 197 Perpeccnonioe TectuposaHne: ycrewHo nu ucnpasneHa owMOKa .... 204 PerpeccnonHoe Tectuposane: cranmapTHaa Cepua TeCTOB ............. 205 BpinonHeHne Tectos .. . 206 Tnasa 8. Tectuposanue npuxtepos HW Apyrnx ycTpoiicte . ‘O6uyMe Bonpoce! KOHUrypauMOHHoro TeCTApOBAHHA .. . 209 Tectuposaxne nevatu . .2t1 [nasa 9. Agantaynonnoe TecTnposanne .. 237 Vismenen nv ncxoAHbii KoA? . 238 Npusnexaiite k pa6ore cneunanncros, cBo60AHO BNAQEIOLIYX A3bIKOM + 239 . 239 . 239 . 240 . 240 241 BetpoeH nu TexcT 8 NporpaMMHbii KOA? .. Flepesog annie HcxogHoro Tekcra .. HaGopsi cumeonos .... Knasuatypa .... unbtpauns Beo~a ... Sarpyska, CoxpaHeHie, MMNOpT M aKCNOpT CHMBONOB OcHOBHOrO M pacuMpeHHoro Ha6opa ASCII .. 244 Sabik 4 onepaumoHHan cncTeMa . 242 Knapnwn ebisoga ... . 242 C6opribie coo6ueHHa 242 ee aOzraenenue 7 Ugextudukaropsi coo6weHini 06 own6xax 243 Mpaenna nepexoca .. 243 Npasonncaune .. 243 243 Nopsjox coptuposkn .. : Mpeo6pasosanne Tecra k BepxHeMy H HiDKHEMy percrpy . Npasuna noguepKuBanna Mpunteper . Pasmepp! 6ymarn .. Npoueccopei i eugeo .. @opmate! QaHHbIxX W ONUMM HaCTPOHKH . 244 245 Equrnupi usmepenns .. 245 Viso6paxenuia, CBAgaHHbIe C KOHKPeTHO!t KynbTypOlt 246 Boixoptble MaHible, CBASAHHBIe C KOHKpeTHOH KynbTypoii .. 246 246 246 247 w+ 248 249 eee CosMmecTuMOcTb C MECTHBIM/ NPOAYKTaMH .. He 6ynpTe HanBHeimn . ABToMaTH3pOBaHHoe TeCTHpOBaHHe .. Tnasa 10. Tectnpoanne AoKymentaumn . Xopowas nokyMeHTauns .. Lenn TecTMpoBuyka AOkyMeHTauMn .. Kak TecTpopalie AOKyMeHTaUMH noBbiWaeT HanexHOCTS NporpaMMHoro NPOAYKTA ......--- HasHaubte TexHu4eckoro oo PaGora c pykonogcrsom B npouecce ero paspaGorKn . Vivrepaktnenas cnpaska . [naga 11. Anctpymentanbubie cpegctea Tectupoeuynka . Bagopbie HCTPyMeHTbI TECTHPOBLUMKA .... ABTOMaTH3alIMA NPYEMOYHOFO UM PerpeCCMOHHOrO TECTMPOBAHHE .. Crangaptel.... Tectuposanne “cTeknAHHoro ALKA” .. [napa 12. Mnannposanue v QokymMeHTaune .... O6uee HasHaveHHe TecToBoro nnaHa: npopykT unm MHCTpyMeHT? Uenn, npecneayembie np naakupoBaHun TecToB M paspaboTKe AOKyMeHTALIMH .. 288 Tectbi KakHx THNOB cheayeT éuxcnposars B MmaHOBbIX AOKyMeHTax .. 296 Crpaterua paapa6ork KOMNOHeHTOB TeCTOBOrO NnaHa .. 300 Komnoventb! nnaHa TecTupoBaHns .... . 307 Dloxymentnposanne Tecrossix Marepuanos . 339 Sakniovenve . 355 252 254 .. 254 262 . 264 265 267 .. 280 + 284 286ee eee ee ee 8 Tecmuposanue npoepammnoeo obecneenua Yactp Ill. Ynpasnenve npoektamu uv rpynnamu [napa 13. O6bequusiouaa Yem npxogutea noctynateca paspaboTunkam nporpaMMHOrO, oGecneyeHns . Mogenn paspaGorkn nporpammHoro oGecneyeHns atpatbl Ha KaveCTBO ....... NocnegosaTenbHocTb stanos NpoekTa Npoextuposanne nponykra Peannzayne 6as0Bbix dyHKuMit. flout anpda . Anwga . Mpe-6eta Bera... Samopaxnsanne nonbsosatentcKoro mHTepdeiica Nogrotoska k @uHanbHOMy TecTUpoBaHHo .. Nocneaxaa nposepKa uenoctHoCTH .... Buinyok ... Nocne spinycxa Fnasa 14. Ynpasnenne rpynnoi Tectnposanna . Pont rpynnti TectuposaHia Tpynna tectupogania — He wa6aeneHne nporpaMMuctoB AnbtepHaTnaa: HesaBvcHMble TecToBbIe areHTCTBa Coser no nnaHuposaHiio . Nepconan Mpunoxexve. Pacnpoctpatexxbie nporpammubie own6Ku Owm6Kn nonbsoBatenbcKoro uHTepmelica O6paGorka OWH6oK ... Owm6xn, cansannble c rpaHH4libimn ycnoBnamn