Chapter 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter includes discussions about related literature and studies as well as

conceptual model of the study and operational definition of terms.

Review of Related Literatures and Studies

Ordering System

Online Ordering, in the words of Experian Simmons (2014) it can be manual or

technological. Ordering system has been a part of doing business for ages, and has

developed alongside technology to provide powerful means of capturing, tracking and

shipping customer’s orders. Advanced ordering system can span multiple continents to

track and facilitate international orders, shipments and returns of a wide range of

product lines and consumer segments. Ordering system captures order data from

customer service employees or from customers directly, stores data in a central

database and sends order information to the accounting and shipping departments if

applicable.

In addition, according to studymode.com (2013) Ordering System throughout the

world has relied on pens and papers. Problem such as missing orders and information

sent to the wrong place arise. Furthermore, some could not able to handle the massive

volume orders. Under the old manual ordering systems, it takes up too much time to

process.
 Moreover, based on OPS Publishing (2013) Ordering System is a “mechanical” part

of inventory management. They are the programs that take forecast, actual orders,

safety stock, and other quantities and turn them into purchase orders of production

orders.

As a result, Ordering System is a condition of logical or comprehensible

arrangement among the separate elements of a group. It is a condition in which each

thing is properly disposed with reference to other things and to its purpose: methodical

arrangement. The marine product company has the advantage in having the ordering

system. With this kind of system the marine product company can have the

convenience of controlling the business process.

Inventory

As stated at businessdictionary.com (2016) Inventory is an itemized catalog or

list of tangible products or intangible attributes or qualities. It is also the of materials and

goods held by an organization: (1) to support production such as raw materials,

subassemblies, and work in process (2) for support activities such as repair,

maintenance and consumables and (3) for sale or customer service such as

merchandise, finished goods, and spare parts.

According to collins.com (2014) Inventory is often the largest item in the current

assets category, and must be accurately counted and valued at the end of each

accounting period to determine a company’s profit or loss. Organizations whose

inventory items have a large unit cost generally keep a day to day record of changes in

inventory (called perpetual inventory method) to ensure accurate and on-going control.
 In addition, wisegeek.com stated that Inventory is the total amount of goods and

products contained in a store or factory at any given time. Store owners must know the

precise number of items on their shelves and storage areas in order to place orders or

control losses. Others take an inventory system to ensure the number of items ordered

matches the actual number of items counted physically. Shortages or overages after an

inventory can indicate problem with theft (called ‘shrinkage’ in retail circles) or

inaccurate accounting practices.

In general, Inventory can refer to total number of products and act of counting

them. Most of the businesses rely on inventory count to provide answers and to check

the availability of the products to avoid shortages and overages in the business.

Monitoring

According to reinhausen.com (2014), Monitoring solutions measure and calculate

the most important operating states of the transformer and its components. This

enables to fulfill all current standards. Sensors can be connected via digital or analog

inputs. The operating states are displayed locally in a browser and can be sent to the

control room using conventional control system protocols. This is a perfect method for

monitoring the operating states of equipment.

Moreover, based on skf.com, Monitoring System provide updating and

monitoring for up-to-the-minute information to help the owner of the store to optimize the

operation of key production assets. It can be a complement with the use of periodic data

collection instruments, facilitating a proactive approach to reliability with around-the-

clock monitoring.
 In addition, wisemen.com (2015) stated that any element of monitoring system

that prevents the main domain functionality from working is inappropriate. Ideally the

monitoring is a tiny fraction of each applications footprint, requiring simplicity.

Therefore, the monitoring function must be highly tunable to allow for such issues

as network performance, improvements to applications in the development life-cycle,

appropriate levels of details and etc. Monitoring must be efficient, able to handle all

monitoring goals in a timely manner and within the desired period to be able for the

company to be more organized.

Management System

Management System based on businessdictionary.com is about documented

and tested step-by-step method aimed at smooth functioning through standard

practices. Management systems generally include detailed information on topics such

as (1) organizing an enterprise, (2) setting and implementing corporate policies, (3)

establishing accounting, monitoring, and quality control procedures, (4) choosing and

training employees, (5) choosing suppliers and getting best value from them, and (6)

marketing and distribution.

In addition, according to asq.org Management System is a formalized system

that documents processes, procedures, and responsibilities for achieving quality

policies and objectives. A QMS helps coordinate and direct an organization’s activities
to meet customer and regulatory requirements and improve its effectiveness and

efficiency on a continuous business.

