Group #4: Kale Multiple Choice Questions

What can be concluded about the effect of Kale consumption on colorectal cancer risk based on
a meta-analysis of observational studies where overall RR= 0.74 (CI: 0.65 - 0.84) with an I2
= 70.4% and p-heterogeneity < 0.001
a) Kale consumption is associated with a non-significant reduction in colorectal cancer risk,
there are no systematic differences in study results
b) Kale consumption causes a significant reduction in colorectal cancer risk, there are no
systematic differences in study results
c) Kale consumption is associated with a significant reduction in colorectal cancer
risk, but there are systematic differences in study results
d) Kale consumption causes a significant reduction in colorectal cancer risk, but there are
systematic differences in study results

Regarding the strengths and limitations of the Shanghai prospective cohort study, which of the
following is a mismatch?
a) Limitation: limited ethnic diversity
b) Strength: limited ethnic diversity
c) Limitation: observational
d) Strength: short mean-follow up time

The effect of greens intake on colorectal cancer showed P for trend=0.026 for men, and P for
trend=0.001 for women. What do the results imply?
a) The positive effect of greens intake on colorectal cancer risk is stronger among men
than women.
b) The negative effect of greens intake on colorectal cancer risk is stronger among men
than women.
c) The positive effect of greens intake on colorectal cancer risk is stronger among
women than men.
d) The negative effect of greens intake on colorectal cancer risk is stronger among women
than men.

For a product of kale chips that contains 70%DV of Vitamin A and 30% of Vitamin C, which
statement below can be used, according to Health Canada, to state a nutrient content claim for
this product:
a) “This product contains a natural source of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and so on.”
b) “We proudly present this yummy kale chips that have an excellent source of
Vitamin A.”
c) “Enjoy this good source of Vitamin A and Vitamin C.”
d) “Make smart choices for your health! Enjoy our kale chips that are very high in Vitamin A
and Vitamin C.”
What are the 3 most important phytochemicals groups in kale which are associated with health
benefits?
a) Glucosinolates, phenolic acids, and polyphenols
b) Polyphenols, carotenoids, and lutein
c) B-carotene, isothiocyanates, and lutein
d) Glucosinolates, polyphenols, and carotenoids

Which of the following is a pathway through which sulforaphane is involved in both cancer and
heart disease protection?
a) Tumour growth inhibition
b) Regulating lipid metabolism
c) Activating Keap1/NRf2 pathway
d) Altered estrogen metabolism