Own6ku epiyncneHuir HavanbHoe 4 nocneayoune coctosHia Own6xn ynpasnexns noToKoM ... Ou6xn o6pa6orkn unk HHTepnpeTAUAM NAHHEIX. CHTYyau FOHOK .... Tloppiwexibie Harpy3Kn AnnapatHoe o6ecneyenne KoHTponb Bepcnii MW MgeHTH>>uUKaTOpos .. Own6xa sbinenexa M 3a6biTa .ITpeducaoeue Tecmuposanue npoepannnozo o6ecnevenua — 310 KHMTa, HaNUcaHHas mpopec- chonanaMn i118 mpocpeccHonanon. Yo takoe TectupoBarne noTpeOuTembcKHX MW J{@HOBKIX MporpaMM B YCHOBNAX, MPKONKCHHBIX K OOCBMIM, MBI 3HAEM He NOHACHBILIKe, HOCKONBKY BEITIOAHSLTK aTY paGOTY AIA CAMBIX H3BECTHEIX TIpo- N3BOuMTENeH MporpaMMioro OGecneveHMt Kpemnuenoit Jormnut. Jexanee Heed BaMH PYKOBOACTBO paspaSaTBIBAlOc JIA HALIX COBCTBCHHEIX COTPYILHI- KOB. O Tom, Kak TecTHpoBaTb TIporpaMMHble NPOAYKTH, OT KOTOPEIX TpebyeTea HOBbILLEHHAN HaXeXHOCTD, HAMICAHO HeMaiO XOPOUIMX KHHT. OT HaeKHOFO ¢byHKuMOHMponannis OnperereHHBIX THTIOB MporpamMrioro OGecrieieHHA MoxeT 3aBHCeTb YeTeX G3Heca ~ paGorbI >UNAHCOBBIX HIM MIPOMBILLIEHHBIX KOMTIA~ Hilt — Wt jaxke... HenoBeecKad XH3HB, TlosTOMy Ha efo CaMoe THLATeATbHOE MpoextHpowane, paspaGorky H TecTHpOBaHHe He 2kaileOT HH BPCMCH, Hit aener. CotpymHvkam TectoBbix Tpylin npewocrasaserca roaHbiit LOCTYN K 1C~ XOMHOMY KOXY POTPaMM, MIPHYEM Ha CTOBKO BPEMCHH, CKOMBKO NoTpebyeTca Uist eTO TO“poSHoro MayseHHs. CpepxnaiexHoe nporpaMMioe oGecteveHHe MOXHO cpapHuTs ¢ “Positc- poiicom” — pockoutHio, Ho xoporo. Onako He BCe mporpaMMiNoe oBecneyeHHe 1aKORO, HATO He TOABKO B ero UeHe. TecTHpOBaHHe MPOTPAaMMHBIX TIPOYK- TOR JIA cpeHero GUIHECA, AKAEMHYECKHX YEPEKICHWA H AMYHOTO TOMb30Ba- Hua MIpOBORHTes B Goce @kATHIC CPOKH M CKPOMHee OTMIAMMBAETCR, HO HX KaMeCTBO BIIOTHe YOBeTBOpaeT TPeGORAHMAM PBIHKa — 9TO Monee HW Ha- AEKHBIC TIPOTPAMMEI, MHOTHMI 13 KOTOPHX NPOMSBOMMTENM MOryT SaciyKeH- Ho ropauTece ‘Tak Kak 2xe OpraHH3opaTb TeCTHpoRANMe MporpaMMHBX MpoayKTOB, “TOOBI cro pesybTatst MoxHO Obi10 HasBaTb cpepxHamexHbiMH? V1 Kak yulaeTes rpyr- Tam TecTHponarina OSn4HOrO HoTpeGuTemscKoro TIO B ycMOBHAX CKATEIX Cpo- KOB, MaMOUNCHCHHOH KOMAHAB M OpaHM¥eHHBIX CpeacTB BBITYCKATb IpexpacHBIe M BILOAHe KONKypeHTOCnocobHBIe MpomykTEI? OGO BCeM 3TOM BbI yaHaere H3 KHTH Tecmuposanue npoepammnozo oGecnerenus. Yero B 3TOM KHMre HeT Yacro aBropsi KHUT YraepxNAHOT, ITO ws YcreuMOro TecrupoBaHUs Heo6- XOMUMO, YTOGLI BCE OSLIO TO NpAaBIIAM: LOKYMeHTALIA, BKAOYAIOUIA HEOGXO- AUMBIe JUS paspa6OTKH creuMHKALLN ObUIa MOTHOM H CBOCBpEMeHHOM, pH ‘poekTHPOBAHMH M HaNMcaHHM KONA TIPHMeHAIACh NpaBHIbHas H caMax COBpe- McHHasd MeTORONOTUA H TW.10 Tecmupoaanue npoepamsnozo obecnerenua Ima Knuea — 0 mecmuposauuu 6 yeaoounx, Koza me, ¢ KEM eb pabomaeme, ne cacdyiom, ne xomam u ne dossKnos caedocams npasuaam. Ha aexe np paspaorke nporpamMioro oGecredenua Gromer Beerita CIMLUKOM Mail, COYPyAHUKOB He XBATAeT, COMACHA MOXY HMM uid BLIpaboT- Kx eaHHolt AMHIMH ZOSUTECA TpyaHO, a pa6ora TPH STOM AomAxHa GbITb BbINIOA- HeHa “Ha Byepa”. Kayectso Gonpuioro npoxykra 3aBMCHT OT paGOTE! KAXNOTO, KTO ¢TO MpocK- Tupyer, nporpamMupyer, Tecrupyet H HoKyMeHTHpyer. Hukakue cransaprbl it cueUMHKAUIH, HIKKaKOi KOHTpomb H OTCHEAHBAHME HIMeHEHHi He rapaHTH- pyior KavectBa mpoaykun. Boe 3aBHCHT TOKO OF mIOMeit — Hx