USSR MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1989-1992USSR MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1989-1992 GPabished by AusTaaLiaN Marwenatics Thust Conright © 1997 Australian Mathematics Tat “Tlphon! 961 26201 5136 AMOS Py Lis ACN 088370559 National Library of Ausra Card Number and ISS ‘Asian Mathers Trt Enchant Serie SSN 1326-170 [USSH Mutant! Olympiads 1990-1092 ISBN 0616-36185 ‘Te AUSTRALIAN MATHEMATICS TRUS ENRICHMENT SERIES ‘ Chaiman Guay H Potato, Conbera Ausra dior PrrerJ Tao, Caner Asean ‘} Avens, Canberra Ausra E>) Bases, Toronto Cavan (Geonoe Best, Terra Haute USA Rov Duar, Waterloo Couns WalTerE Mien, Lincoln Nesta Nctay Kenstasrnoy, Moscow Russa vor bu, Edmonton Ovo. ono B Tov, Sofia Bucs “Jove Wenn, Cape Town Sour AFRICA ‘The books in tis series ae selested forthe motivating, intersting and stimulating ses of quality problems, wit alued expository style in the solutions. Typically, the problems have occured in ether national or intemationsl contests af the secondary schoo eve They are intended to be suFciemty detaled at an clementary lee for the mathematically ineined or Interested to Understand but a the same time, be interesting and sometimes challenging to the "undergraduate and the more advanced mathematician. 1 believed ‘hat these mathematics competition problems are postive Inuence on the leaning and enichment of mathematics‘THE AUSTRALIAN MATHEMATICS TRUST ENRICHMENT SERIES 1A re Bsr ow ne Astin MAHON CoMFETION 2 Mamessnca: Toast 2 Tams ot Towns Questions 0 SoUMENS 1964-1989 Nowe of Au Bsr mow TH Asn Mares Cum Fr ova, @ Por, Pater 11_The Asus Pace Marensnes Oma Mocs Or Ponts Sot Ba0e 1 0 Cusine! 1991-1995, 12 Ausra Mamsouare Otvuns 1979-1995FOREWORD 1s has en lat that Rossian Mathematics Hourihad ner Com ism besaute Mathematics was lee sunyptiblet pita! terernce than anyother ntetual pursuit and it eonsoqentyatrited many tales minds to its study Whatever the reason, must be conceded that Fuss has produced more than fir abr of top gualiy atl ftians What nies Rusia sal compared with jst abo ty Western vunty tthe lege proportan sf te top quality tathemat Cans who have deveed ine so enengy to th Young geeration of fing mathematicians via thei involvement oy problem sling carpe ions and the seclted raising Among thee seadenicans there ian sraenes ofthe cen to challenge the clever stadents with Slifeal! prblens sd to tech them the rathematcal sls requred forte soliton, onder that they should mintin thre fer Mathematis sod ove be bord by tem argable tat th USSR Olympiad was theepitme of al national mathemetica competitions. Is faces nr lost crs duet the insvement f any athens [edlexports who wnshow costed rmarably eve problems aed t partial grades of stadt One perhaps shoul expect to be able to iret itable problems fr oder grades who are equipped with ome Nghe metbemnatics bat Ihave ava oud taming that this eompe- ‘tos ih source of challenging snd intresting problems for Younger ‘roe, The varity ofthe prebems, the suablty to age groupe and the Tasure ofthe challenge hat been of covet excellent standard since every Br competion in 167 Arla Sinko ls spol ofthe generation of mathematicians who gon ‘ron pss on ther ens for marae to the soonest gener ion He wan for nany years, volved inthe Rosrian Mathematical Olympiad Programe and has plage «very saortant aes the New eau Mathai Olympiad Programaoe ove he lst tee 30s tthe 3d 1M fe in Ssco io OH Asal Slo’ Opin ex ‘ertne mas mach appreciated y the nterontional partipant Ax Chie Geoninator be ssrblod = magnificent team of marking coordinators ‘hich raitained = comnitent high standard of anes Chrowghout {competition and yet war lay abet exit ruta mathnaieal Hea without nessa allocating tar, For the rt nein the i= towy of Olympiad Aatbnmsties a entain Rotipodean country achieved the grades of eo fr the one pole. "The second andi preset elution, ath buving made sightly more progres than sts precy ‘ete ower aero with the anrarance tha ach ro was a better aero Than ts predecnne! I canal ese Arta Sk comforting the Teaeuler; so same tne fll supporting the decison of the cord ators. Ada Slo os an ambsing memory. I veal that atthe 35th IMO in Hong Kong several Team Leers wer conceraed that one ‘roposod problem sored funliar but they were unable to seat is Cigna sturce, Asti liso arved on the atene aod immediately ‘ated the competition and year of te oceurrence snd furthermore, om ‘etoty alone, ws able to oame drive problems occuring in dierent ‘compton in following yor, Now; the wiele of the inerstonal Oly community ean beret from Arad Sako’ expertie and ia vst and atimate Koon ledge of th probles and auton inthis clleton from the final four yrs ‘Of USSR Mathematieal Opis It wil cetanty be ap invloale ‘ohme to all those ivoled inthe coaching ofthe World's tle David Paget Univers of Tasmania ‘Soteala, 196 PREFACE Mathematial competitions have lng history. According to tein formation stlae wo wa far back at anieot Ind thee were ce petitions in slvng mathemati prablena in he presme of tamer ‘pectators Aatbetia tournaments were widely spread i he Mie Aes and later on in Italy and her European countries Asin widely Soe, io 1535 in Holgna, Nicolo Tartaglia wena sathematieal om petition in solving egutions ofthe thd degen, In 504, Franco Vito ton a contest, ving solved one rpcial equation ofthe 4th dager {hot was groped ara challenge by Adrian van Rouen taal athe ‘matics: There are sumerour eter hire! records of athena fompetitins undertaken in person and by corespondence But notwithstanding ther ati, such competitions are fr fom = lining. While sportnea have come ease to the mit of pial Sy, ‘he abies of nan brine ae next The mathemati! oympiads fn wcondary school started with the we filled "atan's Campton” erred ut in Hungary in 1894 a the Inte of Loran Eatwon, who was the president ofthe Hugin Physical and Mathematical Society inthe USSR the fet mathe ical olympiad tok plac in Grog. I 158 scholenchersVasakidee ‘nd Pett organize thera school aad exon evga The fiat town lynpiade mere conducted in 1984 a¢ Pista Leningrad and nhs ear Mone and Ki. In sbunquat years ovis ‘prea all ovr the count The noted athemaiiane Deane aad Tar taloveky (Leningrad), Stivman and Lyusterik (Mencow) sl Kear hk (ies) took par in organising lea alympiads ad eating prob (On the national sale the ies of orgenizng mathematic! aympind ‘mature by 1060. Two renowned mathenaiiny, Kolsogeoy (io ow) aud Laveen (Nevoribira. played parts of erst aportance inthis compoldating procs Kolmogoroy organisa, in 1%, te Al Tussian Mathanatiea Olympiad ad Laven ev, 1962, organize the AllSiberan Mathematical Obmpiad. These competitions dhl at Fly forcepond tothe ames since the frst nlved stinent of he Ee Fopeat pt ofthe coun, including student of vom Republics, hie {he second involved sens of Seri, Far East and sone Cesta Aa ic Republics Although the delgations ofthe Repabies were ually Cll teams, al competitions wre indvval. Path Republic Had ie ‘orn gota, whic bad been in proportion withthe total number af‘ Pr ‘inns, Moscow with ie 9 milion of por ‘al republic Kimogoro and Lave alo founded sno special high schools in Moscon (1961) sod Novonbisk (1062) They mere ot up to teach Inathematcally gifted studets who showed thei excallece during the Clbmpand Profewars of Moscow and Novorbnke State Universite ‘hboratel canal for thowe schools, and delivered lets. At that {in all choos inthe Soviet Usion were standard and hey aught In enformity wth th cure approved by the Minstey of Evento. ‘ke characte are of that Minty can be Ieotioned that ‘hoes mmber of wives ofthe Soviet Amy and KGB top ofcers used to work there The all exception had bon ae fr Ianguage special ‘bool, where stants