Furthermore, thirstythoughts.com (2016) stated that a simplification of the main

aspects of a Management System is the four elements “Plan, Do, Check, Act”

approach. A complete management system can include up to twenty ‘elements’

covering every aspect of the management system and focused on supporting the

performance of the management system to achieve the objectives. The management

system should be able to improve its own performance by means of continuous

improvement.

Overall, Management System is clearly a framework of policies, processes, and

procedures that should use by business company to ensure that it can fulfill all the tasks

required to achieve its objectives. These objectives will be mix covering many aspects

for the business company such as financial success, safe operation, product quality and

client relationships.

Sales

According to investopedia.com, Sales is a transaction between two parties where

the buyer receives goods (tangible or intangible), services and/or assets in exchange for

money. It can also refer to an agreement between a buyer and seller on the price of a

security.

In addition, based onsalesvue.com in order for a Sales to track how much time is

spent on different sales activities, and whether the team is meeting the targets and daily
goals, it makes sense to look into the daily activities of each sales representative as

they interact with clients and prospects.

Moreover, www.investorword.com (2014) stated that Sales is the total amount

collected for products and services provided. While payment is not necessary for

recognition of sales on company financial statements, there are strict accounting

guidelines stating when sales can be recognized. This means that the company should

have already received a payment, or the chance of receiving a payment is high.

In general, Sales have a variety of uses such as grocery stores, apparel stores,

convenience stores, and other specialty niches have used point of sale. Not only are

businesses made more efficient, and profitable, customers have also the share the

benefits of point of sales. The premise of retail point of sales is to help streamline the

transaction and accounting process.

Web Development

Based on webopedia.com (2016), Web development can range from developing

the simplest static single page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet

applications, electronic businesses, and social network services. A more

comprehensive list of tasks to which web development commonly refers, may

include web engineering, web design, web content development, client liaison, client-

side/server-side scripting, web server and network security configuration, and e-

commerce development. Among web professionals, "web development" usually refers

to the main non-design aspects of building web sites: writing markup and coding.

Moreover, according to TechTerms.com (2015) a Web Development includes

many types of web content creation. Some examples include hand coding web pages in
a text editor, building a website in a program like Dreamweaver, and updating a blog via

blogging website. In recent years, content management systems like WorldPress,

Drupal, and Joomla have also become popular means of web development. These tools

make it easy for anyone to create and edit their own website using a web-based

interface.

Also, in the word of Jansen (n.d) he defined web development as broadly refers

to tasks associated with developing websites for hosting via intranet or internet. The

Web Development process includes Web Design, Web content development, client-

slde/server-side scripting and network security configuration, among other tasks.

Consequently, Web Development is a task refers for developing websites which

involves web designing. In the developed system Web Development was used for

updating the business owner’s information about their business and the client’s details

using website. It guided the researchers to manipulate the maintenance of the system.

And also, since the system is online, the researches needed the knowledge about Web

Development to the hosting of the system via Internet.

Data Management System

According to techopedia.com (2016) Database Management System (DBMS) is

a software package designed to define, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a

database. A DBMS generally manipulates the data itself, the data format, field names,

record structure and file structure. It also defines rules to validate and manipulate this

data. A DBMS relieves users of framing programs for data maintenance. Fourth-

generation query languages, such as SQL, are used along with the DBMS package to
interact with a database. In addition, based on IBM Corporation Database Management

System (DBMS) is essentially nothing more than a computerized data-keeping system.

Also DBMS is a set of related software applications that provide end users and

application programmers with a systematic way to create and manage databases.

Based on webopedia.com (2016) Database Management System (DBMS) is a

collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from

a database. There are many different types of database management systems, ranging

from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run

on mainframes.

Moreover, Howe (2014) assured that DBMS is a suite of programs which typically

manage large structured sets of persistent data, offering and had query facilities to

many users. It is widely used in business application.

A Database Management System (DBMS) as whole is a set of software

programs that allows users to create, edit and update database files and store and

retrieved data. In the developed system, the business owner and clients were able to

store the personal information and viewed the data on the website and can also allow

the owner to update the marine product details.

Normalization

Based onwhatIs.com (2015), Normalization is the process of organizing

the columns (attributes) and tables (relations) of a relational database to reduce data

redundancy and improve data integrity. Normalization involves arranging attributes in

tables based on dependencies between attributes, ensuring that the dependencies are

properly enforced by database integrity constraints. It is also accomplished through

applying some formal rules either by a process of synthesis or decomposition.

Synthesis creates a normalized database design based on a known set of

dependencies. Decomposition takes an existing (insufficiently normalized) database

design and improves it based on the known set of dependencies.