paGorocrIoco6- HOCTH, MacTepcTea Ht YMeHs paGoraTs & KoMaHite. ToAbKO 9TO OrIpexenAeT pesyslbTar, a HUKak He mpapia Y KoMaHAbI paspaGoriHkoB HMeeTeA orpedenenHoe BumeHHe Gysyutero Tpoaykra, Fopatee KCAHMe OCYLIECTBHTh 3ayMaHHOe M NOHMMArIHe TOO, STO bo MHOToM paGora OyseT AenaTscaA MeTOMOM TIpo6 4 OMIHOOK. K ToMy Bpemte- HH, Korma KakabHi acTIeKT paspa6oTKU MpopucyeTcs 0 AeTaneit, SyneT cchop- Muposana paGo¥ad BepcHs MpoekTa, KOTOPYIO CMOLyT HOHATS HM OXBATHTh HOINKOM ONMH-ha BEAYMUNX cHleNManicTa, Dra kepeus H HaaBnaeTe cneyudu- kayueit, Cneunbnkausta He BbITpABMpoBAHa Ha KAMHe: HO3AHCe OHA He pas cute Gyaer nepecmarpunatica H yconepuleHcTROBATECA, MOKA He GyxieT nocTHTHYTA HonHas cormaconanHoct co ncefi cHereMoil. H BLINodHsa TeCTHpOBAKHe, Bbt TOXe NpuMere yuactue B sTO!t paGoTe. B peaibHoit XH3HH H3MeHeHHA BHOCATCH B TIPOAYKT MaKe B CAMOM KOHUE paspaGorku. Ecait, Hanpumep, mporpamma paspaGarbisaetea Ha npomaxy, Ball TOABSOBATEI — nomenyuaasHele NOstbsOBATEIN — HH Ha Kakyio crleuMMpMkaLLitio He commaniatncn. H ecAK KOHKYpeHT CosaeT HeNTO Coulee mpuBieKaTenbHoe, orBevaTh puxosuTes Grictpo. Kak vacro mpuXxosutes oTka3bInaTHCA OT BHECCHHA 8 MporpaMMy Nlose3HBIX AONOAHNTCASHBIX BOIMOKHOCTCH H3-34 HCXBATKH BpeMeHu. H yacto neppas paGouas Bepcus (pparmenta, KOTOpy!O HUKAK Hesb3A HasBaTL podpeccnonaim- Holt, ocTaeTea nocieAHell, NOCKOABKY NepenuicHinaTD ce HeKoraa. Binaer, ¥TO TporpaMMucr “BrMxapa” no coOcTHeHHO! HHMUMATHBE BCE Xe BBITLOTHAT HYXK- nylo paGory 1 Ges mpeaynpexaenus BHeceT B NpoeKT 3HauHTerbHBIE HaMeHe- Hus. Taxas paGora aenaetes He lo OGa3aKHOCTH, CBepx NoAOKeHHBIX 40 4acoB B Heaemo. Ona MOXeT IHAIMTEMBHO YAYYLIUT NPOeKT, A MOET H CepbesHO ero aecTaGUANSHpoBaT Ha HeKOTOpoe Bpems. Ho KAKUM Gbt Hit Goia pesyabTar, JHA HHMIATHBA Beerda Hanpantena Ha yayuUeHHe npoeKTa Viamenenus 8 Kone paspaGorkM ecTh Beerma, M OHH HyKHBI. DaaBHoe — ChpaunTaca ¢ KUIMH © MMHUMyMOM Horeps. He CTOMT paswoxitTs GiopoKpario,Tpeducaosue 11 npiraseb 3anpeTnth Takne HaMereHHa. Mpodeccnonann3m compyanuKos rpyt- Mist TECTHPORAHHA 3aKMOYAeTCH B TOM, YTOGHI MPHHsTb PeatsHOCTb TaKoli, Kak ola ECTS, He XATYAC’ M HE MbITaAch Goporses ¢ Heit sanperaMu, M1 yerleMHO 3aKONYETD TeCTMpoBaHse NposyKTa BMecTe C BHECeHHSIMH HIMeHCHHAMH. Zina Koro npegHa3HayeHa 3Ta KHMra Sra kuura npenHasHatena LAA Toro, XTO BLINOAHAeT TecTHpoBAHHe Npo- TpaMMHOTo Koa, OOKIHO HAnMcaHHoTO KeM-To ApyrHM. B Heit oGcyxnaI0TCA BONPOCHI M PeleHHs, KOTOPHIC Ha Nal BICIAN MNTePCCHEI M MosesHBI TAKOMY uenopexy. Toatomy paccka3 Hal He akaenuueH, B HeM He 3aTparuBaiorca ‘TaKMe KIACCHYECKMe TeMbI, KAK HOKAIATETCTBA MPABMLUIBHOCTH MporpaMMHoro kona. Mut nocrapanncs Gonbuie yaeruTh BHUMAHMA TeMaM, He xapakTepHLIM uit YHCOHHKOB, Kak, HANPRMep, MEXUIM4HOCTHBIE B3AMMOOTHOUIEHHS H KOpTiO- paruuaa nomurika, Cysuts o pa6ore apyrx monelt npuxoautes naxe Han HalouleMy TecTHpOBIIMKY — B 9TOM cyTb TecTMposaHita. 