bad etna! sons in foreign lnguage and Shere Soviet cbs of deren tandng wed ta educate ofeng Fetecing to this precedent, Kolmogorov wat able to get prmsion to fon mathematical special high whoa, making maj breach nthe fonerec well a the Misty f Edenton, Within utr tine a whole einer of apecial high seool (ot ‘only mathematical tha roughly Cerrespondad tothe networ of eytpia was etched ion enjoy the rights of 1 flow words may be nemury ede to eli How Acadian Then oral sigh cool appeared Siberia were western opie tnd to ptr enly bers aa prosners caps Thispctre fat ffm bit tru. Dusing Word War 2 ay indi eterpries were ‘Sorte to kind the Uri Av cme he Ser Siberian {Grow nth at Nn, Keyan nd Cheatin mere igh lsc dt gat ‘The Communist Pay ler of tat ine, kita Kivu, wa er Active beyond the nite of bi competence He aight arta how to in pcre and lasts htt the bo stra ext, ad ‘poral the soorar scaeiian Terk, the Fates of Mats Lenin biology. The itlcsststnyphere as not favourable i wow Tha od thre scaecanw,Khrstiaovcy Laven Sooty, to the fea of eganiangslrgbsale cent cent utile Moon solar me A pctengepaceon te sora th ate (Ob Se wa Novosti wae chose. Of course ch ane ou nat be ‘Sverted nto rely without the perio ofthe ane Khrucey Su te Ptren, ba Lancet nage og then to eee The Sierian branch ofthe Acaden’of Somes came into bens Since the inelctalatnoptee Inthe ew Acadey-awe as very sombre for sot ty ofthe moved to Sera fom vate fart of USSH. Those who were thereat thal tine tmeter it wil fret osagin. [wes then age 151 was a active patent ofthe Scud All Sevan Obwpia nd was and tothe Loree High Seal, where snd in 969-196, Finally im 1967 the St All Union Mathematical Olypian tok pace. ‘This was the epatne, which completed the paid of rapid in he LUSSICThe iterating procon was ver. Ine ial sage the AIb-Uaion Matheatiesl Oimpad involved tare fom 15 Republic, ean frm Moscow and Leningrad, and teams om some outstanding pei igh schools Students of Noscow and Leningrad, ax weil a the staat of ‘pei highschool, weve singled out in aspartate cae they hd the highest level of rowledge and sometines spel traning Ths sp- ‘ation permite ged stents without special taining to eucesaly ‘limb the prramid of elvmgiads tt highest verte, anon hea 0 Inet in competition withthe students of be spe high hols: (Only stents rom the highest 3 forms of age 15 to 1, pastcpated in the All Usian Olypian 180 they mere om fore 610, an Inter, afer the itrodetion i 1980 of one prepaatory year thy were rom forms 9-11. Traditionally it was a fwrday competion, aa ech day stents were aid to sl probls in-thous. Although metic: ‘oe problem could be given to siadenty of 2 at more forme, normally ‘ul tan te Methodological Comte, consisting f 200 profesional ratheraticngs aod slucatonists war set up ty the Minty of Ede {ction ‘The members a this Commits each yer forme» permanent Tal the Jury ofthe AlL Union Olympia. ‘he other half wa fred ty lca atheros, educations and vscher Te became a teadtion that the republics tok tars i organiaing the [AiVUsson Olympiads Avs teu the eampetition tev fom one ‘Soviet republic ta another, and wally had on impact onthe lpia "movement in thee eps. Ione the Methodaigeal Comoe and {he Jury in 1977, when the vpn tok lace in Tain (Eston), and ts lk to remain a member af ntl the atone in 2 which tok Place in Alms: Ata (Kazakstan) During thin period the ony pubis hich did ot vit with the olpied were Armenia and Lian, reatng problems fr the AlL-Union Olympiad was no the ont eon "ity af the Methologieal Committee. Each year we ao prodsead 20-25 new problems, wach the Minsry of Education dstibted be tween Republican Minsttes of Eaton ae guidelines forth ep ean olympia. Difoent republics wae then diferent Soe hei ‘eld on them inte preparations foal olympiad, Soe ti Latvia cmpowed thi own pbs and wed the problems compen bythe Detiodolgial Comte ony fo Ue ter selection to the Al-Uon Olympiad "The 23d AlMUnon Olympiad in Rig, which tok pce in 1980, was‘pci wllorgaid and scconfal, A an expert, nthe fa ‘rvk of th oly but atx eparte competition, a Computer Tu Tne was tt up where stent had to slee snathemetl probes sith the we of computer The experiment was esc, but ft lasted Try one more sear and ied de othe lak of eoarces. Wed ow then in Riga that twas the eva of the All Uso Olympia Four Sor later in 1992, the USSR dintegratad However, ve t inatn ihc money was allocated ated, the Olympiad In 1902 ook place un ‘lr the name of the Int Mathemaical Optpiad ofthe Commonwealth ‘ependent Sates (C18). The stoned bos never akan place In 102, inthe chaotic ensrnent of changing Rusia, the 3nd Inte ‘ional Mathernatcl Olypiad took pce Moscow. Twas appointed {ithe Coordinatorin-Chefo this Olympiad. At thi stage [bd lend ‘Seve contact with the Univesity of Avklnd a forme it wan 8 farevellto Ruin, The team of 4 coordinators id vir god job which bs bee achnnwladged ona amber af oceasions snc, The problems of 1M0.02 the render wil nd tthe ea ofthe book. tn theisoy of Resi and mayen the history of lyapads in Ria ‘ew page as opensd A group of enthusstie mathematician in dif fut ecmoms conitons re sruating to maintain the standards hi (feet bythe All Union Opps Let ut wis ther god Ick, AMs. ew Zealand Decorber 196. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Since every author write about his mm experience and ees in which hn personally patcpated, i always ey, voluntary or not to make tn impreson thatthe aithor’s ole was touch grater than i was in realty Mavng in mind st upto @ 100 mathematica took par In organizing USSR Mathematics Oijmpids tiles tage of thet fristence, the reader shouldbe abtely count that the ators ‘ole wat &tomevit bumble ove 1 frst oie the Jury in 1977, Under the supervision of A Kolmogorov ‘he lenges ofthe Jy at tat tne were” M Basha, Bere Sten, A Egorov, § Fomin, V-Guteanate, Yu Tonin,B vl, N Row Stontny, L MasaeLinanv, A Plotkin, A Sasa, M Seto, N Topi, N Waser, A Zemlyaln and ther In he beginning ofthe gis the Jy had hanged sanity. Some had retired fom math olpiads and conenrated on thir rah, some had iigrated, an Some, The N'Konstantinay, ater disagreement with the Ministry of Eden tion mepye down fon the Jury uid ganized sn alternative compet tin whies ow own athe Tournament of Towns Th hadership sts passed on So N Roun, Ya Netrena, V Vaio, 8 Resicheno, $Sereor, LKuptor, A Fon, § Kenyan and mye, The charming B ‘Gnedenio serv mth Chairman of he Jury afer Kolaogoa. Araing ‘herby members were N Agatanor, A Anan Beta, & Bete, Chink, § Duan, D Flas, $ Cahn, V Golayatain, & Grain P Guwyanior, E Khulhr A Kotor, © Lash, A Rirkure, D Mackin O Min, N'Neteetuey, § Pebliatny, VPraslov, I She tata, Sharia, Yu Solver, D Teresi, V row, 1 Yorotovichy T ‘hk’ Many af than were pole autho of orignal questions for mth lbmpinds: Moa of thse matheataus ae ty pessoal feast My since thnk to Gazry ‘efor is value lp, his ers se fark sigifcantly improved the menoript, to Pate Faurng fr reading and commenting on the peininary veri of th mataesgt ‘hd to Pot Peter Talo tnd De Adel Stone for thet ence lip with the peters Sannary, 107. Acknowledgements From the Publisher “Tyneeting mas perfor by Arla Sink diagrams drown in Pitex ty Peer Teper wing where apopriate Ade! Slorshers programe thick preatly simplify ago inoling crcmeeates, Ices and ‘icenstes a pel proolwaing war done by Devel Hunt ofthe Un ‘eesty of New South Wale and Petr Leviton ofthe Austallan National Univers: ApelUSSR OLYMPIAD 1989 _pss ona 1999 FoR Second day 5 apt pines are placed on chests that each rw and ech Column contain exarly one pie. rove that there are an eve Samer pe on the Wack squares of he board 6. On the sides AB, BC, CA af a tangle ABC points Cs, As, By tera fom the vers ce ark withthe ealour gees IL and £BAC = Lim AsCy. Prov that the tangle with the green Certo similar othe tangle ABC 1 Shay, Moweow) 7. teers forest sore ace» > 3 starting hows, and the distances betwee pieof them ae ll iret. I each tring hous there tec eugely one bird, At ert tne some ofthe bird 10 ‘her aarti hoe, that i ech staring bouse there i agin ‘hac one bid, hie was done in ch away Chat if he ini ‘Invance Deon one pir of bird was ls than tha of aot ir the save tnd ea be consered in derent pais), then ater the fink te itence betwen the ist pir turned out toe gree {tn that af he sooo. or what tle fi ths posible? (A Besar, Res) CConser the at ofl fei sumberswhowe dina represent Sion na permutation ofthe dts 1. 