Additionally, according to studymode.com (2013) is a systematic way of ensuring

that a database structure is suitable for general purpose querying and free of

undesirable characteristics, insertion, update, and deletion anomalies that could lead to

a loss of data integrity.

Furthermore, according to techtarget.com (2016) Normalization is the process of

organizing data into tables in such a way that the results of using the database are

always unambiguous and as intended. Such normalization is intrinsic to relational

database theory. It may have the effect of duplicating data within the database and

often results in the creation of additional tables.

In general, Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database. This

includes creating tables and establishing relationships between those tables according

to rules designed both to protect the data and to make the database more flexible by

eliminating redundancy and inconsistent dependency.

ISO/IEC 25010

According to iso.org (2016) ISO/IEC 25010 is a quality use model of a product

quality evaluation system. The scope of application of quality models includes

supporting specification and evaluation of software and software-intesive computer

systems from different perspectives by those associated with their acquisition,

requirements, development, use, evaluation, support, maintenance, quality assurance

and control, and audit. The product quality model defined in ISO/IEC 25010 comprises

the eight quality characteristics shown: Functional Suitability, Performance efficiency,

Compatibility, Usability, Reliability, Security, Maintainability, and Portability.

As defined by cse.edu.ie (n.d) ISO/IEC 25010 identify software and system

requirements: validate the comprehensiveness of requirements definition; identifying

software and system design objectives; identifying software and system testing

objectives; identifying quality control criteria as part of quality assurance; identifying

acceptance criteria for a software product and/or software-intensive computer system;

establishing measures of quality characteristics in support of these activities.

In addition, based on arisa.se (2013) ISO/IEC 25010 describes a software quality

model which categorizes software quality into eight characteristics which are sub-

divided into sub-characteristics. The characteristics are manifested externally when the

software is used as a consequence of internal software attributes.

Thus, it includes the ISO/IEC 25010 as the international standard in developing

the system to test the convenience, efficiency and functionality of the system. And also,

the ISO/IEC 25010 will use as guide of the researches to polish the system

development.
Online Tile Ordering System for XDC Builders with 3D Representation

The Online Tile Ordering System for XDC Builders with 3D Representation is

developed by the students of Bataan Peninsula State University College of Information

Communications and Technology as a thesis proposal. This system helps both users in

saving time and effort instead of going to the physical store and to the factory outlet in

increasing their market sales. With it features such as virtual 3D presentation, users can

easily choose the best tile designs that match their homes. Furthermore, the system will

provide convenience to the users and promote practically in some aspect. The system

can maintain and store tiles information securely and the system can allow the user to

view and search for their desired tile design through the system gallery.

Online Tile Ordering System for XDC Builders with 3D Representation and

Online Ordering for Amanda’s Marine Product are both system that can access through

online. The difference between the two, Online Tile Ordering System for XDC Builders

has a 3D representation that can use by the user while Online Ordering for Amanda’s

Marine Product focuses only on ordering system that will satisfy the client.

Sales and Inventory System for Floor Center Using Barcode Technology

The Sales and Inventory System for Floor Center Using Barcode Technology is

developed by the students of Bataan Peninsula State University College of Information

Communications and Technology as a thesis proposal. This system focuses on sales

and inventory of the Floor Center. The system helped the company to monitor and track

all the products that goes in and out of the warehouse and assist the staff to reduce the

time consume the processing manually.

 Online Ordering for Amanda’s Marine Product and Sales and Inventory System

for Floor Center Using Barcode Technology are quite similar in terms of sales and

inventory. But the difference between the two, and Sales and Inventory System for Floor

Center Using Barcode Technology specializes visual monitoring and ordering from the

supplier. While Online Ordering for Amanda’s Marine Product can only modify the

details in the inventory and can add stocks and remove stocks through inventory

module.

Lazada

According to shopback.ph, Lazada is an online store that offers a wide range of

array of products that provide efficient and convenient online shopping experience with

the client nationwide shipping and easy payment options. Clients can shop anytime and

anywhere with their desired products like dress, books, electronic gadgets, shoes,

jewelries, hardware and beauty products.

Lazada and Online Ordering for Amanda’s Marine Product are both an online

ordering system that can satisfy the needs and wants of the client. Online Ordering for

Amanda’s Marine Product has also the capability to ship around Region III. Moreover,

the differences between the two, Lazada can offer a wide variety of different products

while the other system is exclusively with marine products only and also, Lazada can

cover a lot of payment method like cash on delivery, through credit cards and debit

cards, PayPals and others. While Ordering for Amanda’s Marine Product can only

accommodate cash on delivery method.