3a BLIcKasBIBAHHe CBOUX CYKNEHHIt TECTHPOBLIMKH HepenKO NlomBepraloTcs HanaylkaM co CTOpoHDE paspaGoruuKon. (Butwaer, 470 1 3acilyxenHo.) Tockoulwky rpytinia recrHpowania paGoraet c mporpamMoit nocneaHei M ee pesynbrarbl y BCeX Ha uy, ee OTBET- CTBCHHOCTD BCerta OKasbIBAeTCH BONLUIe BOIMOKHOCTei — NOOXCHHE HOM THYECKH CaMoe HeBHIromHoe. PeuicHua stoi npo6sembl y Hac Her. OnHaKo Mor FOTOBL! MONEATECH CBOUM ONITOM B TOM, KAK fOBLICHTD admeKTHBHOCTS pa- Gori H H36eKATh HEKOTOPLIX HeMPHATHEIX MOMCHTOB 1 OUHGOK. Tlorosopum Mbi Takxe H 06 ynpasieHHH MpoextoM. OucHKa, maHmposanne H cocTanenHe KaneHmapHoro Mana paGor No TecTHposaHMio NporpaMMHoro Hpoaykta — sagaya He 13 NerKUX, Beye KOHeYHaA TOUKa cbakTHYeCKH He Onpe- Aenena. 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Bor Te, KOMY MBI XOTHM BbIpasHTb OcoByio GuarosapHocTh (B anbanHTHoM nopanke): npopeccop Baeint Anmepcent (Elaine Andersson), jt-p Bopic Beiisep (Boris Beizer), JLxum Bpyxc (Jim Brooks), Paxait Jenowm (Randy Delucchi), Maa Jlayapu (Mel Doweary), Jasin Damep (David Farmer), nporpeccop Slappa Jbxoue (Larry Jones), Wapow Fadrep (Sharon Hafner), Maxmyit Kan (Mahmood Kahn), Haan Kanep (Ginny Kaner), a-p Com Kanep (Sam Kaner), >kow Jape John Lavelle), a-p JIoppu Moakac (Larry Matkus), Ta Manyapa (Ted Matsumara), a-p Jlort Maxcrean (Don Maxwell), Bproc Miut- aep (Bruce Miller), Paii4e Musaep (Rachel Miller), Mlutep Mopse (Peter Morse), txeiit Crentax (Jane Stepak), 1 Samanyeas Open (Emmanuel Uren). Korcuo, 3a ace OcTapiinecd 8 KHMITe OLINGKH OTBEMAIOT TOKO e€ aBTO- pois Yacmp I Ocnoewt [napa 1. Mpumep cepun tectos [napa 2. Kenaemoe nu WevcTBHTeNbHOe B KH3HK TeCTHPOBLKa [napa 3. Tunbi Tectos uv Hx ponb B npouecce paspa6orKn nporpamMuoro o6ecneyeHna [nasa 4. Mporpammupie own6Kn Fnasa 5. 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Tporpama nbinouHAeT SXxO-OTOOpAXcHHe BHOAMMBIX Hi{Cet, a RATEM BBIBOAUT HX cyMMy. BBO KaxK- oro YtcTa SaBcpluaeTes HakaTHeM KaaBiunt . 3anyeKaerca mporpam- ma c nomompio KoMaHitt! ADDER. War 1. HayHem ¢ npocroro w HavGonee o¥eBmpHoro Tecta JUis Havana c MporpaMMoit HY:KHO MO3HaKOMHTBCA HM TOCMOTpeTb, ocTa- TOUNO AH OHA CraGUNbHa, YTOGM ee MOXHO OBO TecTHponaTD. B nporpaMMax, npesocrawicnnbix aa epporo dopMaiteriore TectupowaHns, WacTo cpasy xe Npoucxosutr cGolt. He cloitr Tparith Ha HUX MHOro BpeMcHHFraga I: Hpumep cepau mecmoe 21 Ymo avt deaaeme Beonwre ADDER 1 naxnuaere xnasiuly Haxuaere 2 Haxumaere Haxamaere 3 Haxumaere Ymo npoucxodum ‘OkpaH Muraer. Beepry axpana eu simuTe stax sonpoca. 3a. sHaxoM sonpoca nosanaeToR ynpa 2. B crepyiowed ctpore nosanserca sHax sonpoca. 3a eToptiM 3HaKOM Bonpoca noABNAETCA URdpa 3, B ipersei crpoxe noagnaerca undpa 5. Ha HecKonbKo: CTpOK HMKE noRBARETCA eule ANH sHaK sonpoca. PUCYHOK 1.1. /Tepeuti mecm npozpasanes B epsom tecre ckanmBaiores uncaa 24 3. MocietonarensHocts stelt- cranit w peaynerar mpuscuerts Ha pic. LL. A Ha pac. 1.2 piutHo, Kak BBIraa- AMT 9Kpahi No OKOHNAHMH TecTa. Kypcop (MHraroutiit cHMBo’ HOMEPKHBAHHA 1O3AAH 3HaKa BOIpOCA BHI ay 9kpata) ykasbIRaeT, Me Byer OTOHpAxaTHCA CMEAYIOULee BBOHMOC HCHO OtyetT 0 npoGnemax, BbIABAeHHbIX NepBbIM TeCTOM Hporpamma paSoraet — ona upunista mca 24 3: nepayna S. Ho npo- Guempr ace Ke cet, Ain ux onucatHA cocrasineTes OT4eT, chopMa KoToporo npupegena na puc. 1.3. 1. Ouubca npoekmuposanua. Het HUKAKHX yKAgAHHi Ha TO, ¢ KaKOi Mpo- TpaMMoit not paGoraete. Orkysta BAM 3HATb, HTO HMCHHO € TOI, KOTO paa uyxna? 