23,45. Prove tha hi in teil nto tw groan sia way chat the sun ofthe See the numbers each ou ee sme (> Fomin, St. Ptersbrg) Problems 1. Wo ave 2000 eons. Two of thm a fal: on iter ad the other Davie than zal one Ie pou to perfor no sre than four weghings using a elance without weights Show baw to detemine whichis geste, the sum ofthe eights of the two Counterfeit coins orth rm of the weg f Se ral cin, ot ‘heer bath af thee uate ace the save, (S Aguatiovch, Novi) 10, Prove that if bc ate the lng of the ids of triangle and +8-+e= 1 then the folowing igus bole ( Tereshi, Moscow) 11 Points K and A ae chosen onthe side AB and CD respectively ‘fe comver quudrlateral ABCD. La be be point of htereeson ‘ot segment AM and KD, an et be the point of eteetion (w) Prove tha f° and AF are the midpoints of AB and C2, 12, A.23 25 square wat formed fom sera quan of ied 1% 1, 22,35. Whar isthe let number of Lt squares need9 FoRM Sicond day 18 Do there exe el uber «an such that w+ incationl for och antral n> [W Aeabano, Moscow) 14, A fy and aspera 1 mate By mete square eng. tn ‘ue secon the spider ea jun from it postion to the mide of thy of the Kur sons wich on othe verti ofthe eeing They dos ot move. Prove that i ight scans the spider ex tewithin I comimetre of they 15, The lotea sides AM and CD of» tape ABCD are equa. The tingle 42°C i ota fron the triangle AIC by va ing if abt he point through certain angle. Prove thatthe 16, Ao ifsite set is divided ita squares by two sets of parallel {oot veal conven), how ides go alougthe ine ofthe thc ean bec ito by I setae next erent ways, {b Kukushkin, Moscow; BTulakow, Moro) Problem 18 10 FORM []-m ‘ns an integer salation? (Dy a} we stan the inter paet of suber that i the lees Sager whch i ot greater than) S Garhi, Mover 18. Points D, Fae chouen on the sides AB, 2C, AC of tingle ABC, 50 that DE= DE aad FE ~ CE, Prine that tie cece of the ete ceunsribed around triangle ADE es te biecor 1 Proton, Kier) 18. Two points A and 8 are haven oo ft interesting spheres, sd two points Cand D ae chosen onthe ater one. he angen ‘AC pases through a common pont of the spheres The segent 1B paces though aothercomnon poi othe spheres, sd i paral to elie pssing trough the centres of theephers. Prove thatthe projections of te segeets AB aad CD ot the line AC (Shan, Moscon) 20. Tw tourna tthe same aki, t points A and 8 which Me opposite sides ofa nota chain A pat unig om post A to point bas the form of «broken line whose vertices are higher than the en posts Ad It poi fo he two ours rave log the whole path frm ote en ta the the, shat at allies sh alitades ae eat (@ Abakamor, Masco D Fomin,$¢ Petersburg)f Luss OLYMPIAD 1988 ‘Solution ” ororne souutions second day 1. Without ls of generality we ay asume that no two boys ave 21. Find the least yl of he expesion (¢¢a(y +2) gen that ‘ha oe by mating moa che we shee ement =e We know that each af he 7bave went tthe shop 3 times al (0 Khvisteko, Moscow) rved. If we suppose that there was tafe when 3 ofthe boys ‘erin the hop simian, boy approaching the top 2 {ine i {2 2 eld ee no more thas oe fend the hop. The {han 20 pair of be met atthe shop. te total amber of 22. A pobhetton with an even tuber af edges i given, Prove that saRitinecan he placed on each mig ao that each vertex is pointed a Anwwer! yo Cyan en aber of arrows. [0 Lys, Moscow; © Masi, Mosc) IE wee posible the the blacks would ill up the box. Let ws conser the lye of thiknes | ice to fae of e711 fase 3x1 Therefore, the ner of 11 exer tie tay must be dive ty 3, ut the umber 7 x IN FFs nt 25. Does there exit funtion f(x), whieh maps the st of at Pnben ie fac such hat foreach ataral number > 1 the Ho) = see =I) + Fao DE Squats AT and AT ( Barabanr, Mink; 1 Voronvieh, Minsk) ‘Seno of the plogo and a pot ont boundary, which des {hetpongon into tro prt of equal aren 1 8 own that all tnctins ofthe polygon have length les than 1. Prove that the es ofthe polygon flee #/4 iS Any, Moscow; D Tyr, Moscow)Luss OLYMPIAD 1989 “The probe wil be slvd if we can shaw that iis posible to inserbe a cle in the quadeteral ANID, and for thi tf iene to prove tat MN FAP = AM +P. Since the distances from the itersection of the to Sarge #0 Gzte to te pots MN-FAP=NP = (MD—KN)+(AQ~PL)~NP = MB+AS~(KN ENP + PL) Ie remains nly to oberve tha in the alwing dgrotn Ab+AC— 90 = (AMeaY) + (aa Bx) 4(Ye~ex) Anawer: = 1088 “The numbers, N/a a al vigor of W writen in Therefore fr each pstve ntger += 12 we have Denote da by ks By bypothass we ow that the munber dtu ty ivadivio of dy Teefore this number ia divisor of wth an inde which x ot ethan 5, Consequence didg = N, we have Sine de < Wwe obtain de = N, Thats k= 12 d= 18, and Sine dy < d¢—2= 11 and it obvious a prime manber, we have ‘he following possible css V2.4 Sand thar eB whieh Wile 519 and 18. canst have more than prin divers thers the total munber of divisors of wold be greater than T2"Theefore, haw exety3 prime dvs this would be eater than dy which i abe : x = 21 and is vine by 3, no that p< dz hich a contraction (6) de = & Then dy = 17, and 8 bas pie divisor dy = = 1d and dy 17 Sica, a8 wis toon ere, ere ct be no other prise dvios of Ny dy = 03 Coan 1 idivble by x18 = 17 ~ 889, aed since this mm tas exactly 12 divisors then 8 = 1980, Ie eany to check ‘hae N= 9K sats al the conto of the peable fat ki the Hack square with cren numbers ar squte of the sscond Kind, and the white sgeter with dd ober a jas ‘ofthe third od. Suppose that there aren pees on the squates ofthe th indUSSR OLYMPIAD 1988 2} fa] [a] fa ria fils fata bry s a] [2 2 tia sfalsfils om the conditions ofthe probln me have that my = 4 ond pats Thereore nt = nad the mer of pees on black 6, Drow CiM paral to AC (eh two pombe cater reshown boom) By Thales Theorem al the conditions ofthe probes me have Selutions a [efoto that DyM i parallel to AB and, therefore ACAI 2 paralogram, Consequnly, Cy) = ZCAB = £C,40) and {he pint 4B, Cay 44 leona cic. HA ls on the spent ‘Ac foe st diagram), then 20454, = ZCya0Ay = ZAC. IE Alison tho soent Ay (sn sco diagret than £0.24) = Wor ZCya0ay = CCB = ZACB, Inter eae the tng ABC and 4,00 have agi angle aad sheefve aes, 7. Anawer: only for = 2 Wo denote the staring house by Af... Bf the distance be tween iy ane fy (My My), and by J) the sadhing-hoe fo which the ted from fy fies by fs)" Then fsa one Avene cormspordence betwen these {Ms Afe} and ele Moreover, Mio) = a(Ma,M), then (FM), FM )) > FC). FM) ed therfore alan), Peas) < APA), lan shee /deyotes the mapping F applied twice flor that {AGUaf) FAM) the alt ofall he dstanes ofthe fon A700), POL). 445 then dy My) the seals of the distances (Mi My), 5 Sine the 2 ies of value ae the sate, thir salt ember A(R) PUG) 1 sir fashion (or by induction which snow tril can be stable Eat a¢F(30), Pat) = #8 a) for alt and j. Since the at of ditanes fom a given point to the eto he posta teas the given pen guy, ecm flude that fe the entity mopping: Therefor, fi such that if Yah) Ms, 5 then f(A) Ay Howe alow nt be geste {ov are interchanged by J. la either case the distance between the {vo points in ead pir remains Seed, This no posible since voting tothe hypothe if ana) < 408, 8)‘UssR OLYMPIAD 1989 thea asi while we have 1 g(a) > ara). 