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Bio 101
Bio 101
Biology, 1 of 6
01: The Science of Biology 03: The Cell
Characeristics
Characer istics of life Cell organelles and their functions:
Organization: all lives are well organized Nucleus: the control center
Energy use: all lives need energy to support o Holds all of cell’s genetic information
Reproduction: all lives should be able to reproduce itself o Makes decisions about cell needs
Growth: all lives grow and develop. Ribosome:
Ribosome: the
the factory
Response to stimuli: all lives can respond to internal or o Synthesizes proteins
external stimuli Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Homeostasis: all lives have the ability to maintain a o Edits and finalizes proteins made by ribosomes.
relatively stable internal environment—self-regulation
environment—self-regulation Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Basic Theory of modern biology o Synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids.
Cell Theory Golgi Apparatus: the
Apparatus: the post office
Cell is the building unit of all living organisms. o Tags and ships packages to their destinations
All cells come from pre-existing cells Mitochondria: the power house
All metaboism occur in cells of the body—cells are o Produces ATP for the cell’s activities.
functional unit for all lives Lysosome:
Lysosome: the
the recycling center.
Gene Theory o Recycles waste and foreign bacteria.
All genetic information is stored in DNA – genes The cell membrane:
membrane : lipid bilayer which envelops the cell. For
Genes control most, if not every, aspects of an organism Protection, Communication, and Selective Exchange
The DNA language can be transcribed into RNA language Passive Transport
and then translated into protein language for its final o Does not use energy
function o Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
Homeostasis o Natural movement from high concentration to l ow
All living organisms have the ability to maintain a relatively concentration.
constant internal environment Active Transport
Purpose: to ensure proper function of the body o Uses energy
o Movement from against natural diffusion
02: Chemical Basis of Life Prokaryotes
Atoms::
Atoms Examples: bacteria, microscopic organisms
o electrons: both energy and substance particles Structure: DNA, ribosomes, and cell membranes.
o neutrons Except for ribosomes, prokaryotes DO NOT have organelles.
o protons Eukaryotes
Molecules::
Molecules Animals: with organelles and cell membranes
o Formed by atoms o Plants: with organelles and cell membranes like animal
o Joined by chemical bonds cells, but also have chloroplasts and cell walls.
o molecular formula and structure formula
Chemical Bond: 04: Cellular Respiration
Ion bond:
bond: ion bond forms when atoms lose or gain Aerobic Resoiration
electrons. Glycolysis
Covalent bond:
bond: Covalent bonds form when atoms share o Glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
electrons, very strong
strong bonds. The major
major one in organic
organic o 2 ATP produced.
chemicals. Krebs Cycle
Hydrogen bond:
bond: Weak electrical attraction between the o Acetyl CoA (made from pyruvate) runs a cycle of
positive end of one molecule and the negative end of another reactions, regenerating
regenerating at the end of each cycle.
Buffers: solutions
Buffers: solutions which resist change in pH upon addition of o All of the electrons are passed to NADH and FADH2
small amounts of acid or base. (electron carriers).
pH: pH
pH: pH represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] o 2 ATP produced.
in solution.pH = -log [H+] Oxidative Phosphorylation
Biology, 2 of 6
05: Photosynthesis 07: Introduction to Ecology
Chloroplast: An organelle in plant cells where
photosynthesis occur. Environment
Study of Organisms and
Photophosphorylation: a process that ATP is generated
Environment is called
via light reactions i n photosynthesis.
Light Reaction: The first phase of photosysnthesis which Show Ecology
light is harvested and the electron transfer occurs, ATP,
NADPH and oxygen is generated. Behavioral
Dark Reaction: The second phase of photosynthesis where Responses
crbon dioxide is fixed and carbohydrates are generated by
consuming ATP and NADPH.
Chloroplasts: These are organelles which allow the Physiological
organism to perform photosynthesis, obtaining energy from Res onses
sunlight.
Chlorophyll: Proteins found in chloroplasts which have the Morphological
ability to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis. Responses Plants
3 CO2
Land wealth
Soil
mRNA
Air Minerals
Water Energy
They are natural resources since
Protein
they are all parts of nature.
Continuous Transcription: RNA polymerase reads DNA and produces
Three types of Resources pre-mRNA. The pre-mRNA is edited via splicing of exons
Renewable together to form the mature mRNA which leaves the nucleus
Resources to enter the cytoplasm.