2. Ouudxa npoexmupocanun. Ha aKp: ie He HUKAKHX HHeIpyKuMit. Orkysta BAM 3HATb, {TO HYHO sesaTh Uro, ec: bi BROMITe HedonycrH- Mble uitcaa? Oro6pasnts MACTpyK- Unio Ha okpawe He TpyaHo, H OHA ncerga GygeT nepen riaxami, 8 TO BpeMa Kak revarHad LOKYMeHTaNUA MoxeT HorepsTECA. 3. Ouubxa npoexmuposanus. Kak ocra- HOBHTb porpamMy? Ota MuCTpyK- UMa Toke LOKHA ObITS Ha OKPaHe. 4. OuuéKa Koduposanun. Cymma (44C- io 5) BeiseneHa B CTOpoHe OF ci1a- TaeMbix, ert ees 5 Kypcop (nosan 3Haxa Bonpoca BHMsy ‘xpatia) yraauvaer, re GyfeT oTobpaxarsoa creayioujee BBonHMoe HncnO. PUCYHOK 1.2. Tax eoierndum axpan no oxonxaHuu mecma22 Yacme I: Ocroae HASBARHIE KOMTTAKIAI KOHONDEHYMANIHO OTHET © NIPOBNEME Ne__ NPOTPAMMA ebInyCK BEPC TAN OTHETA (1-6)_ CTEMEH BAXHOCTH (1-3)__ APANOKEHMS (YH) _ 1 = Quunxa rojwposatue 1 @aransnas Ean sa, Kanne, 2 - Ounba npcexmpocaine 2 + Copoosnan 3 - Moeanoxcrne 3 - Heanavumrenstan 4 - Pacroxzonne ¢ aognuctrayven 5 + Bsanwogetcrene ¢ anraparypoit 6 - Bonpoc NPOBNEMA snes Ba anaes MOXETE JIM BbI BOCTPOM3BECTH NPOBNEMHVIO CHTYALMIO? (IV) _ AOMPOBHOE ONMCAHHE MPOBNEMM W KAK EE BOCTIPOMSBECTH MIPEDJATAEMOE HCTPABNEHME (HEOBASATENLHO) COTMET TPEACTABNEH COTPYAHMKOM__ esate PAIL). CTERNOUNE TPAOEL MPEAHASHAYEH TONBKO AIR PARPAEOTYNKOS OVNKLYVOHATOHAR OBMACTD OTBETCTBERHEIA_ a ROuMOIAA ee Ses sseaneeseneneae COCTOSHIME(1-2)_ NPKOPUTET (1-5)__ 1 - Onpuro 2 - Saupuro PESONIOUWA (1-9)_ VCTPABNEHHASl BEPCHA J+ Paccwarpwsaeros 4 + Orvoxeno 7 - Orossato cocrasnrencs 2 = Honpaaneno 5 = Coomercrayer npoerry 8 = Asia nononmnrenane® wngoomauy 3+ He socaponssoqnrca 6 - He waker Gre norpasneno 9 - ‘He cornacen ¢ npeqnoxennen PACCMOTPEHO. a WAAL J ‘NPOKOHTPONAPOBAHO. DRA JJ CHMTATE OTAOXEHHEIM YH) PUCYHOK 13. Dopua doxyseuma “Omuem 0 npoBaeme”Lhasa 1: Mpusep cepuu mecmos 23 O6a3zameavno npedcmasaniime omdeaonoii “Omuem o. npobseme” no KaKdoii ouubKe. Onucanne Bcex verspex oumG0k MoxHO Gsi10 Gul HOMeCTHTS B OsHH oruer, Ho aye 9Toro He deat. OWMOKK MoryT MenpaBAATbCA B pasHoe BPEMsL, HM CHECHUM O TEX 13 HUX, KOTOPHE OCTAINCh HEHCTIpaBteHHbIMit, MoryT mpocto notepateca. EcaH mporpaMMitcT 3axo¥eT MX CrpyniiMpowatb, OH cam paccoptupyer oTerst. Yro6si npHasret> BHAMAHHe K B3aHMOCBASAHHDIM MpoGxeMaM, MpocTo NOMECTHTE B OTHETHL COOTBETETBYIOUIN CCbLIKHL War 2. Coctasum 3aMeTKM O TOM, 4TO ele DOMKHO GbITb npotectupoBaHo Buintostuitp Hepwbte, 1 caMBIC OMEBHANLIE TeCTHI, CeayeT NOAYMATh O TOM, TO cule cneayer HpoTecTHposats. CBOM COOGPAKCHIIA HYHO 3aMNCATb: OA 19 JanIKceii HpuMyt bopMy 3aMcroK, pyrite Ke MOryT UpeCTARNATH CoGOI AOCTATOSHO CTporo (PopmMasHIoBAHHbIC ONMMCAHHA cepHii TecTOB. Taxne 2OKy- MCHTHPOSAHHEIC FPYIIIbL TECTOR B HalbHciUeM MOFyT HocTy:KHTD JUIN poBep- Ku caeay!OuMNx Repeitii UporpaMabt. TIpuMepom MoxeT GLiTh cepus TecToR, mipeacrapnentas Ha puc. 14. Bxoduvte Oxcudaemorit Oannete pesy.asmam 3amexanun ae : 99 + 99 198 Mlapa HaGonsiwrx 4wcen, KOTOpHE MoxeT curaqtisan: nporpamna, -99 + -99 “198 B porymenraiyan He ckasaHo, 470 HemaA curaquisart orpayarensiue sncra, 99 + -14 85 Bonwuioe nepsoe sWcno MoxeT nOBAMaTh Ha wirepnpeTauywio nporpammoit Toporo -38 + 99 6 Mposepum cnoxeie ompHysTeNsHOro siena nonoxnTentitM 56 + 99 155 Tpovepnvs, He eniser nm cnunoM Gonbwoe STOPOE CTO Ha