080) aa), 5085) = 0.885) ay), 4049) = a, a. ‘Ts, the contin ofthe problem can be ule only form = 8 Tat ws chock that this ides posrble, Let « = (Ay), We lag aly) and e = aig. Af), where ac < e. Thn (04) = My (Ma) = a aod (Ma) = May the contans othe robles ae fils. Consoqunty n = 3 fat solton to te pra, Wey that two st of dit amber are endl if ech st con {his the same numberof ements and the sum of hese ens ‘well the um of tee squares the samo for each set. To ‘oie the prion, it sulicint to show that he at of ll gt ‘numbers onposel fo the dg 12,345, ead sed only te, ‘hn be divided it 2 fendly sets ‘ustly we shall note that the et fall 2-dgtnambers composed fhom any 3 diferent digits oe, bono of which er, can be ‘Evid into sly sete Inde, cach of the sts {ae cb bea) {Geb ca} has 3 eoment, the sm of the suber In each se quot totes be) a he su oftheir qari egal ToIol(a? +4) + 220(ab e+ be) We wl nee to apply te following argent twin So we formulate aetna Lemna, Let (yon) asl (Bi, Ba} be 2 endl sts sf estig: rumen, composed from tie dighe a,-,a4 20 that ‘eh digit ed aly once Let be some other dg diferent fom sro and fom ai. vats Then the wo sets (Ui, Us) and (vic Va}of (+ lt mumbery, where Uy Ay 40 and Ho Ba 12m, ae aly en Proof ts ls tat the st ofthe Us andthe sun of the ¥e fe both equ ty $ +010, were 5 isthe common su ofa ‘teand Bs Ake UB abe Un bat) + (ae Hat? (AD AB) Hes a a) 1 mat (WP HE) 4 20 a) 1 Ft Solutions and tho lee is prove ‘sing the emia fr the ee = 2 ind tha the et of al gt numbers wwe decal epresentaion cost of faire ‘kite none of which oo, wih the dig da the ‘it (representing thousands) cat be divided to 2 fen eta Analogous, § other sina wes, the nts of ll at sumbere ‘how dca representation consists of 8 with eer Ce “igi a,b oe cas the at dit can be dvd ne 2 ely sets. Thun we obtain 4 pais of ready ste (8,7), (Sn 7), (S573), (Soa) rich tha be unio ofall eight sets nthe pi Ss the woe st of gt rubers whose decal represen conte of hed. As a tit me obtain patton ofall the umber under consideration nto wate $= S{USHUSSUS ad T=TLUTUTUTy, which ae obvoly Cy Cleat the same eegunent works for k= Jeting a) = Tea = 2s and to the probe eo. In patel 9. Divide the colts ito 4 groups, each outing £00 coins and Aenote the total weights of the coi i each af theve groupe by ‘Aveda, Ay Ay. Compare i with ae atid dy with Ay es ty tes tha al posible ease ede tothe lowing thee (6) As = Aa, Ay = Au. Then the 2 fal col ein the sane ‘up, and the sum of ther weight x ogsl ta the sa 2 Fea oi nis cae two weghings a ulin 0) Ay = Aa, Ay > Aa In ths ase we forth 2 ve groups, ‘ting th et group with Ue econ ene andthe hd wh "he fourth Comparing the weight of these two groupes we ‘ely ave a an acer. In hese, thereoe, 3 weghigs se sulin. (6 Au > Aa Aa > Ae In this stoaton hire ase two pon ike Either the hear eon Inthe ft group end the Tight oe in the fourth group, or the ear coin ie inthe third group aod the ght ont in the second. Comparing the sighs of Ay and tg, we kno which of this two eulbeaee wretrein. Afterwards we compare Ay yi tay td We obtain the nal arawer. In this cae we no # weighing 10. Since the sea perneter ofthe rangle 1/2 Hs ae, secrdingISSR OLYMPIAD 1999 to Herons orm, )G-)G-) s-Vale om this andthe fact sha 6 6= 18 lo hat 18s? = 1-4 aa 4 Suaring both sides ofthe equation & 44-4 e= we ge tha ad efor, ‘rom which we obtain the nessa inequality Remark. If ete are the sides of triangle and port eetpeietr, the vad of the iscribd ee and he the eneueribed cele rexpetony then He ksown that a te the rots of qustion love this using rgonometry.) Henee the following Therefore, we see at the give inequality is exact 11, (a) The sateen in section (a) tthe ce m = 9 = 1 ofthat in ection (b], Nevertbelss, we present a dict geometsicl root af thi inaqualiy Lat yh, ho doo the distances Selutions a igra beow) Then kay = (Ao Hh), and thesore (ee the seco diagram Aree ADK + Atte ROK = Arse AM Ares ADE + Ave BOM = Area KEAN. we ATOLALK = Aton BLK. Ie AOLALK + AntQ2NK = Area KN DL'> Avea'K 9 Awan, ACoA. < Ares ALK + Area BK,6 _ USSR OLYMPIAD 1989 Sita Area LAW < Area DEM + Area MING. Consequenty “tren DEA + Area MC Ares ABCD ~ Area XEN Tarefore : Area Lat < 1 Area ABCD. Then AK = 0A0, and OM = @CD. Lat $, = Aron MB. Analogous, we obtae 5) AreADEC = ae (1a) 188 AK MD, then = Aes AMK + Ara DA Area AM + (1a) AwaCDA = adit (ta) Solutions 84 Area BOM = 082+ (1~ ob Area KEM = Arta KEAF + Asa CANN, BwaKiat ~ 1 treakiw 7! oe ed efor, Area Kan = a(t a) | ata} Substituting expressions for S182 S14 n terns ofa ater obvis wansormatons we eve he esos lob +e 20) 1a) eh tad ve> 0 and BALM > ad +,‘USSR OLYMPIAD 1999 Solutions 29 In oder t prove the ir ofthese negate, note that quae, ob cd 2 mine) -(b+4) = minfae) 8 > a 2 since $ >a and $ > eFurthernore, | edhe < mantht)-fo+e) mashes aw x9 mast d)-(bd) 1 orn 2 tie buna Unmnen,Pherelore (Vs 1 tod 12, Aer: one 11 square i enue Now, +1 oreo (v9 2h th 2, 3 5,68, 9,1 12, 14 15,17, 18 20,21, 29 (fe given 29 28 sguae, The total of 82% 1 cll wl be Priced: Note ha his uber odd, The 22 and 33 suces u VT 1) 41 ‘unten be ued And i indeed, ponnble to form 028 28 obviously rains m= 2k-+ 1, then 1a the digran one way of forming 4 20 23 wgure with oly one = 282 + (46 = VD {ict squat shown. Tho 9x 1 rectangles mint be further divided , beeen Into 3% squares and 2 12 rectangle mate vided into 2 2 ‘so rations ork > 1 snc gy —(0) Anawers no conditions ofthe problem. We fist prove that 0 and Fi 0. Th forexanple, «= 0 then bos tobe diferent fm zero ad, since = (0204) (044) 3 follows that bration, which contrat the conditions a the problem ‘The sdentity impli thatthe amber 2? rational. Sine 2? 0 rom Pea EAE EBM O HY) 1 ols at dhe number 0+ aio, Thi conte fiction, 14. Lat untrue a etangalr system of cardia om the ceiling, ‘ith te origin atone of scorers ad the axer gong ln Cortesondng edges ‘Take I metre the nt of oth oe on) Solutions te 2" Chasy ly sont of the ingle pint (23])- The fu points of I are shown in the dingren atone the ist connate ro ts ocaton iat kar /2 0 (241)/2 ad lndopendonty it ea change tho sco coordinate yi thar 2 fr (y+ 4)/2 La show thatthe spider ca jp to ay pot of the nt My afer «jumps. We prove this by indvtion. For k= 0 and ain Seton eae nd sinlay nd 1s tht fy tC tn ting ha i First solution. Let ur denote the angle of the rotation by a, a (D, BC. B'C, respectively an le P ad Q be the‘midpoint ofthe side CD and the base AD respectively: In the {loving dingran one pone rangement ofthe pits shown Then 1 i a common perpendicular to BC and AD, end MP = PQ. Abonethety wth conte D and scale hor ALC.A' onto QP. repels. Thorfr, ro }ac=lwe= re LOPK = (ACH = Siac MP = PQ-~ PK, the points MQ, leon ace with enn tte and CQMK ~ IZQPH =. tus pove that QM = Nove that GA” a ftnget neo the cleo ads WC with fnise ©. Since N= AFC, the pot 3 ton hi ctl, and the theorem above the angle between a chord and a tangent we have that ZQMN = AMEN = 8 Thus /QMK = LQMN. Moreover, the points © and K aston ‘esate nid ofthe line MG. Hence the pointe 11. Be o the Bu the solution i not aver yet. We conser ony ae posible ‘rangement of pits, bt ote are posible. For example, whet ould happens the angle of rotation were bigger? The lst stage of ‘ocr snuton would be to chek thoroughly Eaton arguments Solutions 2 ‘ho ot depend onthe dagram. And indeed they donot. Wo omit ‘hes omideraions hr, but sted we presente second solution for which such considerations ar nt needed thot ibe pont Af cine wit te origin and he pots 2 and © 2°50. Then and D wil be