Software Requirements

This topic will introduce the minimum software’s of the Online Ordering System

for Amanda’s Marine Products. The software’s needed are PHP, HTML, CSS, and

MySQL.

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)

As stated in csitedu.com (2016) PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side

scripting language designed primarily for web development but also used as a general-

purpose programming language. PHP code may be embedded into HTML or HTML5

code, or it can be used in combination with various web template systems, web content

management systems and web frameworks.

Based on codeacdemy.com (2015), PHP is usually processed by a PHP

interpreter implemented as a module in the web server or as a Common Gateway

Interface (CGI) executable. The web server combines the results of the interpreted and

executed PHP code, which may be any type of data, including images, with the

generated web page. PHP code may also be executed with a command-line

interface (CLI) and can be used to implement standalone graphical applications.

Furthermore, according to tutorialspoint.com (2014) PHP is a programming

language that allows web developers to create dynamic content that interacts with

databases. PHP is basically used for developing web based software applications. This

tutorial helps you to build your base with PHP.

 In general, PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server scripting language, and a

powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages. It can be widely-used,

free, and efficient alternative to create a webpage.PHP is also one of the simplest

server side languages out there, and it was designed primarily for web development.

HTML (Hypertext Mark-Up Language)

According to developer.mozilla.org (2015), HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

is the most basic building block of the Web. It describes and defines the content of a

webpage. Other technologies besides HTML are generally used to describe a

webpage's appearance/presentation (CSS) or functionality (JavaScript). "HyperText"

refers to links that connect webpage to one another, either within a single website or

between websites. Links are a fundamental aspect of the Web. By uploading content to

the Internet and linking it to pages created by other people, it becomes an active

participant in the World Wide Web.

Moreover, based on w3schools.com (2015), HyperText Markup

Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web

applications. With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and JavaScript, it forms a triad of

cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web. Web browsers receive HTML

documents from a web server or from local storage and render them into multimedia

web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally

included cues for the appearance of the document.

In addition, as stated on html.com (2016) HTML constructs images and other

objects, such as interactive forms, may be embedded into the rendered page. It

provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for

text such as headings, paragraphs, list links, quotes and other items. HTML elements

are delineated by tags written using angle brackets.

As a whole, HTML is a programming language which is a set of interpretation to

text that is describes how it is to be structured, laid out or formatted. However, it is

important to the system because this is the root when creating a webpage.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

As stated on w3schools.com (2015) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style

sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup

language. Although most often used to set the visual style of web pages and user

interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any

XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering

in speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone

technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user

interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications

Moreover, according to htmldog.com CSS is designed primarily to enable the

separation of document content from document presentation, including aspects such as

the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide

more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable

multiple HTML pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a

separate .CSS file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content.

In addition based on developer.mozilla.org (2015), Cascading Style

Sheets (CSS) are a style sheet language used to describe the presentation of a

document written in HTML or XML (including XML dialects like SVG or XHTML). CSS

describes how elements should be rendered on screen, on paper, in speech, or on

other media.

Therefore, CSS is a simple mechanism for adding style like fonts, colors, design

and spacing. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once and can be used

to define styles for web pages, including the design, layout and variations in display for

different devices and screen sizes. 

MySQL

Based on webcrawler.com (2016), MySQL is an open-source relational database

management system (RDBMS). MySQL is a central component of the LAMP open-

source web application software stack (and other "AMP" stacks).Applications that use

the MySQL database include: TYPO3, MODx, Joomla, WordPress,phpBB, MyBB,

and Drupal. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale websites.

Moreover, as stated oncodeacdemy.com (2015) MySQL can be built and

installed manually from source code, but it is more commonly installed from a binary

package unless special customizations are required. On most Linux distributions,

the package management system can download and install MySQL with minimal effort,

though further configuration is often required to adjust security and optimization

settings.

Furthermore, according to w3schools.com (2015) MySQL is a server that is an

open source SQL database which supports platforms including Microsoft Windows and

UNIX. It uses to access data in relational database management systems.

 Consequently in line with this, MySQL is the world's most popular open source

database. With its proven performance, reliability and ease-of-use, MySQL has become

the leading database choice for web-based applications, used by high profile web

properties.

Hardware Requirements

This topic will introduce the minimum hardware’s of the Online Ordering System

for Amanda’s Marine Products. The hardware needed are Computer System and

internet modem and router.

Computer System

As stated on techtarget.com (2016) Computer System can be instructed to carry

out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of

computers to follow a sequence of operations, called aprogram, make computers very

applicable to a wide range of tasks. Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at

least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form

of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and

sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to

stored information.