WHTepMpETALWND nepEOrO. ence 18 9 sanserca HaMBOnbWMM 4HCOM M3 OAHOI wpe. o+0 0 TIporpamnew acto cOonr va Hymn. 0+ 23 2 Tiporpanmia moxer ocobsm obpasow oGpabereiarb 0, mosromy ero KyxHo povepyre MB eMZe Nepsoro, HB BMA BTOPOTO coraraewor. PUCYHOK 1.4, Tecm xa donycmumoie exodntie Jannore24 Yacmo I: Ocnoou DTH TecTB! OXBATHIBAIOT BCC AONYCTHMBIE BXONHBIC HAMIL UpOL pAMnteL — Hapsi YHCeN, KOTOpLIe eit MonaraeTCH cK:TAMLIBATS IpABHIIDHO, B ricpBoM TecTe Bbi BBENH 1Ba YMCA M NpoBepyan pesyaniar. Daxrnyec- KH Bee ocTasmMecs 39600 TecroB TONHO TaKHE xe. BbINOsHSITH HX nce 6110 61 Gesymnem. Ha pc. 1.4 aia TecTHposanua nporpamMl npeuwiaractes BO- CeMb ripHMepos. MoveMy TOubKO BoCeMp H NOYeMY HMEHHO TAKIN? Hpercite Becro, TecTH! Sx MOYOGpaHM TAK, YTOGM KaxaF UMdpa BeTPCUwIAch B_HUX Xora Gol oH pas. KpoMe Toro, Mbt TosoGpanw 110 oHOH KOMGMHALUM HH cea Ha KaxkaYIO 13 BeposTHLIX NpoGeM. A uroGer onpeseMTD, 1a KAKUX aH HEIX BePOATHES BCerO BOSHKHYT NpOGseMEl, BdeKTHBHEE Beer NpoBEpHTE Tpaniunnie yoaosus. Koanuecro Bo3moxnux Tectos (39601) astncasercs 14K. B tonycrHMoM Auanasoue or -99 20 99 Beero 199 uncer. Jto6oe H3 HUX MOXCT cTOsTh Ha neppom mecre mo60e — Ha Bropom. Beero nonyaaetca 199° = 39601 nap Nucet. 3aMeTHTe, TO TaKOe KOAHYECTBO TECTOB BHIXOAMT AAKE Ges yuera MO0GLIX HyT Goree CAOKHBIX ACltCTBHIT MONBSOBATEAA, KAK, HAIIpUMCp, Haka- Tua Kawi , Ect Xe zonycruTe HeroaL3oBaNHte K7ABHUL PCHAKTHPOBANHA, KOAMICCTHO BOSMOAHDIX TecTOR BLIPAcTeT MHOTOKpaTHO. Janata OUPeACIEHNA KOAHNECTHA BOIMOAHMX TECTO OTHOCHTEH K OGIACTH MaTeMATHKH, HMcHycMoit KOMGHHATOPHBIM anauMs0M. OGuIIHO 3aslaya ata He coxHAR — HeOGXoAMEIe PopMyabl MOxHO HaitiH B NOGOM yuebHUKe nO TEOPHN ReposTHOCTH WAH KOMGUNATOpHKe. Ecau wor nposepaere komOuntauino 2 + 3, a satem 3 + 4, Baum TectbI Xora WHE BTOUHOCTH OAUHAKOBM, HO OVeHD GrNKH. OGa OHM HponepatoT, KaK pe- Arnpycr nporpamMa Ha apy oHOsHATHDX NoROKHTeADHIX UHCeA. HM con NporpanMa npoiiaer nepswit rect, HanGoxtee BeposTHo, To oa IIpoitacT 4 stopoit. TostoMy 13 OrpoMHOro KO/MYECTHA BOSMOKHLIX TECTOB HYKHO BLIGH- Path TOKO HANGoree BaKHHe. ‘Ha deyx mecmos, om Komopux omcudaemca odun u mom Ke pesyasmam, nposodume moasxo odut. Ecau oT aByx TecToR OxHAAeTCA NoAYYNTS ONMH HM TOT Xe pesyaBTaT, SHAT, OHH NpHHALIEKaT K onHOMy Kacy. B Hallem ciydae 81 TecT oTHO- CHTCH K KHACCY “Hapa ONHOIHAYHBIX HOAOKHTEAbHEIX HH”. Kak TOAbKO yaaeTen poUeAHTS KIACC, T.e. rpyNMy OAHOTHMHDIX TeCTOB, MOKHO mpowecTH HeCKONDKO H3 HUX M MpoHrHopHponaTs ocransubie. Jt oTGopa uponoanserx TeCTOR ccTh BLKHOE MpaBHuIo. Jan avimoanenua ecezda evibupaiime us Kaacca me mecmst, na KOMOpbIx Bepoamnee ecezo orKcudaemca cGoil npozpammet.Taaea 1: Hpusep copuu mecmos Jlyuue scero noaxoast aia TecTHpowaHita mpuMepbi, aeKauine Ha rpaHit- ue MipedcTawienHoro WACCOM AMANAIOHA sHayeHHit, UMeHHO Ha rpaHnuntsn 3HaueHHsX mporpanMbl CGosT Haine Bcero. HanpHMep, ec mporpamma apea- HaSHaNeHa WI CHOKCHIA ABYSHAMHBIX GHCeT, OAM H3 rpaHMMHbIx 3Have~ Hutii, KOTOpbIe OHA HOMAHA MpaBHABHO OGpaGaTeMBaTs, sBAKeTCR HCHO 99 Kulaccom MokKHO Ha3BaTb rpyiny 3HaveHMii, KoTopEIe lIporpamMa o6paGa- ToIBACT OAHHM H TEM >Ke CHOCOGOM. A TpaHHYHBIMH SHAMCHHSIMH KITACCA IBAA 1OTCA Te BXOAHBIC HAHHDI, Ha