represented by the complex sunbers the plane throush the aigle a. ‘hen the point 1” wil be repre sented by the complex number we ooo tm a 4 Ths inde the can, ine 1 perpendauae toad therfore s+) mat be ae tip f= «Pn UssR OLYMPIAD 1989 16. The gee MM, Aly the following diagram EHH sho palygont Mya 5; which canbe divide inka Dc eetanges nenacily may frm od nd even, expel. To prove thi we that if we dite the call arog A and C om the diagram from My the remaining polygon ca be divided into vetagles in wig way fe eet fom Bf the cl arhed abd 8, than we obtain a Ths, mo denote [Mate number af Allee ways in which the polygon Ms ean be divided into 2 Hliteak 25 fom which the rest lms ‘on << Tos oltons 35 sole 10" 0,00065025... < + < 10" 00005027 “Tis inmuityhasolusins i the set of integers only Foro? wetave to soliton: = 026 aad =~ 127 (aso 220) ~ 190° 22 SsSitgnee Fin thet ae | ‘ evo = “60, so tht £0 Se the bet of DEF 19, Let £ and P be the points common to the given spheres thoughwe ‘ssn OLYMPIAD 1999 “Then the point @, whch the election ofthe pot in the ine (0,04, i alo common to the 2 spree. is pall 10 0103, ‘of tse spheres fae 1 BD!" b the projections ofthe pints D.C onto the ine ‘AC. Since the main O; of the weginat BC projets ono the Innit of the chord AB, which coleien with the midpoint of the negient 270, we have the equality Ad” = BG" Silly tne can prove the squaty CD" = BG Frou thee equity, Without los of generality, ansue Hiatt broken ne (path) tical plane and enc oft segments makes an angle of 4° withthe Iovieoeal line AB. et us define the rues according Ko wih the trae with equal cotant spend a lines ‘the same direction because the other forced to lave ot gain ‘tude, then the tout tne sed gos bck with the sane Solutions x Weshall ow formulate a mime of oberations which low om the rue, (a) a ny ime jut oof the out aces a verter of the trol lint she conte to vein the sae dire ‘onto the horizontal ine AB moves in the same direction) while the other min urn bake (b) bork ois reach verti tthe ame tne hen they bot Contin to mave nthe directions. That the ours cantat both hrm back atthe nme tine, sed ey met they ae forced ta pacar ster. This con only be at verter fn the lope Ayden ted the seed on he ape Ay Ase. The Ihotnn of the tous can tom be retried an ecpnnce of For example, the motion ofthe tourists on the mountain chan ‘Been inte flloving dng wil be given by «sequence 0.6) + 25) +03) +0.6) 2.6) 1,9} -+ (1.4) > 4) = 8.4) 4s) aya = (62) (63) 6.3) +05.2) 6.0. Wesay that thesia) eighbour of) the sours ean mae io (3) roa (hy), mosng In one athe ther ection. ‘tea A et) bra eho af )), then (a) 8 gone ff) Brey teeter than (2a) and (oy has exactly 00 gitou, while (ce) and (ot) have only oe neighbour echPs USSR OLYMPIAD 1989 Let (9) and (0) be aeighbours We noticed eae thatthe tours camtot simultaneously ars back. Therlore ty ano! etn ote sat 3) hy bane jst moved om (3) 10 (bh, ‘Wocaim tht nostate can appear twice. Suppor on the contrary {hat (ut) inthe Bn nate that coer trie Clay i eannot be hn) or lor) sins it were only neighbour wold appear sine Ut a (ii (== (msm) al) 6.8) = In ithe ome both neighbours of (1) appear before (1) appears fev the second time And in both ces th site (ya) iret from (&). Whar (lt) appears forthe second tine, wil be spproachl either rom (6,3) 0 fom (men). Therefore oot ofthe righbours of (E,2) wil sppee forthe cond tine bee (1) des We hve n poe states and no sate cn oecurtic. For every ate other dha (m1), the ours ue nove ad hey ca ever return Therefore stag om (Lom) hy st Bish at (1 oc arbitrary postive yx ating the equation sye(aty 2) = we have Ge tslinted= (ety belptaes Lar 2e This ineguity becomes an equality, when for example = tay evant 22. Let Ai days be the vertices of the pophedeon. To start sith, we plea ow abies on ach ee ofthe polbedeon Suppose that tbe vert As poled at by ny actos. Way that ‘vetoes ots pointed thy an od mune of arows, The ‘unl tothe muber of edge ofthe plyedsn, whach i even oy Inpothei od vertices east, atu Slt a pir of sch vere sayy sea We tne fom ove tothe other Alor the edges of the oyhdeon changing the dvecions of alarrows rough wich oot Av aren he vertices and 4 cen tobe od, while the Character of the rst ofthe surcharge. Applying hi operon ebm were ch eto, then enong i vale 108, 18)-..500, here mould be a mini oo, sy f(a} ma > 1 Not hat Ino +1) fva)= FF(00~1) + slv0-+1))2 41> A ‘Therefore, ((n9+1)) > fae). which implies ha, f00) = flfte0~1))+ HUFm0-+1)) 2 14 Sl, ich i ot posible 2A, Let be the an of he pogon. Nowe that thee az at et as ‘Mechs il be ahd andl neo bay Delt, sce otherwise hey woul dive the pln to 3 parts ‘et we move along boundary nan anticlockwise dreton, war sng form one of the marin! points Aan endpoint ofthe median 'AD. (One ponte cave abown ind diagram) he endpoint of he mein 2 ie the mack poi fllowing Athen Cl be the marked point llowing D. Indeed, no otherUSSR OLYMPIAD 1999 ‘endpoint K of «third median can be between and D, since the ‘ther end of tht retinn, which hae to Intret as AD a 1BC, woul be between A and B. ‘Therelore ay two teghbouring ruedinns AD and IC frm a butted by which we understand 1 figure consisting of two tages AOE and COD, where © i {he pont of incersrtion of the medians AD and C." Note that ‘he arom of the two ranges 40H and COD af the buttery te the same, cane each of thm ater Being ade tothe ae ‘lin angle BOD becomes equal to 8/2. The aren ofthe buts AraABOCD = Jaysina + Ha z)(b~v)sina sana, whee a= AD, b= BC, LAOB = LCOD ~ a, x= OD, y= OC ‘Ths arn ethan Bonane a 1,021, 0 sine <9 nd regaive (for if they were both positive Area dW < AreacOD, di they were bth negative then Aven AO > AvexCOD), ‘obtain all butters med by neghbouring medion. The sam of "he ares of these butters, according to what wos proved eal Ie retains only to prove that auch butte comer the whole ao ‘ofthe plsgon for then $< 4 willow. Lat be a arian Erlang to any ofthe meds. Suppose that A i to the sight of AD, sf we look long AD fom A toward D. Solutions Ts point F, Uh endpoint of some median BF, wih that Met the leh of BF if we nak along BF from E toward F Since fr the ‘provioua median GH war il onthe ight the two medians EP nd GH form a uteri which inches A. ‘Ths the prot no competefd en Cou of Fru dase compe COMPUTER TOURNAMENT 1989 This tourmneet was organised after the USSR Olympiad in Informal ice was established, nd the Jury ofthe Mathematica Olympiad ob Served signin ft of mathenatiealy gifted sents fom the Math Olympiad tothe Ofympind in Informatie Unortaaatly bth slympiads wore sched approximately atthe sane tne dune the Sor spring bre in school stiee ‘here were wo double that al ‘mathematically ite as Ike computer very mie, an ome ofthe Und realy elt choice btm the to ely At the tative of the author, the Jury of the USSR Mathematiat (Olympiad ep in 180 the Cotter Tournament of the Mathematical Dlypi Due to this inti, Twas the Charman of the Jay of tht Tournament. The Jury ala cll potsinsl computer sists V Roahdestvensi and E Parte from the Moscow State Vive nd ETyrtyshnay for the nate of Comptational Mathematics ofthe USSR Reade of Sciences The lxoeeparipan of IMO A Avan seas atey member of ont tum sh al itaty and witht italy ‘rsteavery completed programs in alt al gramming anges We were so lucy that the Olplad of 1889 took place in Rigs in the ‘pit of Lavin frat bent to reson. Fey th shoo nL wat ‘relhequpped wih computers and soon the last ut nat te es ‘hat we had aot af elp fom the the tp Latvian compte scietts nd sins Peas in heist plac, who was the Chair ofthe Jury Of the Mathematica Olympiad ad fom many other people ioeeing ‘ehool- tached of thaw hoes where the Computer Touran tok The Computer Tournament was a separate