In addition, based on pcmag.com (2016) the complete computer system made up

of the CPU, memory and related electronics (main cabinet), all the peripheral devices

connected to it and its operating system. Computer systems fall into two categories:

clients and servers. Clients are the user's laptop, desktop and tablet computers and

smart phones, while servers share their data and applications with multiple users.
 Furthermore, according tospec.whatwg.org Computer System is an electronic

device that processes data, converting it into information that is useful to people. The

shapes of computers are composed of Personal Computer (PC) such as desktops and

mini computers such as laptops.

However, the computer system is important to all the users whether it is a

proponent or client or administrators. The computer system will be used by the

proponents to build the system. Also the administrator will use the computer system to

access the webpage and to manage the system while the clients will use the computer

system to visit the webpage and to order online.

Internet Router/Modems

As stated on techtarget.com (2016) there are three class of Internet

Router/Modems: The DSL line where it is a method of connecting to the internet using

telephone line but provides both data and voice communication, meaning the client will

use it both to talk and transmit data at the same time. Second is the Wireless Internet

provided by wireless service providers wherein wireless enabled computers and

gadgets can access. Lastly, the Dedicated Line where the internet use permanent and

continuous connection using a “dedicated line” which is having reliable and stable signal

connection. Many business organization and companies use this kind of connection.

In addition, according to pc.net to connect to a router provides access to a local

network (LAN), it does not necessarily provide access to the Internet. In order for

devices on the network to connect to the Internet, the router must be connected to
a modem. Therefore, most routers have a specific Ethernet port that is designed to

connect to the Ethernet port of a cable or DSL modem.

Also based on howtogeek.com (2016) Router and modem are two very different

devices, though many ISPs offer a combined modem/router unit. A router is a device

that’s connected to two networks—like home network and the Internet—and forwards

traffic between two. A modem converts, or modulates, a signal so that digital information

can be carried over it. In the case of cable modems, the modem modulates the

waveforms carried over cable lines so that digital network data from computers can be

transmitted over

In line with this, the modem and router combo unit handles both tasks of hosting

your home network and connecting to internet service, simplifies the setup process, is

easier to store, has no compatibility issues, and is easier to configure. All types of

internet routers/modems will importantly use by the proponents, the clients and the

administrators to gain access to the internet and to the system

Conceptual Model of the Study

According to study.com (2016) Conceptual Model is a representation of a

system, made of the composition of concepts which are used to help people

know, understand, or simulate a subject the model represents. The term conceptual

model may be used to refer to models which are formed after

a conceptualization or generalization process. Conceptual models are often abstractions

of things in the real world whether physical or social. Semantics studies are relevant to

various stages of concept formation and use as Semantics is basically about concepts.
 In addition, according toresearchgate.net(2016) Conceptual Model is a

simulation developer’s way of translating modeling requirements into a detailed design

framework, from which the software, hardware, networks, and systems/equipment that

will make up the simulation can be built, modified, or assembled.

Furthermore, based on cidoc-crm.org (2016) Conceptual Model describes as an

exploitable for researchers, and developed formats in order to have the descriptions.

Such formats were based on “data models” which already strove to explicate some of

the concepts and interrelationships.

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Proposed Study

As seen in the provided diagram, the system contained the necessary requirements

needed for it to be approved for continued planning and to be moved onto the designing

phase.

In the Input Phase, the proponents gathered all the necessary information

pertaining to the software of the proponent’s choice. Websites, articles, and even

companies using an Online Ordering System are gathered for documentation. The

proponents also sorted out all of the programs needed to make the system. As soon as

the system has been approved, we moved onto the design.

In the Process Phase, each step-by-step system processes are being built one-

by-one. From databases to the Interface design, each process is carefully and

thoroughly constructed. Each improvement and progress are kept track by the weekly

progress reports. Adjustments are made each day and each week. If the satisfactory

qualities are met, the proponents move onto the output.

In the Output phase, the whole system is presented for evaluation to be made by

the proponent’s professor through thesis defense. And that concludes the proponent’s

entire conceptual framework.

Operational Definition of Terms

The following are terms that were operationally defined for better understanding

of the study:

Online Ordering System for Amanda’s Marine Product – A web-based ordering

system of products for Amanda’s Marine Products that will help the client to order easily

and help the business in handling business process.

Ordering Marine Products – It is way of allowing the clients to order marine products

and the system will automatically compute the client’s purchased products and

estimating the process of payment and delivery of marine products.

Feedback – It is way where the client can sends their comments and suggestions to the

business owner.

Cart – it is where the wish list products of the client stored.

Payment – it is the process where the client’s purchased products is being estimated.