KOTOPBIX MporpamMa MeHseT CBOE HOBEMeHHTe. OuHako rpaniutble 3HaveHHa MOryT GbITS TAM, re BBL HX CORCEM se oKHeTe, a TAM, Me HM [OOKEHO GhITb, HX B ACHCTBUTEMLHOCTH MOxeT M He okasatéca. He sceraa nporpamMa McHAeT CBOE MOBENEHHC HMCHHO TAM, rite TIpeanosaraer MporpamMCT, H UMCHHO B STOM LIpHYHHa GorBUIMHCTBA OU Gox. Tip nporpammuposannnt rpanwansix yorosuit cayvalinad omuGKa oNeHe BepowTHa, MOITOMY TaKHE TOYKH cEAYET MpoBepsATh HanGoree TUaTENBHO. Boaue6Hoit bopmysibt 419 OGscANHEHHS TecTOR B rpynuibI H OnpeacieHHs IpaHWHHBIX ycnonnit He CyutecTRyeT. Bro yMCHHte MIpHXoAMT TOIDKO C OMI tom, [pountas sporpamMubiii Kon, MOKHO HaiiTH B HEM To, Hero pit HcrIone- SoBAHKM MporpaMMe! BbI HE CMOXETe AaXxe NpcATOIOXNTE, OsHAKO MpOBepATb Te KPHTHUECKHE TONKH, KOTOPHE MOKHO ONPELeIUTE No ANCTHHTY, ~ 30 npexae scero paGora mporpamMucra. A Bata 3anava — npoananitsHponarh TporpaMMy c Apyroii TOUKH speHus, STOOL BHIABUTD Te KpUTIMECKHE TOUKHL, KOTOpHe porpamMMcr nponyctia. HosTOMy KAACCH BOAMOKHLIX TecTOR Bast CACHYCT BDULEAATS, NCXOUA NPEXILE BCETO H3 BHEUIHETO LOBCACHH HporpaM- Mbt. B peaysbrate HaGop TecToR GyzeT OTAHYATSCH OT TOFO, KOTOPEIi MOKHO BUTL 10 JMCTHHTY MpOrpamMbl, — MMeHHO B 9TOM CyTb Baulei saan Hanocieaok yromaiy ewe 06 onHom BaxHOM Momente. [paHiuy sHave- Hui OGa3aTeABHO HYXHO MpoTecTupoBaTs c AByX cTOpoH. MporpamMucTHt Sacro y6exkualores, STO KPHTHMECKHii (pparMeHT Koa paGoraer Ha OHOM 13 3HAMeHHH W 3aOBIBAIOT 9TO CHEMATS Ha BTOPOM. 3;ecb OHM TIponycKalor oUMMG- KM, KOTOPDIC BbI NPONYCTHTb He AOsKHI War 3. Nposepum gonycTumbie 3Ha4eHHA M NOCMOTPUM, 4TO NponcxoguT Cepnia tectos, npuBenenHbix Ha pic. 1.4, oxpatiBact TorbKo AonycruMnte SHAMeHHA BXOMHBIX JAHHBIX mporpaMMbl. Ha cielyioulem sTane TecTMpoBatita MOKHO CO3MATS TakyIo Xe cepHWo TecTOB Ais HeMonycrHMBIX 3HAeHMI. Ewe onHa cepua TecToR MoxXeT GbITs NpewHasHaveHa ATA MpoRepKH pemaKTApoBa- HMA HCE: BBL BBOMITE 3HaVeHHe, 3aTEM HIMEHKETE €TO H TOABKO Moce 3TO- ro Haxumaete . OgHako mpexie Bcero BEITOAHUTe Mpocreiiute TecTHt, MipuBexenHbie Ha puc. 1.4 coc26 acme I: Ocnoae Tpozpammy mecnupyiom nomomy, umo ona moxem ne pabomam. Moxkno yOuTb yiiMy BpeMcHH Ha pasHoobpasible TecTsI, MONCKAZANHDe Ba weit (bantasneit, a 3arem OGuapy2xuTb, WTO MporpamMa He MOET CHOKITH 2 u 3. Bor peayawrarei recta Hamel nporpammur-npuMepa. © Monoxnreaiute sera WO oGpaSarsiBaiores npexpacno, © He paGoraer Hu oan tect c orpuuarerbiBIMM HeaMH. Focre BBO- gla BTOpoH uMMpsl KosMBIoTep Mpocto “sanucaet”. (Ox HrHopupyet KaaBHaTypHtBti BOR, H cro NIpHXORHTeA NepesanycKars.) Ba NOMpOGO- BATH CHOKUTS 9 H -9, YTOGE NOCMOTPeTb, HE IPUMeET aM NporpaMMa OHOSHAYHME OTPHUATCABHBIE HCA, HO HOce HAxATHA KaaBiUN kommbiorep “sabe”. OvesiiHo, nporpamMa He oxtaaer OT- puuareabHbix acer War 4. HemHoro tecrmposakua B pexnme "cBoGopkorO noneta” Korsa cepuit nororonmentibix TecTos MosHOCTbIo BoILOAHeHBI, (opMcutb- Hoe TecrHpouanite MOxHO CutTars JascpuleHHbIM, OuHako 9TO He SHAHT, TO HYKHO HeMeUIEHHO MpeKpauLaTs paGory 410 caexyocro sTara. Tecrnponanne MoocHO MIpoHO:KNTe. TecTol, KOTOPHLe BbI GyeTe NPOROANTS 1 BEITOMHATH C 9TOFO MOMCHTA, He HYHO THLATEAbHO TOTORUTH WT OGLACHATTH KOMY-TO Hx HaIHAYCHHe. 