competition fo the sine st denise gve tha an opporenity Yo cmmpee in hing probly with Ue noe of» computer without going to ther eltpied. Aout 8 ‘ofthe potspants took part ne with conaerable interest” On en ws to compe psbiens which were mathemati! and euch tht thet soltions neni the ie of computer en some stage, Such &slion ‘sualy have two components, theoreti sn cnaptatonal, A student Nad est to ave cetain mathematic! paoben, nnd acon ta com pute thre tert examples in senrdance wth wha she/he proved. The fest munats were uw to the stents tl they ha ice he ‘rose fall hres stowers wee cores, he sgorithn was conic to Be programmed correct If aly one of two ster weve tne tt tate ao got some pints. Te was no a pine parame but tere ‘os a Line lint fo erry guton. Since the coupaters were so slawISSR OLYMPIAD 1989 students ba o write really smart algorithms o beable to compute the ‘hid st exarge r Computer Tournament 5 PROBLEMS 1. Given pair of integers (0.8), we ae allowed toad thos 190 runbers to write the su a bnseed ofa ob oobaln one the pis (o.0-+) or (2 + 8.8) Design an algorithm that ‘come pes the st possble munber of sue transformations nec {> obtaln a pa contaning the worer 8200 starting with he Pair (1). Wite dwn the computer progam snd enter int the (st sumer: 8 = 70; 805 1980), {V Rondestvenel, Mosc) 2. The sequence (an) i goes by & Compute en fr nS correct to decimal paces {test miners N= 10520530) 8. A sequence (5) is sil to be pride f for some A and 7 the tavnion sy = rer bls fr evry n> A. Tn lat ubere MY ‘7 with thi property st be the length the ela {Lat Je) be a function mapping the set of positiointges no Sa. A sequence (en) debeed by ts Setter =) and he euation yy fey) form > (a) Prove that, I bounded, ee sequence (cn) pero (©) Bind so slgorihon that campaten the length ofthe ieee Dav A? andthe period 7 for the given sequence with the Property thatthe number of comparons equed s Hnets Fanction af the maim of thee oo moms (©) Progam your algorithm into the compute forthe function {tah whan alae ot xt semsindar on iiding se) ty i ee ie ays Eade? (Tet somber 4 = 5; 66; 12045678) (Gu Neste, A Sto; Moscow)we 5. OLYMPIAD 1989 sowuTions 1. Let (31,8) bo ape af tubers, which ean be obtained fom te pe (1,1) The nested to ge om (1s) to (84) ean Be ecotruted since i > b the pa (0) can ony be obtained ‘fom th pir (08). Bor ay paar M starting wth (4,1) ed gang backwards if me veac (1) we can cout the nabs of {Gnnfrmatons requ Since (M,N) and (—M3) give the same pai (W — Mf, ) afer the tat ap of the reconstaton, ie ict tot only the rmbore A between Ian [9/2 Whe greatest common divisor of MF and Ni not 1, we will ver ft tha pai (ot) during the escoeatretin. Theoret pays {ha the pie fatriaation of ¥ His Anwwers for test examples: 15, 16,18 2, The number has no exc epee on computer and inv termpraunaly r= ary Ene hat sundae patng aan: sanqueny we il bain ky me be ‘on end fel = we 16 initial error will be multiplied 120" Ooty nck cmptatin i deqate een i we conte with me pesion Some theoretical delibertions aren oder, Starting withthe wel: row fora stant aa iis ea to show by Induction that “(et met eee) we BDA HTH Pinging the wummands, starting fiom the fist term, we set mae tnd pang them, tating fom te scot term, we get cee iis opprozimation allows sm to carry ont the revese ‘Spun yang the formal r Computer Tournament py sd starting rom, sy = O. The id ht fn ti a ee Inia ero pn ich ines than 0.1, wl be dime teach ep being divided by and in dv course wil cone epi, ‘The rounding errors om mot peeonal computers don ened we Answers for test examples: 00838... 00855. 00512 ‘8. Fist we compare the uber zy and ay for = 1,2, tine fifa pie whic coincide. Let be the allot star ber for which 4 = se Clearly, fi the smalest ripe of 7 wich BE prester than Ml Thar Mekemer ‘This requre no more han A +7 comparons. Next, me compare the samen yan sya, for t= 1.2 aad find the stale umber such that 24 = 244 Ths wil be ul othe perio P This eqs no more than 7 comparians. Final, we compare te umber 25 and ayer for j= 1,2, 1036 the salle umber sich that zy = joy then M = j— 1. We need 8f compatnons Tae all we ned no mare than 2(M 7) compare. Answers for test examples: (31.7) 8,10, (18), (125,18.pen+i _ gant st 6" | af 7 *USSR OLYMPIAD 1990 9 Forme Fe oy 2. Aline paning though the mipoins of two apposite siden of = eorex quer fern equal nglet wth boll agonal. Prove ‘hot the lengths ofthe aga re equal (A Andanns, Riga) 1b) Doss there ext a square wth ths proprty? (6 Bie) "et bing fr a aged dato wih one mann spotty seel uss OLYMPIAD 1990 Problem 53 9 FORM 0 FORM, Second dey First doy ‘5. Through an artitary point imide rangle, tho Hoes parallel to the ides of the tilagle ate dren. They die the side into segment of length essanens by bya e1eea shown below Prove that axbier = aabiea~ eb (8 Chink, Khir) 6, Two bays ve laying» game Th fit boy choos thre arbitrary Tene zero numbers ‘Te scond iter sem forthe str the (union ce? ve-ta 0 na arbitrary oder Tho fist players nieve the winner the enn quadate equation has two ‘datintrtinal root. Prove that be a Wi (A Bertin, Rigs) 17. ind the maxinum a ofthe erpresion betes eel eal = em where 4220-0 a tint natural ues betmecn and Toso (0 Rogopolsty, Novosbisk) An eaters til, whe sides are of ag meat nto ‘Slater ingle howe sides are of rth 1 by Tins parallel to {Mid A broken ln drown so tat ts edges go along the nes ofthis fete, he roe nef ot loved, and passes through Silverton ofthe latin excty once Prove tata Teast eps of Teighbouring eg ofthe broken ne have an sete angle Deoren (A Bersih, Hig) 1s i pnb colour tho calf 1900 2808 aqua gid in ‘ack oad whit, so that dis soetee wih spect tote ene the ge have dileen colors, atl at each eam and ‘ach row Ba of the cls are back and af of the cll ace white? (0 Agahanov, Mascon) 10, Let aan. be pine nambers, whose nun 1. Prove that (© Toesin, Mosom) 1. Os the side AB of a conor quadilteral ABCD plat, de feet tom the vertices ie cone. 'The spmnts AC and DE litre at point F- Prove tat the cicles rewmscribed about the tangles AC, CDP and MDE have a como poi Ckuptar, Moscow) 12, Two grahoppen sz siting tthe endpoints of the spent [1 Anite umber of points ofthe segment (atleast ora re ma, ‘ving [1 io ite amber of tara A greene can choose anyone of the ark points and jump fer 0 the poit which i the sme distance fom the ches ‘hick point his previous lcation was provided that thi point an bong tothe segment (1) In ore move the gresopper. tier jump simultaneouly according to this rule eke one of them jmps and the ther stays bere What eth salt somber of moves needed to ensare tht the trmaoppem occupy locations ithe sme intra tit wit no are pots Between ec (6 Konyagin, Moscow)fe ISSR OLYMPIAD 15 Prob 36 sa FoR 11 FoR Second dey Fist dy 18, Find alntge sation f the equation (al fel +~+ Ga (S Reanicanko, Mosom) 14. On the side Avs and ApAy of reploe2o-gon Aya. Aw Dns Raid are chon, respective, 20 that CA Anaad! = ran, Pome tht A ayyaebe bisetor of te angle Ka (0 Aeshanor, D Teresi, Moscow; DFomin, SPeterdburg) 15, In commer polygon ll diagonals ae drawn Bach side and each ‘lagoon! colored in one elour that no ese broke fine, hose vertio are alo erties ofthe polygon, 1 cloued inth one colon What the lrg number of ertes for which Thi pole? (A Andes, Riga; D Flas, Novos) 16. tn the plane point yan m vectors, ne giv. The Mow of thane vcore. Buch permstation dd of thee Sectors deiner tet of pots yyy s-vy = Ao ch tak Prove that this existe a permutation fr which the points A, Hao ae lead nde o on the en of ome OO” angle wth Ht ‘erie atthe pant (S Avgutnavie, 8 Sevatyanor, Novosibirsk) 17. Tw common tangents of wo inereting cies met at pint AU Let bes pit of itrsction of the