Non- renewable Translation: Ribosomes read the mRNA script and tRNA’s
Resources bring amino acids in order to produce the final gene product,
Resources: They are materials which satisfy human needs proteins.
and wants in a given space and time and serve to attain Causes of Mutation
individuals as well as social welfare. o Errors during DNA replication
Non Renewable resources: There is no known process by o DNA damage
which they can be renewed quickly. They are available in o Chromosome errorss
fixed quantities and too much exploitation would mean their
end. Ex: Minerals, ground water.
Biology, 4 of 6
13: The Human Genome 15: Evolutionary History
Autosomal Chromosomes: Chromosomes that code for Precambrian Time: 99% of Earth’s history. All of the life
the regular human traits. history events above happened during this time.
Sex Chromosomes: Chromosomes that determine sex. Oxygenation of the atmosphere, the first life forms, etc. All
Genetic Disorder: A disease or sickness caused by DNA at life was aquatic.
birth. Paleozoic Era: The first invertebrates and vertebrates.
Proto-life Formed
Genetic Engineering
Bacterial Plant Animal
Cells Cells Cells Photosynthetic Prokaryotes Appear
Insert Engineered
DNA Eukaryotes Appear
into Inject
Insert into
into Nucleus
Plasmid of Egg
Plant Multicellular
Virus Eukaryotes Appear
Infects
plant with 16: Classification
DNA
Taxonomy: The discipline of studying and classifying
organisms.
Transformed
Animalia: A kingdom which includes heterotrophic
by cell.
consumers such as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and
detritivores.
14: Evolution Binomial Nomenclature: A standard way to refer to the
Heritable Adaptation: Any inherited trait that ultimately scientific name of an organism by using the genus and
leads to a reproductive advantage of a species. species.
Punctuated Equilibrium: Evolutionary changes occur Phylogeny: The process of classifying and organizing
relatively quickly followed by long periods of stabilization. organisms based on evolutionary relationships.
Natural selection:
-Natural Selection is a result of a species interaction with the
environment, with “selection” being determined by whichever
species lives long enough to propagate and thereby be
successful.
-Survival of the “Fittest”. Fit refers to best fit to environment.
Random Variation of
traits in a population
Differential reproductive
success of species carrying
particular traits Five Kingdom System
Plamtae | Animalia
Biology, 5 of 6
17: Bacteria and Viruses 19: The Nervous System
Bacteria: smallest and simplest organisms, scientifically Neurotransmitter : Biological particles which the branches
called prokaryotes. release when an action potential reaches them.
Binary Fission: Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes. Neurotransmitters carry information to the next neuron.
Conjugation: A method of transferring DNA from one
bacteria to another using a sex pilus.
Transformation: A method of transferring DNA in which a Terminal
bacteria picks up DNA from another dead bacteria and Dendrite Cell Body Branches
integrates the foreign DNA as its own.
Transduction: A method of DNA transfer in which a virus
accidentally picks up DNA from one bacteria and injects it
into another.
Obligate Anaerobes: bacteria which are unable to grow in
the presence of oxygen, Axon
Facultative anaerobes: bacteria which can grow with or
without oxygen
Aerobic: bacteria which require oxygen to grow.
Lytic Cycle: A viral life cycle which takes over and kills a
host cell in order to make more viruses.
Lysogenic Cycle: A viral life cycle which integrates viral The Nervous System
DNA into host DNA in order to be replicated with the host
DNA and lie dormant.
Central Peripheral
Capsid: Genetic Material
Tail Fibers
Autonomic Somatic
18: Plants
Transpiration: Evaporation via the stomata on the lower
surface of leaves pulls up water/minerals from roots. This
force makes water to go upwards from root to leaves. Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Root
o Usually under the ground
Function
o Anchor plants to soil Leaves
o Absorb and transport nutrients
Biology, 6 of 6
21: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 23: Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
Respiratory System: An organ system designed to pick up Endocrine System vs Nervous System
needed gas and release waste. Slow Response Fast Response
Circulatory System: An organ system designed to deliver Hormones Electrical Impulses
oxygenated blood through all of the body’s cells. Long-lasting Effects Short-lasting Effects
Hypothalamus: controls pituitary to release hormones.
Pituitary Gland: signals other glands to release hormones.
Growth hormone.
Thyroid: Releases thyroxine to control metabolism.
Parathyroid: Releases parathyroid hormone to regulate
levels of calcium.
Adrenal: “Flight or Fight” response.
Pancreas: Release insulin/glucagon to regulate blood-
glucose levels.
Gonads: Release testroterone, estrogen, to stimulate
reproductive system changes.
Homeostasis: When the stable status of a body is
disrupted, the organ systems sense the change, and by
activating signals such as through the nervous or endocrine
systems, effectors are activated which returns the body back
to the original state.