3nech B AEN AOMAHA BETYNUTe Ballia MtTyHUNA. TIpoGyliTe Bce, ‘1To ApileT BAM B rOsIOBY, HaKe CCAM COTPYAHUKAM KAKETCA, ITO HOTOGHBIE Tecti yxXe Osis MpoBEAeHbs B Haine mpumepe bi Gbicrpo aocturan ToAKH, B KOTOpOIt opMmaisHoe Te- crupopaume nepexoant B HecbopMastbHoe, ockombKy CGoii mporpamMeI He 3 cTaBia ce6a xdaTb, BeposTHo, B Hei ecth KaKas-To dyaamentanbHan ouméka. Eon 970 Tak, NpoeKT mporpaMbl cieayer repecmorpers. Paspa6a- TbIBATS HOBIE TCTHI MOKA HET HMIKKOTO CMBICMa, HOCKOMIKY K HOBO! BepcHit onM MoryT Tipocto He TogoiiTH. MoaToMy, He Tpats# BpeMeHH Ha MiaHMpoBa- He, MOKHO MPOBECTH HECKOMBKO HHCTO HCCAeHOBATEMBCKHX OKCHePHMEHTOB — Bee, 4To npuset B roaowy. Ha pic. 1.5 mepewncaenn Tecrst, KoTOpEIe Mpopenit 6st MBI, HX BOIMOXHBIC pesyTbTATSI M HAMM 3aMcuarHs. Beezda sanucviéaiime, umo od denaeme u 4mo npoucxodum ¢o epema uccaedosameatcKux mecmos. Kak siiuto #3 pic. 1.5, nporpamama Hukyna He roauTcs: ona “3apitcaet” np waaciuieit nponokauni. Bot Gonbule peMeHu Tparite Ha mepesanycKit KoMMbiorepa, em Ha TecTHpoRaHue.Taaea I: Mpusep cepuu mecmos 27 Teem Yem on unmepecen — 3amevanua 100 + 100 Tparmurioe ycnosme: sHcna Mporpamva npwiana 10. Korga Bi Been Bropolt 0, Bonbwe MaxcHManbHOrO ‘Tob nonyywnoce 100, nporpamma nowena ceba Tax, ponycramoro svavewua (99) xax Gyno BH Haxann . Tax xe GWNO H CO Tope wcnom 100. B peayneraTe no oxoHsaNnH TeoTa Ha axpave Ghino crepyower 210 210 a + ro. npowcxopyet np Korma aw waxann , nporpawaa HanesaTana oroyrcran semen 10 — nocnepwee svenenioe sa vacno. To xe ana? Guno w nocne groporo waxarwa , 4 6 aNectbe CyMML NporpawMa Hanewatana 20. 12456 + 0 Baepem noGonswe undp Tporpauma npvisna nepeue Ase WKppH ‘portwopyposara ccrankie — tax xe, ax Gund swenom 100, 8 6yayuie sepew porpama Gyre" npnvinars GonwHe HER: KOK Ova oT GygeT orga pearvpowarb Ha nopoOhble cHryauprit? 1248 Alompobyeu ¢ Aecaneumn — Pearuyin Ha AecaTWAeNR pasHenuTens TaKaR xe, axa ax wna Arb Hegonycrimase cintsonts Korga a kaxan nocre nporpawna “sasncna’, [08 nponomKeswa TecrMpoRANKER 62M Inpaunocs, nepesanycTans KoMuOTeD, —Ynpagmmnuwe crmsoni MAY Bex KOMGuNa\ KraBMU, YpoMe , + — dymyoannue xnaenum ——nporpawaa oToGpasina rpabuveckHe cAMBONY, +cEse> ‘acto kanawToa afew, nocne waxatun , “sapwcsa" eTOsKMKaNN npobineM. Haxatme npwneno x SascpulesMe porpanwed H suxoAy 8 onepauMoNyo CACTEMY. PUCYHOK 1.5. Jarnneiiuue uccaedoaamenckue mecmot Cronknysuimcs ¢ ovepetoit mpoGaeMoit, abl coctananere o Heit oruer. O caaMHbIx OTHeTAX AYE Hanucats 1a ce6A WTOroBBIe 3aMeTKU. Ha 3TOM Te- CrHponaHMe MepHoit BEpPCHH NpOrpaMMEl MOXHO CHHTATH JABEpUICHHBIM. War 5. Nogsegem utorn Tomy, 4TO MbI y3Hann O Nporpamme u ee Hefoctatkax Bra nocnegHaa paGora —~ ToxbKO sa Bac. OHa He pceraa HeOBXOsUMA, HO 4aCTO OKa3biBaeTCA OYCHD MoAesHOH. Jlo stor apeMeHit abi ace BpeNis OBUTH CKOHLLeHTPHpOBAHEI Ha KOHKPeTHEIX AeTaAAX — AHAMHSHPOBAAK AOMYCTHMBIe HaHHble, MpoxyMEIBAaH rpaHUiHsre yentoBua H cocTannsan Tecrosme npumeps. B Gyayulem Bb Goabie BpeMeHH Gyuere TpATHT Ha BEIMOAHCHHC yXe MoAOTORNEHHEIX TecTOB, YeM Ha TIpMaLy- MbIBaHWe HoBLIX. Cefiuac KE CAMOE BPEMH MBICCHHO OTCTYMMTh HEMHOFO Haga M OKHHYTb B3PAAAOM NpOrpaMMy B UCAOM, YBHAeTb ee HeMOCTATKH it Hpoaymat crparermo Gyaymiero Tecrnpowanna.