two ese and © ae ‘D We the points a which one ofthe tangent toutes the cic rove thatthe ive 40 5 tangent to the cele psig thro Cant. (aSharyen, Moscow) 18, Suppose we are sven 190 ple, costing of 1,2, 80 soot, respectively. In ene move i posible to choow several (maybe ‘one) ples nd vemove fron each chown ple an equa nue of Sones. What Ir the lett possble number of over noted ‘eeore all tones fom al ples? (0 Agahanor, Moscow) 19, All coelicints of quadratic polynomial f(2) = a2? + bx +e postive, abd +b re=1 Prove tat the naqualty Hes)-vo- He) 21 forall postive mmbers 2... ang 4-39 = 1 (0 Fomin, Se Potrsbura) 20, A cate, with the go of length 100, composed of one millon ‘tear whe edge or teem grid. Any 3 ani ‘lges with common vertex call fae, le pomible to Alcompare the rid into fan with no enon age (A Berra, Rigs)ISSR OLYMPIAD 1990 FORM sicond day 21. For whieh postive eters vis the number 909 — P44 ge (© Poin, St Patebors) 122, A pair of eige of tetradron are eld opposite if they donot Inve come vertes Late be the mininal dtacebetwern two fpposte edge of 4 tetaodron, and be is tna aie Prove tat 25> h (A Slope, Mencow) 23, The flowing uation with exter cofcets ix writen on @ aboard: Oe "Two players are plying gat. In one move te fest payer Conse n unber and tbe wrond player pu Ht istead of dots into one ofthe vate pees Aer thre moves te ge is oe, {Note tet tbe fe plaes chown numeri ea of the thee tnoves) Ist pawl for the fst player to choose thee mies ‘ho wil cere thee disc integer soot forthe equation, wo ‘nates hw the second player plays? (0 Bering, Ria) 24, Wo are sven dn ois, ong which exact af ofthe oi fe unter All genuine cine have equal weight all counterfeit ‘sin lo have egal weights but counteftcin Higher than eine one Show bow to determine al counter exis inno ‘nore han 3m weighing, sing a balance witout igh {i Kurbndehi,D Poin St Peterabues) Solstions sowuTions, Ind, (ayes at ad F be the mioints of AB and CD, and It also dX be the points af intersection of withthe diagoeala AC S50, eespetively ‘There are two lightly ferent ene a the it of intersection of the dingooals ean be above or below ‘We'll conser oly the Best eae Denote the midpoint of AD by $. Since AC i paral to SP, wwe have (CMF = CEPS and CONE = PES. It koown Uhat ZOaTF = B08, throne ZEFS —LPES and th tne BSP i toscee wth SF = SE. Bit SF and SE ave the mites Inthe tangle ACD and DBA, bee AC = DB lat dena the numberof commision wot, and ety deoote the munber of eommisions, among whe members ar ed vel as eneies. Than 2 +9 = SEZHEB = 060 each nator ‘rites down lita ll his commision, in which the other two Ines ar bol is ends or both is nari, heen it of Ey 2 ~ 268 comminion. Ite lit ace combined herese ‘USSR OLYMPIAD 1990 il be 90 268 ~ S140 commisions, Bach commision, whist Toembers ae elie all frends or all eves, wil be mentioned {ire timer, whl the aters wil be tmttionsl eniy ence each Hence Sry = SDA. Solving the pir of Kar equtins in = and some dd tht = 1000, 4 (a) Ys thee dons an the diagram (0) Yes there dos, It sleet to sete the rectangle shown {i the dngrm unlit becomes «squae. ‘The polygons wil 15, The segments mins Inthe statement to be proved are the Sis of the hoe sie tangle sade a the digran, From the vnilasity ofthese ingle lows that iar Therefore theft equity proved. ‘The proof of she second sina Solu Ey 6. Its suicent for te fit player to ehawse the numbers 1,2.~3 or anyother distinct noraeto sation tuber aby whose uk Sezer. The, regard of the choke of the second player, the umber 1 wilbe a rot of the polynomial andthe other oat will tito be ratio. ‘The other roah of as? bee 0 will be ofa ‘sich dirt fom tas ae Sines for > 0, y > Othe inequality e— yl < mae) bois by [sll ~ al = eal 0S manfen 28th sd hones she maximum vl of tis expresion no rete than 1500. Bot i cannot be 190, ste Ks pasty eae the parity of | the sum 2) fyb 2ipm = 2 Fs 1980 = 05 1 | However, 1089 can be acer the fioming example shows W.-H 2— 41-13 ~ A = (ah 2) ~ (Ae +8) +3) — (48 + 3) — ~ 1986 ~ 08 — 1959] 1987 ~ 1860) 1 = 101900] ~ 1] = 1980. f 8, Ther are (n+ 1)(-+2)/2 veto af the nti, hones the broken Tne has (n1(02}/2-—1= (02432 de. ee sade tence ofthe latin the ptr showin the digrar Ia all we obtain 14.24. t= (2 +0)/2 sad stags, Note thot each ee ofthe broke ne goes lng he side of exactly one ‘ade tangle. The dierence betwen the numb of edgedthe nubs of shade ranges ual 0 (n2+3n)/2~(02 4) = rnthor a leat shaded tings contain a pai of edge of broken line whieh mur be adjacent. The angle betwee the edge 8. Noi imposible, Consider an atiteary clouing of the 1990 1090 ri, with symmetric ells pte i diferent colours Let write +1 in each black cll and 1 in each white ne, Divide the (Bid ita daguares Ay, da, ya of ditenlons 999% 095 ae shown fn the diagrams ae 98 ach of thee squares contains a od munber of so the sum of the number ntl each square nro. Stee symmetric clle ‘ontainoppositenunber, te mn of the umber i quater, {ind Aavau'ella the rum ofthe mbes squnesgand Ay ‘Sun oan, Th thes ofthe numbers a of he 4 raves Prt, an thee squaer a not symuetic mth respect to the ‘Sint Suppo, for example, tat 4y any hae postive sub Then ina least one rw of he nt 905 ro there ate tore lack cells han wt, wich a eotenition, 20. Sines = (oy — 09) + (02am) +04 (Oman) + fan an) =0, Solutions ‘Using the folowing obvious inequality 11, Portwotines and ets denote by 2 the last ange Prough hich ti mesa to rotate f locke to obtain ie paral {oF Ieisweltinown hat, given tye noeelinearputts 46 ay plat, diferent from 4 and Cw eoncylc wit A B aad Cifand only if Z(AB, BC) ~ Z(AD. DC). Looking a the dee fam below, not that a such formation we make dsteton Seren the cc wie Inogs tothe ae Aan he at We na ih frm af hi wel horn to aed consid tng oo ary ese Due th i role we pal diagrams, "a ISsR OLYMPIAD 1990 a) Suppo thatthe ccs ccumesbed about tangle ABC finl CDF interctnho at pot K diferent fom © (oo {he neat diagram for one posible arrangement ofthe dele). All etl to prove is that the points B,D, B, Kare con {ele Tho satement ie tue 3 colneen with I OF D, 30 ‘So may sun that KZ B and KD. The points C,F,A [Tesdotnc pois on ne and be points Cae dain Ponts on acl, yielding XA. Thus Wf diferent from We know that MAC.CK) = {(AB, BK) and QEC.CK) = ED,DK), LEB ,9R) = HaB.BK) ~ (ACC) U(PC.CK) = £(FD,DK) = L(ED,DK) nd therfore B,D, are indeed conc. (0) 1 remains only to conser the eave when the crcunseibed ticles about 26 and CDF have onl one common point C Inthe eae they ae tangent nteraly (ee iagr) 1k ic sicint 10 prove thatthe pnts B,C, D.E ace con {jl Denote by i the poi of hteroction af he sequent Sc withthe eee creunsertvo about the tangle CDF ‘The rangle ABC and FMC are omotheie with conte af omotety C, an the cotiient of owothety equal to the Sobaions 8 Ii follows thet £ABC = LEM. The points and D, and therefore the points MF and D, ison ferent see of the Sagonal AC, Hecate ABCD ie convex Since the qn lateral CDP epee, LEME 4 LEDC = 160" Hence ZABC + LEDC = 180° aod the qundelatrel BCDE is oo svete 12, The marke pont divide the segment (1 ito salle sent, seas to verify tat the points 9/23, 17/28, 19/23 are mark, ‘tis imponie forthe gashoppers ta jump ino the sare nea {hay can aways apper Inthe largest interval wo one Ts ‘afcont ta prove thin onl forthe gripper ting at: he ‘ene proof wil be vali fr theater grasshopper or eosin the ‘nevor image ofthe fterval ith rept to 1/2). Let fy] be the get eral (fthre ae weveal teva feng chee an arbitrary one) If < sy the grasshopper can Jump into this ‘eter im one move, amping form O to 20: If > , comer the Segineat 9/2 (a+ )/2] of length. By the mama of + {his semen contains st stone med poet 9 Jumpin fom 11029, the grasshopee wil appear inthe itera fa». + 11st natn the intra faa) ater jump over the pine it willbe 18, Anewor: = Sit ei clear that = is x patural camber which i nt ger than TOOL, hence = < Bt and this the rummands [el form = 6 caoe ‘USSR OLYMPIAD 1880 Se omitted Bach number x < Bean be represented in unave wey mace Sted pe ditd.2t be Th wbwee athe dye ate Tovegatve inepes nach thie <5, 624,02 dS 201 Substituting this expression for into the giv equation we ge Oi 416 + de + 34 += 1001 Since 416-4106 344 € 20, we ane that 800 205 < 1001 and The . srhich ples 8 = 4 and soon: giving @= d= 2, = 0, Th, Dp aiea ay a4 2 B84 14. Comsidr the regular 2e-gon 8B. Bay obtained fromthe ela Secgon tds Ags by the howotbeey with cate dy and wale factor 2 (oe te Sagar for» = 3) SSSR aa Ral are conn, se ey ba Brin n/n = s/n = LK Ane: ‘Thareave ICN Aqsa Ansa Ay al the sttemen is prow Sots ls {etn be the nuner of verti ofthe given polygon. Sine the problem satu dealing with grat beter not to di sh beten sides and tonal nd we shall eal the pnts Tet us prove fist, that i the conditions of she problem testi fe the the munber of segieats of each calaur does nat exo SL Suppowe that segues are coloured these color ay green Weshall nd green led token inte posing rough ver tie To doth, we rrnove the verte one by on fn wich only one gree segment originate, alone with the geen ment (bat not the other vertex ofthis segment). Inily the ine of freon seins ad the saber af vetoes were equals they wl ‘eran ater each te o the procedure, We antinue thi process slong as posible (f course the proces terminates evenly. But what do we bave a theand? Tes ipostibet ese all egrets sal vertices Tadeed; muppore that a vertex A and green segnest AB were the lst to be deleted” ‘Then the vertex Bunt en renved fale But thi ot posible sige at the moment of ts dleton "here would have Donat est wo gree sepmentsoisating fom 'B-"Than we cans delete all vers td ur proces termine: hes we dacover tht at lat two greet seponts orate fom { ecnining verte, Bat in te tieaion i iy sous That tence oop ent te total an ago has (I) /2 sgn aden sd agonal), th ne obtain the equity (nef © le), ad ben = 2k Herma ony to show that fr n= 2 the eed ong exits Lots abe regular 2-gon 4y4p ge ad colour the broken ne Aya, aat-n— Aadays With the Bet calor We ‘lou the broken line abtained ty rotating his broke lie though lngl swith the th colour Beenie the rotation i aly 4 ‘onvecint way of desrbing the colouring x sane method wor for now rogue polygoes alt votre did ating rom Ay. Sef = he the sth vector that we thy rotating 8 eackvie Since the sum of the vets zr, the ale betwen wo sue ss ile than 160 Theor the ere {ion Bid ies ww corner polygamy ym re n= he For conseninee of notation me sen thal he rectors yay were atranged in th order a the very bepening. Tl tthe be convenient tet dag = Ai ISSR OLYMPIAD 1990 Consider all angle, whove verti ae ako verte ofthe poly fou and lt Ajay where © k-<1 be the one among then wth {he largest aren ‘hvough ech vrex ofthe tingle Ay Anas dao ‘in poral tothe oppo side (ee Saga), ‘hase lines ters a points J, Ky Ls shown. Prom the as Inality of the ares of 4yAvAr He Slows that all vertices of the polygon le side the ingle TK, Osherwie we could ind © Tenge with aren greater than that of vy athe dlagram the re ofthe dotted nage A Aac eeater tha te area of Avda) Sine the n-gon Aa.» dn conse, the brokan tne yea Aue ise the tangle AyLAy. Let ws wow reverse the ode of the recone Inthe sequen... Then the ner broken ln orespanding 1b the new peraton of wets wil be Anode Aa AA here the now agent ASA a... A is symmetec to the okt Tameut Aytyers cy wil epee othe mipoit of yay The Seemeat AZ, 0 A wil now e inde Ans. We reat the Stine perdi with the wepmentsAadngn Acad Arps Ay er which al points ofthe broken tne A, Ay Awl i in ‘Se AyAudt Again we assume tha the veto iy Eq were ‘veanged in tis order tthe very begining wel ot teed ‘Ove ofthe angles of Aya, Sey CAAA ls tan oF equ 10 6", Is cer ow that the fllowng eee penmatation ‘ofthe vectors satisfies tho oqurd condition. 17, The two gota cc re homothete with Aa the cane of sini tide Hence the angle CAB and /AD that send homotheie tes CB and DD ate eqn ‘Tuning our atention tothe cl pang rough #,C,D we nate thatthe equality £AB@ ~ ADIT pcs tha af tagent to "he dele posing through B, CD. Alter every move we shall gather pes with equal mumbo of tones Into woups For instano,eapty ies wil form oe ofthe groups oped that as acta ine thee ae groupe ve reone a qual nner of stones fom ple, longing to Fillet groups the these pies wll gui represent ile groups The vest of the ples represent ne diferent groups. Tus the total mut of {rouge afer the nove wil ot be les han tax(, m4). Heo the Timber af diferent groups decease na frter than te sequence 95,498, 240,125, 68,32 1,8,4.2.1oo ‘USSR OLYMPIAD 1990 swe hve to make at east 11 ov et my be the move in which me came n tone rom each pile onuiningm stones ot tore: Ee eat to Gack tat the IT moves Note tat ify =, shan f(eu) = ebb-+e= 1 To proeed fren, trershall prove thst for ay postive 2,9 the flowing inequality Tele He} Ho) > (rev a Indeed if we denote FF by, the sa) -F00) VE =a et = 28) Hey) HPL DE ety tay? 26) ae? 492-282) tele t= 22) = a5 — Van ale 9 bE VI 20 Now forall equal os omer of? we wl prove by inetion that feral pskives, =e Mer) Seg) 20 (FN Suppose this is ue for» = 28D ing the inductive hypoth ‘i and 1} we obtain Hen) Hewes) (en) Flee leg) oo Aza) > UR) ER)” doo the statement sa tre for = 2 Sppose now tha ni abiary, and 2y-—-ry = 1 Lat be the ute iteger nach that 2" 1 this number iscomposite dice 372" > 1 For = 1 518, which pre, 22, Lat he the length of the ate AU! ofthe eteabedron ABCD ran rom the vstex Ay and dbs the distance beeen A ae (CD. Lets dea ne trough the vertex B, pale vo ED, and onsier sho plane pening thong the vertex A perpendiclat wen. This plane contains the ate AH, nd it arate and CD at the pins Band Then the studs A and PO ofthe tangle (ABE ave egal han, respective Since the thd atte ofthe angle AE i ul oon of the lade of the tetrahedron ABCD, We eat be les thn There AF-S FE andmuss ony 1990 Which ie what wast be proved 23, Atuswer: yet pombe {twill be wef dorng the nation ofthis prob to ap ini Viet formas for neue equations nary i Ppa bor ten (eke ag) One ratey i follows At the beginning the et player chooses Tete sco player mn the eostnt ter ofthe equation, the eqtion wil = 1243) oF aGe-e-2)=0. the second plier pts 0 as the coeicent af 2 the equation with band cot Bed ot The fet player wilbedsbehe= Solutions shoots the munher ~(3 4.5)? and then, depaning on the move ofthe second payer, ather e=Dor b= Png gla ge This wil eul in the eghations ar —3-4-)le r 3-4 Grseraie- sno, oor Tater the move ofthe sco player the eqution i 22-400? + © 0, the fist plaer choses 6-7 and than either « = =49 oF 2508 a get the unions (e+2-1)e-3-T2-6-7) <0 2.6 Te L8G +68 ‘We sal rove by induction onthe even amber m that fm coins sce 0 fi kaon how mycin anon then ae ou tere thant pombe to etre l coarter cons orn =2 the statement i to sno eveything ean be deere ins IEeey have fret weights weeny sasay them and ace bs] =f the problem races othe ave probin fer n= 2 ci Suppose that the compared cons have equal weighs ‘Then we shal conpare tis pi of ois with anther pr I he welts ‘ll fou cota afer at wil be siti. Since [Bez] +35 7 il she role ods tthe pen fr nA coin thet pie ave eal neh we compare hese our cis with anf 1 thse wo set on in weg tense ist oc eo lasted an the pole gan sare: ton coi. If te tx Sethe cul weight we compare ne ih ca th aot Stand soon . at some stage ofthis procedre a group of 2" cine dies fam nator group af 2 cain, then te oof theft group (wh fe identical) can be clue, Since 2052] seme]